• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1399-1406
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• 2012

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various extracts of Hizikia fusiforme on the anti-obesity effects in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. We used H. fusiforme extracts from ethanol (EEHF), dichloromethane (CFHF), ethyl acetate (EAFHF), butanol (BFHF), and water (WFHF). Treatment with these extracts significantly suppressed terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner as confirmed by a decrease in lipid droplet content through Oil Red O staining; this effect was higher in WFHF than in other extracts. The concentrations of cellular triglyceride were also reduced in 3T3-L1 cells by exposure with these extracts, especially when compared with the controls. Treatment with 200 ${\mu}g/ml$ of WFHF and CFHF caused approximately 42.6% and 23.7% reduction, respectively. In addition, the extracts of H. fusiforme significantly reduced the expression levels of key pro-adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins ${\alpha}$ (C/$EBP{\alpha}$) and C/$EBP{\beta}$ as compared with controls. Accordingly, our data indicated that WFHF has a preeminent effect on inhibition of adipocyte differentiation among various extracts, and H. fusiforme extracts may be an ideal candidate for obesity relief.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.716-728
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• 2023

The anti-adipogenic activity of Glycyrrhiza uralensis was investigated by examining the effects of its ethanol extract (GUE) on a mouse model with a high-fat diet (HFD) and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes during adipocyte differentiation. GUE administration for eight weeks significantly reduced weight gain in mice fed an HFD. GUE effectively inhibited 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and lipid droplet accumulation. This inhibitory effect is associated with the downregulation of key adipogenic regulators, including PPARγ and C/EBPα, and the modulation of adipose metabolism regulators, such as Fasn and Fabp4. LC-Q-TOF-MS analysis identified twelve phenolic and flavonoid compounds, including liquiritigenin and licorice saponin, in the GUE. These findings demonstrate that the anti-obesity effect of the GUE is attributed to the biological activity of its phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Therefore, the GUE has potential anti-obesity activity. Moreover, further studies on the isolation of bioactive components from the GUE and the investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms of the GUE are required to establish its efficacy in metabolic disorders, including obesity.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.302-308
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• 2011

As a part of our ongoing program on finding biologically active components from natural source we found three known constituents from the EtOH extract of the wheat bran. The known compounds were identified as tachioside (1), pinellic acid (2) and tryptophan (3). The structure and relative stereochemistry were determined from MS, 1D and extensive 2D NMR techniques as well as by comparison of their data with the published values. All isolates were tested their inhibitory effects on the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. The effect of compounds from wheat bran on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation were measured by Oil Red O staining. These results demonstrate that tachioside (1) and pinellic acid (2) decreased lipid content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by inhibiting lipogenesis. These compounds had shown antiobesity activities.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.75-83
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• 2012

Objectives : Although Yeoldahanso-tang (YDHST) has been widely used for treatment of obesity and its related diseases such as hyperinsulinemia and hypertension for Taeeumin, no scientific evidence has reported yet to support its ability to work against these metabolic disorders. Our study was aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effect of YDHST extract on the cellular differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes. Methods : 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes by adding insulin, dexamethasone and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) for 8 days in the absence or presence of YDHST extract. Anti-obesity effects of YDHST extract were evaluated by Oil Red O staining, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity, triglyceride contents, and leptin production. Results : YDHST extract remarkably prevented lipid accumulation with no cytotoxicity in the differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, YDHST extract decreased contents of triglyceride 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Consistently, YDHST extract caused a significant inhibition of GPDH activity and leptin production in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions : Our findings suggest that Sasang constitutional herbal formula YDHST for Tae-eumin has anti-obesity activity by regulation of the adipogenesis process in vitro. Additional study will be required to further confirm the inhibitory effect on adipocyte differentiation by using in vivo animal model.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.341-344
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• 2007

Obesity is a major obstacle for human health, which induces various diseases such as cardiac injury and type 2 diabetes. Ginsenosides, active components of ginseng extract, exert various physiological effects. However, There are still no evidence for their anti obesity effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of ginsenoside Rd on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Our data show that ginsenoside Rd (80 uM) was effective in adipocyte differentiation inhibition. These inhibitory effects of ginsenosides on adipocyte differentiation were accompanied by PPAR gamma inhibition in rosiglitazone-treated cells. We also tested whether AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation was involved in the effects of these ginsenosides. AMPK is a master target for obesity, ginsenoside Rd significantly activated AMPK. Taken together, these results suggest that the anti obesity effects of ginsenoside Rd involve the AMPK signaling pathway and PPAR-gamma inhibition.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects Rehmannia glutinosa, Radix puerariae, Semen coicis, Fructus hordei, Cortex acanthopanacis, Fructus chaenomelis, or Radix glycyrrhizae extracton 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiation. Methods : We adopted Oil Red O staining methods to observe the formed lipid droplets. And the amount of lipids in adipocytes was measured using absorptiometric analysis. Results : The extracts of Rehmannia glutinosa, Radix puerariae, Semen coicis, Fructus hordei, Cortex acanthopanacis, Fructus chaenomelis, or Radix glycyrrhizae stimulated the preadipocytes differentiation and lipid droplet formation. And the complex extract of the traditional herbal medicines stimulated there actions more than single extracts. Conclusions : The extract of Rehmannia glutinosa, Radix puerariae, Semen coicis, Fructus hordei, Cortex acanthopanacis, Fructus chaenomelis, or Radix glycyrrhizae has stimulatory effects. on adipogenesis. Moreover, the complex extract of the traditional herbal medicines has more effect than single extracts.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum FH185 on the reduction of adipocyte size and gut microbial changes in mice with diet-induced obesity. The strain was found to have a lipase inhibitory activity of 70.09±2.04% and inhibited adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells (18.63±0.98%) at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. To examine the effect of the strain supplementation on gut microbial changes in mice with diet-induced obesity, male C57BL/6J mice were fed on four different diets (i.e., A, normal diet (ND); B, high-fat diet (HFD); C, HFD with ABT-3 (10⁹ CFU/day); and D, HFD with L. plantarum FH185 (10⁹ CFU/day)) for 6 wk. According to the results of fecal pyrosequencing, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in groups C and D was lower than in the control groups at the phylum level. At the family level, Lactobacillaceae in groups C and D was observed to dominate, while Lachnospiraceae in groups A and B was observed to dominate. At the genus level, Lactobacillus in groups C and D was comparatively higher than in groups A and B. To examine the effects of strain supplementation on the reduction of adipocyte size, the left and right epididymal fat pads were quickly isolated after the animals were sacrificed, and the adipocyte sizes were measured. In groups A, C and D, the percentage of 2,000 m² of adipocyte was higher than in the other size of adipocyte, while the percentage of over 5,000 m² of adipocyte was highest in group B. The mean adipocyte size of group D was significantly larger than that of group A, but smaller than that of group B.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2002

