• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of grain sources on the ruminal methane production in Hanwoo steers. Six Hanwoo steers (BW = 614.4 ${\pm}$ 8.3 kg) were fed, on a DM basis (TDN 6.91 kg), 10% rice straw and 90% barley or corn based concentrate, respectively, according to Korean Feeding Standards (Hanwoo). Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring period. The steers were in the ventilated hood-type respiration chamber system (one cattle per chamber) during each measuring period to measure heat and methane production for 1 day. Nutrient intake and digestibility were not affected by steer fed grain sources. Methane concentration was not affected by steer fed either barley or corn-based concentrate, respectively (0.022% vs. 0.025%). Methane production was greater by steers fed corn than those fed barley (119.3 g/day vs. 139.4 g/day). This result indicated that methane emission factor by maintenance energy requirement for the late fattening Hanwoo fed corn was higher than the steers fed barley (43.6 kg/head/year) vs. corn (50.9 kg/head/year). Methane conversion rate (Ym) was 0.04 Ym and 0.05 Ym for barley and corn, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.237-243
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• 2007

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the feeding influence of Prunus memu by-products (PMB) on productivity, blood composition, meat quality and intestinal microflora in semi-broiler chicks. Four hundred one day old chicks(Hanhyup 3) were raised in the floor pen with five treatments(0, 0.5, 1.0 2.0 3.0%) of four replicate for ten weeks. Basal diets contained 3,000, 3,100, 3,100, 3,200 kcal/kg ME and 22, 21, 19, 17% CP, respectively. There were no different performance for the first two weeks, but showed significantly different weight gain, feed intake in PMB 2.0, 3.0% addition treatments compared with control from three to five weeks of age. Weight gain of birds fed 2.0% PMB was significantly higher from nine to 10 weeks of age than control(P<0.05). Total weight gain tended to increase in PMB 1.0, 2.0, 3.0% addition treatments. Feed intake also showed increase in PMB 2.0, 3.0% addition treatments, but there were no different feed conversion. Total protein, albumin, cholesterol, neutral fat, glucose was significantly decreased in PMB 0.5% addition treatments compared with control. There were no different physico-chemical characteristics in breast meat. The number of yeast was significantly improved in PMB 3.0% compared with control(P<0.05), but found no difference in number of E. coli between control and PMB treatments. ND titer of birds fed PMB was not statistically different, but tended to decrease as dietary PMB increased. As the result of this experiment, PMB would be available as a feed additives in semi-broiler chicks.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.377-386
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• 2003

A study was conducted to evaluate seasonal variations in chemical composition of food waste (FW) and its feeding effects on growth performance and pork quality in finishing pigs. FW was collected for 1 year (6 times a month) to establish a database for use of FW as a feed ingredient. For a feeding trial (8 weeks), a total of 117 pigs ${\times}$D; 54.80$\pm$4.60kg) were used to evaluate the processing effects of FW. Treatments were: Control (a corn-soybean meal diet without FW), simple dried FW (SD) and vacuum fermented FW (VF). The gross energy, crude protein, crude fat, ash, calcium and phosphorus in FW (DM, average of 4 seasons) were 5,111kcal/kg, 22.92%, 14.31%, 15.48%, 2.7% and 1.05%, respectively. Among seasons, the energy and crude protein contents were the highest (p<0.05) in winter and summer, respectively. In lactic acid bacterial counts, there was no difference between SD and VF. Pigs fed the control diet grew faster (p<0.05) than those fed diets containing food wastes, but not feed conversion ratio. There were no differences in production traits between SD and VF. No differences were also found in dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and pork quality (color, drip loss and TBARS) among treatments. The feed cost (￦/kg body weight) was lower in pigs fed FW than those fed a control diet. In conclusion, a pelleted diet containing food waste less than 20% would reduce feed cost in finishing pigs. However, it seems that a vacuum fermentation of food waste is not necessary for diet processing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.395-400
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• 1983

