• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.97-100
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• 2015

The kesterite $Cu_2ZnSnSe_4$ (CZTSe) thin film solar cells were synthesized by selenization of sputtered Cu/Sn/Zn metallic precursors on Mo coated soda lime glass substrate in Ar atmosphere. Cu/Sn/Zn metallic precursors were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering process with 30 W power at room temperature. As-deposited metallic precursors were placed in a graphite box with Se pellets and selenized using rapid thermal processing furnace at various temperature ($480^{\circ}C{\sim}560^{\circ}C$) without using a toxic $H_2Se$ gas. Effects of Selenization temperature on the morphological, crystallinity, electrical properties and cell efficiency were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), J-V measurement system and solar simulator. Further details about effects of selenization temperature on CZTSe thin films will be discussed.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2021

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are currently attracting attention as a promising source of photovoltaic power generation for their rapid increase in efficiency within a short research period. However, the 2-step deposition method, which has been considered as a proper film fabrication route in commercialization point of view of PSC, requires a complicated control of environment to achieve high efficiency because each step of the process are affected by humidity in different manner. It is clearly a large hurdle for this technic to be transferred to industrialization. In this study, we developed a simple surface treatment by which high quality perovskite films can be fabricated through 2-step deposition method in a relatively wide humidity range without complicated humidity control at each step.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.193-202
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• 2003

Objective: To evaluate the difference of implantation rate (IR) and clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) between two protocols of endometrial preperation in women undergoing frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Methods: This study was performed during the different time periods: A retrospective study from January 2000 to June 2001 (phase I) and a prospective study from July 2001 to March 2002 (phase II). All the patients received estradiol valerate (6 mg p.o. daily) starting from day 1 or 2 of the menstrual cycle without pituitary down regulation. Progesterone was administered around day 14 after sonographic confirmation of endometrial thickness $\geq$7 mm and no growing follicle. In Group A (n=88, 99 cycles) of phase I, progesterone was administered i.m. at a dose of 50 mg daily from one day prior to thawing of pronuclear (PN) stage frozen embryo or three days prior to thawing of 6-8 cell stage frozen embryo and then each stage embryos were trasnsferred 2 days or 1 day later after thawing. In Group B (n=246, 299 cycles) of phase I, patients recieved progesterone 100 mg i.m. from one day earlier than group A; two days prior to PN embryo thawing, four days prior to of 6-8 cell embryo thawing. During the phase II, to exclude any differences in embryo transfer procedures, in Group 1 (n=23, 28 cycles) of phase II embryo was transfered by one who have used the progesterone protocol since the phase I. In Group 2 (n=122, 139 cycles) of phase II embryo was transfered by one who use the progesterone protocol from the phase II. Results: When compared across the phase and group, there were no significant differences in the characteristics. During the phase I, there were significant increase in IR (14.4% vs 5.9%, p=0.001) and CPR (28.3% vs 14.5%, p=0.000) in group A. During the phases II, IR (11.8% vs 10.6%) and CPR (27.6% vs 27.3%) show no differences between two groups. Conclusions: In FET cycles, IR and CPR are increased significantly by the change of dosage and timing of progesterone administraton. And the timing is considered to be more important factor because the dosage of progesterone did not affect implantation window in previous studies. Therefore, we suggest that progesterone administration in FET cycle should begin from one day prior to PN stage embryo thawing and three days prior to 6-8 cell stage embryo thawing.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2018

The photovoltaic modules installed in the actual field are affected by various external environments and the electrical performance output value is generally lowered compared to initial output value. The most of photovoltaic modules consists of low iron glass, encapsulant (EVA), back sheet, frame and junction box assembly based on the solar cells. In this paper, the characteristics of encapsulant which is an important constituent material of photovoltaic module were verified by maximum power determination, electro luminescence images, yellowness index measurement, and gel content measurement after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation exposure. The most commonly installed 72 cells crystalline photovoltaic modules were tested after various UV exposure of 0, 15, 30, and $60kWh/m^2$ and compared with the reference module. After UV exposure of $15kWh/m^2$, which is the current international test condition, a small amount of change was observed in yellowness index and electroluminescence, while a gell content rapidly increased. At a cumulative dose of $60kWh/m^2$, which will be a new international test condition in the near future, however, the yellowness index increased sharply and showed the greatest output power drop.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Two different fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrates were investigated to find better suitability for CdTe solar cells. Substrate A consisted of FTO (300 nm)/$SiO_2$ (24 nm)/intrinsic $SnO_2$ (30 nm)/borosilicate glass (2.2 mm), and substrate B consisted of FTO (700 nm)/intrinsic $SnO_2$ (30nm)/borosilicate glass (1.8 mm). The overall thickness of the FTO/glass substrates was about 2.5 mm. The total light transmittance of substrate B was much higher than that of substrate A throughout the whole spectral region, even though the thickness of the FTO in substrate B was twice larger than that of the FTO in the substrate A. The short-circuit current greatly increased in substrate B and the external quantum efficiency (EQE) increased over the whole wavelength range. This study shows that the diffuse optical transmittance played a key role in the large EQE value in the blue wavelength region, and the direct transmittance played a key role in the large EQE value in the red wavelength region. The higher transmittance is due to the rough surface generated by the thicker FTO on glass. The conversion efficiency of the CdTe solar cell increased from 12.4 to 15.1% in combination of rough FTO substrate and Cu solution back contact.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.13-28
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• 2010