Objectives : In this study, water extracts from Coix lachryma-jobi Linne var. mayuen Stapf. were investigated for their effects on insulin-like action and glucose uptake in 3T3-Ll cells. Methods : We examined the effects of insulin-like action on the differentiation of 3T3-Ll fibroblasts. The Coicis Semen was treated with hot water and the extract was freeze-dried. The hot water extract was chromatographed on nonionic polymer resin (Amberlite XAD-4, Sigma) with distilled water (Fr. 1), 20% (Fr. 2), 40% (Fr. 3), 60% (Fr. 4), 80% (Fr. 5), and 100% EtOH (Fr. 6), successively. Results : Total extract of Coicis Semen was fractionated into 0 to 100% MeOH with Amberlite XDA-4 column. Treatment of cells with $10{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ of total extracts of Coicis Semen significantly increased the differentiation (p<0.05). At $1{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ level of insulin, the differentiation was accelerated (p<0.01). The effect of extracts plus insulin on the differentiation was greater than that of insulin alone. In 3T3-Ll adipocytes, glucose uptake was higher by 2.7 times with 5 uM of total extract in low dosage of insulin (3 ng/ml) than without total extract. 5 and 50 uM of water and 40% MeOH fractions increased glucose uptake by 3.5 times in 3T3-Ll adipocytes (p<0.00l). Conclusions : Coicis Semen contains compounds which playa role of insulin-like action and insulin sensitizer.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.69-69
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• 2023

Safflower seeds, classified as a member of the Asteraceae family, a dicotyledonous plant, contain linoleic acid as a major component, known for its pharmacological effect of strengthening bones. Additionally, safflower seeds have been reported to have pharmacological effects on vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of safflower seed extract by examining its impact on adipocyte differentiation using Oil Red O staining, triglyceride quantification, and GPDH activity measurement. The results showed that safflower seed extract significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, we confirmed that safflower seed extract improved body weight, liver weight, adipose tissue size, glucose, and triglyceride levels in a high-fat diet-induced mouse model. These findings suggest that safflower seed extract exhibits potent anti-obesity activity both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential to be developed as a material for future anti-obesity therapies.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.257-267
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• 2017

Background: Heat-processed ginseng, sun ginseng (SG), has been reported to have improved therapeutic properties compared with raw forms, such as increased antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiobesity effects of SG through the suppression of cell differentiation and proliferation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells and the lipid accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods: To investigate the effect of SG on adipocyte differentiation, levels of stained intracellular lipid droplets were quantified by measuring the oil red O signal in the lipid extracts of cells on differentiation Day 7. To study the effect of SG on fat accumulation in C. elegans, L4 stage worms were cultured on an Escherichia coli OP50 diet supplemented with $10{\mu}g/mL$ of SG, followed by Nile red staining. To determine the effect of SG on gene expression of lipid and glucose metabolism-regulation molecules, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of genes were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. In addition, the phosphorylation of Akt was examined by Western blotting. Results: SG suppressed the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells stimulated by a mixture of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin (MDI), and inhibited the proliferation of adipocytes during differentiation. Treatment of C. elegans with SG showed reductions in lipid accumulation by Nile red staining, thus directly demonstrating an antiobesity effect for SG. Furthermore, SG treatment down-regulated mRNA and protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtype ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha ($C/EBP{\alpha}$) and decreased the mRNA level of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c in MDI-treated adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, mRNA expression levels of lipid metabolism-regulating factors, such as amplifying mouse fatty acid-binding protein 2, leptin, lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid transporter protein 1, fatty acid synthase, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, were increased, whereas that of the lipolytic enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 was decreased. Our data demonstrate that SG inversely regulated the expression of these genes in differentiated adipocytes. SG induced increases in the mRNA expression of glycolytic enzymes such as glucokinase and pyruvate kinase, and a decrease in the mRNA level of the glycogenic enzyme phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase. In addition, mRNA levels of the glucose transporters GLUT1, GLUT4, and insulin receptor substrate-1 were elevated by MDI stimulation, whereas SG dose-dependently inhibited the expression of these genes in differentiated adipocytes. SG also inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) at an early phase of MDI stimulation. Intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels were markedly decreased by MDI stimulation and recovered by SG treatment of adipocytes. Conclusion: Our results suggest that SG effectively inhibits adipocyte proliferation and differentiation through the downregulation of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$, by suppressing Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation and enhancing NO production. These results provide strong evidence to support the development of SG for antiobesity treatment.