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of protein level on weight gain, feed consumption and the efficiencies of feed, energy and protein when the broiler chick was fed the diet of different protein level with the iso-calorie content. The energy and protein level of the basal ration was 3200 kcal and 22.85% for starter period and 3265 Kcal and 18.58% for finisher period, respectively. In order to increase the protein level of the experimental diet, the basal diet was substituted by fish meal by the ratio of 3, 6, 9, and 12%. The male Abor Acre broiler chicks were employed for 8 weeks and the result obtained were as follows. 1. The weekly body weight gain was significantly greater for Diet C than for Diet A and E in the starter period and greater for Diet A than for Diet E in the finisher period (P<0.05). 2. In stater period the feed intake was not affected by the protein level but in finisher period the feed intake for Diet C, D, and E was significantly reduced compared with Diet A. 3. As for feed conversion ratio, Diet C of 1.43 was improved significantly compared with Diet A of 1.58(P<0.05). 4. As the protein level of diet increased, the energy efficiency ratio increased and however, the protein efficiency ratio decreased in starter and finisher period. In conclusion the best performance of broiler is thought to be realized when the protein and energy level was 23% and 3200 Kcal for starter period and 20% and 3250 Kcal for finisher period, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.167-175
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• 2012

This study was undertaken to assess dietary CP and ME concentrations for optimum growth performance and carcass characteristics of Korean Native male ducks. In a $3{\times}3$ factorial arrangement, 1-d-old Korean Native male ducks were completely randomized design to experimental diets with 3,000, 2,900, and 2,800 kcal of ME/kg of diet; each contained 23, 22, and 21% CP, respectively, from 0 to 3 wk of age. From 4 to 8 wk of age, experimental diets had 3,100, 3,000, and 2,900 kcal of ME/kg of diet, and each contained 19, 18, and 17% CP, respectively. Each dietary treatment was replicated 4 times, and feed and water were provided ad libitum. Body weight, feed intake and uniformity were measured at 3 wk and 8 wk, and carcass characteristics were evaluated at 8 wk. As CP increased from 21 to 23 %, the body weight, BW gain and feed conversion ratios (FCR) linearly improved (P<0.01) during 0 to 3 wk of age. From 4 to 8 wk of age, the body weight, feed intake, BW gain, FCR and uniformity were not different (P>0.05). Carcass ratios of birds fed 3,000 kcal of ME/kg diets from 3 to 8 wk of age were quadratically increased significantly (P<0.01). As ME and CP increased, respectively, relative weight of liver weight per 100 g of BW was linearly decreased (P<0.01). Relative weights of left breast, thigh and drumstick weight per 100 of BW were not different (P>0.05). Also, breast meat color, pH, cooking loss and shear force were not different (P>0.05). Thus, diets with 2,800 kcal of ME/kg and 23% CP or with 2,900 kcal of ME/kg and 17% CP at 0 to 3 wk and 4 to 8 wk, respectively, were used more efficiently. However, diets with 3,000 kcal of ME/kg at 4 to 8 wk in carcass rate was quadratically increased.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the performance of crossbreed Korean native ducks for production of Korean native commercial ducks which are adapted to Korean environment. A total of four hundred eighty ducklings (1-d-old) of crossbreds from A and B lines (derived from National Institute of Animal Science) were used in this work and divided into 8 treatments (4 replicates/group, 15 birds/replicate) with $4{\times}2$ factors (4 groups, AA, AB, BB, BA; 2 genders, male and female). Ducks were fed diets based on corn-soybean meal for 0 to 3 wk (22.0% [CP], 2,904 kcal/kg [ME]) and 3 to 8 wk (18.0% [CP], 3,002 kcal/kg [ME]). Body weight of AA group was higher than BB and BA groups (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference on body weight at 8 wk old. Body weight gain of AB group was the highest among groups (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference on body weight gain among crossbreds at 0~3, 3~8 and 0~8 wk old. On body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio, male was higher than female at the age of 3 and 8 wk old (P<0.05, P<0.01). There was no significant difference on uniformity and livability. However, production index of male was higher than that of female (P<0.01). These results may provide the basic data on growing performance and productivity of crossbreed Korean native ducks for the production of commercial Korean native duck.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 2007

A Feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of three different sources and two levels of dietary gelatinized carbohydrate (GC) on nutrient utilization, growth, tissue composition and tissue enzyme activities of fingerlings of Catla catla (15.1-15.3 g). Six isocaloric (17.1-17.5 kJ/g) semi-purified diets were prepared either with rice, corn or tapioca at 40 or 50% GC each. The crude protein (CP) level used in the diet was 35% and 25% for 40% and 50% GC level, respectively to study the protein sparing effect of GC. The degree of gelatinization was higher for corn and tapioca than rice under similar cooking conditions. After a 60-d feeding trial, dry matter, carbohydrate, protein and lipid digestibility were higher in tapioca fed groups at both the levels of GC. However, the highest specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were observed in the corn fed groups at 50% GC level indicating better utilization of nutrients from gelatinized corn. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was almost similar in corn and tapioca fed groups between two levels of GC but in rice fed groups, FCR was lower in 40% GC than 50% GC level. The results indicated higher protein-sparing effect in corn and tapioca fed groups than rice fed groups. The order of gelatinized carbohydrate utilization in Catla catla fingerlings at 50% GC level was corn>tapioca>rice. At 40% GC level, corn and tapioca were comparable and more efficiently utilized than rice. In the corn fed groups, 50% GC was comparable with 40% GC level, whereas in rice and tapioca fed groups the 40% GC was better in terms of nutrient utilization. Liver glycogen content and hepatosomatic index were significantly (p<0.05) higher in those groups fed high GC (50%) irrespective of carbohydrate sources. Higher intestinal amylase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were observed in higher GC fed groups than the lower GC groups. No mortality was found in any groups at any levels of GC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1003-1010
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• 2008

The objective of the present study was to identify differences in the expression levels of liver proteins between healthy and ketotic cows, establish a liver metabolic interrelationship of ketosis and elucidate the metabolic characteristics of the liver during ketosis. Liver samples from 8 healthy multiparous Hostein cows and 8 ketotic cows were pooled by health status and the proteins were separated by two-dimensional-electrophoresis (2D-E). Statistical analysis of gels was performed using PDQuest software 8.0. The differences in the expression levels of liver proteins (p<0.05) between ketotic and healthy cows were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF-TOF) tandem mass spectrometry. Five enzymes/proteins were identified as being differentially expressed in the livers of ketotic cows: expression of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 (HCDH), acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT) and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) were down-regulated, whereas that of alpha-enolase and creatine kinase were up-regulated. On the basis of this evidence, it could be presumed that the decreased expression of HCDH, which is caused by high concentrations of acetyl-CoA in hepatic cells, in the livers of ketotic cows, implies reduced fatty acid ??oxidation. The resultant high concentrations of acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl CoA would depress the level of ACAT and generate more ??hydroxybutyric acid; high concentrations of acetyl-CoA would also accelerate the Krebs Cycle and produce more ATP, which is stored as phosphocreatine, as a consequence of increased expression of creatine kinase. The low expression level of elongation factor Tu in the livers of ketotic cows indicates decreased levels of protein synthesis due to the limited availability of amino acids, because the most glucogenic amino acids sustain the glyconeogenesis pathway; thus increasing the level of alpha-enolase. Decreased protein synthesis also promotes the conversion of amino acids to oxaloacetate, which drives the Krebs Cycle under conditions of high levels of acetyl-CoA. It is concluded that the livers of ketotic cows possess high concentrations of acetyl-CoA, which through negative feedback inhibited fatty acid oxidation; show decreased fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis and protein synthesis; and increased gluconeogenesis and energy production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.655-661
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• 2011