Purpose: In this study, we investigated the better application of the law which is about the AED installation and more effective ways of emergency medical care system, to understand the law and to research the current condition of public facilities which belong to local governments, and to seize the aspect of safety guards who currently work in order to provide the installation of AED in the public facilities and to provide more efficient emergency medical service with the effectuation of the immunity law of the good intention of first-aid treatment. Methods: In Gwang-ju, 234 public facilities have been identified by 31 December, 2008. With the exception of the duplication, we researched 158 facilities and received the answers from 95 of them. Results: In the research, 53% of them have had internal emergency first-aid education, and 55% of them didn't have this education and a CPR education manual, and 30% of the facilities even didn't know how to connect with the manager of the company for the first-aid department. On the other hand, most of them were highly interested in CPR and AED education on the ratio of 91% and 93%. 88% of them have been trained about first-aid, 51% of them haven't been retrained, 17% have never been trained. so, the reality of emergency system at public facilities is serious. 78% of them knew they are working at public facilities, though 49% of them didn't know about AED installation. 57% of them didn't know the fact there is the immunity law related with good intentions for first-aid treatment. 63% of the facilities have security guards, and 30% of them didn't answer the questions. Also, many of them agreed to the opinion that all employees should have first-aid training. At representative survey report of participator of public-facility, emergency treatment is 61%, 16% of patients calling. Accordingly they importantly think better doing an on-site first-aid than evacuating the patient. And the rates show that 57% of them answerers tend to call Fire-Office(119) for evacuating the patients, and 28% of them EMIC(1339) for the first-aid. Conclusions: In this study, we are suggest to improve the details of the efficient operations and management after the grasp of the uninstallation, indifference, and unreliable conditions of AED. 1) Need a publicity of AED install cognition which is an emergency medical instrument at public facilities. 2) Arrangement of safety agents at facilities and concerns about them for good management from the parties concerned. 3) Need a designation of legal details according to the decision of the AED installation and the standard of the AED installation. 4) Training about first-aid of safety guards and the persons concerned in the facilities should be practiced participation with the positive and through this, first-aid treatment could be done by anyone who knows the immunity law related to medical emergency. 5) The brochures for the potential users and the results form practicing the instructions need to be improved in many ways through recording the emergency cases that have happened.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.152-156
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• 2014

We report hybrid solar cells fabricated with polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction layers that contain inorganic nanocrystals synthesized by in-situ reaction in the presence of polymer chains. The inorganic (cadmium sulfide) nanocrystal ($CdS_{NC}$) was generated by the reaction of cadmium acetate and sulfur by varying the reaction time up to 30 min. The synthesized $CdS_{NC}$ showed a rectangular flake shape, while the size of $CdS_{NC}$ reached ca. 150 nm when the reaction time was 10 min. The performance of hybrid solar cells with $CdS_{NC}$ synthesized for 10 min was better than that of a control device, whereas poor performances were measured for other hybrid solar cells with $CdS_{NC}$ synthesized for more than 10 min.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

목 적: 저성선자극호르몬 성선저하증 환자에서 보조생식술의 임신 결과에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 저성선자극호르몬 성선저하증으로 진단받고 본원에서 보조생식술을 시행받은 23명을 연구군으로, 동일기간 난관요인으로 보조생식술을 시행받은 이들 중 연구군과 연령 및 체질량지수가 일치하는 120명의 여성을 대조군으로 설정하여, 이들의 의무기록을 후향적으로 열람하였다. 보조생식술 관련 여러 계측치 및 임신율, 유산율, 출산율 등을 비교 분석하였다. 결 과: 연구군의 평균 연령은 $32.7{\pm}3.3$세였고, 평균 체질량지수는 $21.0{\pm}3.2kg/m^2$였다. 생리주기 제 2~3일에 측정한 황체형성호르몬과 난포자극호르몬은 각각 $0.61{\pm}0.35$, $2.60{\pm}2.35$ mIU/ml였고, 에스트라디올은 $10.13{\pm}8.17$ pg/ml이었다. 난소자극 주기에서 사용된 생식샘자극호르몬의 총 양과 투여기간 및 hCG 투여일의 $E_2$ 수치는 연구군에서 유의하게 높았다. 보조생식술 방법에 따라 분석한 결과, 체외수정 및 배아이식 (IVF-ET) 주기에서는 연구군에서 자궁내막두께와 수정율, 출산율이 유의하게 낮았고, 유산율은 유의하게 높았으며, 그 외 난소자극 및 인공수정 (SO-IUI) 및 동결보존배아이식 (FET) 주기에서는 두 군간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론: 저성선자극호르몬 성선저하증 여성에서 생식샘자극호르몬 치료를 통한 전반적인 보조생식술의 임신율은 22.0%로 대조군의 그것과 유사하지만, 이를 위해서는 더 많은 용량의 호르몬이 필요하다. 연구군의 IVF-ET의 경우, 주기 중 현저하게 높은 $E_2$ 수치와 유의하게 얇은 자궁내막을 보이며, 더 높은 유산율과 더 낮은 생존출산율을 보여, 이의 극복을 위해 자궁내막 수용성 개선방안에 대한 연구가 추가로 필요하다.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.7-19
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the interrupted chest compression time during the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) depending on different AED practice training methods, and to report differences in self-efficacy before and after training. Methods: We enrolled university freshmen who have had cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training but have not or have had AED training but over 6 months. We examined differences between the group that practiced only shockable rhythms during training and the group that practiced both shockable and non-shockable rhythms. Results: A total of 72 individuals participated in this study, with 36 individuals each in the control and experimental groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the proficiency of AED usage between the two groups. In non-shockable cases, the experimental group showed shorter chest compression interruption time than the control group (2.30±1.21sec vs. 3.16±1.73 sec; p<0.01). In terms of self-efficacy before and after training, both groups showed higher self-efficacy after than before training. Conclusion: Individuals who underwent training that provided practice on both shockable and non-shockable rhythms had a shorter interrupted chest compression time when using the AED.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.25-39
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• 2002

본 연구는 임상간호사의 심폐소생술에 대한 지식과 기술을 향상시키기 위해 웹 기반의 교육 프로그램을 개발하고 평가하는 데 목적이 있다. 2002년 2월 1일부터 4월 30의 기간동안 류세앙(1999)이 수정한 프로그램 개발과정에 의해 분석, 설계, 자료수집 및 개발, 프로그래밍 및 구현, 평가를 거쳐 웹 기반의 심폐소생술 간호교육 프로그램을 개발하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 본 프로그램은 심폐소생술의 의의와 중요성, 기본심폐소생술, 장기심폐소생술, 소생술 후 간호를 학습내용으로 하여 텍스트 자료, 사진, 그림, 동영상 자료 등을 나모 웹 에디터, 스캐너, Adobe photoshop 등을 이용하여 인터넷 파일 제작과 이미지 수정단계를 거쳐 FTP(File Transfer Protocol)을 이용하여 웹에 올리고 시범운영을 통해 최종 수정하여 완성된 프로그램이 개발되었다. 2) 평가단계에서는 D시내에 소재한 K대학병원에 근무하는 간호사 36명을 임의표출하여 프로그램을 사용한 후의 반응을 조사하였다. 이에 대한 결과는 다음과 같다. 학습교재 관련특성의 평점은 $4.2{\pm}.67$, 학습 시스템 관련특성의 평점은 $4.0{\pm}.79$점, 학습자 만족도 관련특성에 대한 반응에서 학습자의 만족도는 $4.2{\pm}.58$점, 다른 교육 프로그램의 개발필요성은 $4.3{\pm}.62$점을 얻어 총평점은 $4.1{\pm}.45$점이었다. 특히, 멀티미디어 자료의 적절성은 $4.3{\pm}.68$점, 다른 교육 프로그램의 개발필요성은 $4.3{\pm}.62$점이었고, 화면구성과 배색의 적절성에서 $3.8{\pm}.81$점, 화면크기와 글자크기의 적절성에서 $3.7{\pm}.81$점이었다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 프로그램 평가에 대한 분석작업을 거쳐 교육 프로그램의 지속적인 업그레이드 작업이 이루어진다면 본 웹 기반의 간호교육 프로그램이 간호사들의 계속교육과 평생교육에 활용될 수 있는 효과적인 교육 프로그램이 될 수 있으리라 사료된다.