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Bacillus, Saccharomyces and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on performance and nutrient digestibility in grower and finisher pigs. In Exp. 1, 80 pigs (32 females and 48 males), $28.7{\pm}0.9\;kg$ body weight (BW), were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups balanced for sex and weight (5 pigs per pen, 4 pens per treatment). They were fed one of four diets: a basal grower (20-50 kg BW) and finisher (>50 kg BW) diet without any addition of probiotic or antibiotic (diet C), the basal diet supplemented with Bacillus subtilis H4 (diet B), diet B supplemented with Saccharomyces boulardi Sb (diet BS) and diet BS supplemented with a LAB complex (diet BSL). The LAB complex consisted of Enterococcus faecium 6H2, Lactobacillus acidophilus C3, Pediococcus pentosaceus D7, and Lactobacillus fermentum NC1. In Exp. 2, 16 male pigs, $29.2{\pm}0.8\;kg$ BW, were kept in individual pens and divided into 4 groups (4 pigs in each group). All 4 groups were given exactly the same growing-period diets (diet C, B, BS and BSL) as in Exp 1. The total faeces and urine were collected during 5 days (day 20-24) to determine nitrogen retention and total tract digestibility. In the growing period, average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected by diet B and BS (p>0.05), but ADG increased (+5.9%) (p<0.05) and FCR improved (+5.9%) (p<0.05) on diet BSL compared with the control, although ADFI was not different (p>0.05). Digestibility of crude protein and organic matter was higher (p<0.05) in diet BSL and digestibility of crude fibre was higher (p<0.05) in diet BS and BSL than in diet C. Nitrogen retention was not affected by diet (p>0.05). The faecal LAB counts were increased in grower pigs fed diet BSL (p<0.05) and faecal E. coli counts were decreased in pigs fed diets BS and BSL (p<0.05). In the finishing period, no effects of diet were found in ADFI, ADG, FCR, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen retention (p>0.05). Faecal LAB and E. coli counts in the finisher pigs were not affected by diet (p>0.05). In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that a mixture of bacteria and yeast has the potential to be used as a probiotic dietary supplement in grower pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.416-423
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• 2020

Objective: This study examined the effects of divergence in residual feed intake (RFI) on expression profiles of key genes related to lipid transport in the liver and duodenal epithelium and their associations with feed efficiency traits in meat-type ducks. Methods: A total of 1,000 male ducks with similar body weight (1,042.1±87.2 g) were used in this study, and their individual RFI was calculated from 21 to 42 d of age. Finally, the 10 highest RFI (HRFI) and 10 lowest RFI (LRFI) ducks were chosen for examining the expression of key genes related to lipid transport in the liver and duodenal epithelium using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: In the liver, expression levels of albumin (ALB), CD36 molecule (CD36), fatty acid hydroxylase domain containing 2 (FAXDC2), and choline kinase alpha (CHKA) were significantly higher in LRFI ducks than in HRFI ducks (p<0.01); negative correlations (p<0.05) between expression levels of ALB, CD36, FAXDC2, and CHKA and RFI were detected in the liver. Additionally, ALB expression was strongly positively correlated (p<0.05) with CD36, FAXDC2, CHKA, and apolipoprotein H (APOH) expression in the liver. In duodenal epithelium, we found that mRNA levels of ALB, CD36, FAXDC2, and APOH were significantly higher in LRFI ducks than in HRFI ducks (p<0.01); RFI was strongly negatively correlated (p<0.05) with ALB, FAXDC2, and APOH expression, while ALB expression was strongly positively correlated with APOH expression (p<0.01) in duodenal epithelium. Furthermore, expression levels of both ALB and FAXDC2 genes were significantly associated with feed conversion ratio and RFI in both liver and duodenal epithelium (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings therefore suggest that ALB and FAXDC2 genes might be used as potential gene markers designed to improve feed efficiency in future meat-type duck breeding programs.