• 대한수학교육학회지:학교수학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.207-227
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• 2011

다양한 정보의 홍수 속에서 순간순간 의사결정을 해야 하는 사회구성원은 주어진 정보를 통해 합리적인 의사결정과 비판적 사고가 요구된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 초등학교 6학년 학생들의 설문 조사 활동을 통해 설문 주제 및 설문 과정을 살펴보고, 이 과정에서 나타나는 아동의 통계적 사고를 분석하기 위해 자료의 수집, 자료의 기술, 자료의 조직과 요약, 자료의 그래프 표현, 자료의 해석과 분석 측면을 중심으로 심도 있게 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 습관적(Idiosyncratic) 사고 수준(1수준), 전이적(Transitional) 사고 수준(2수준), 양적 (Quantitative) 사고 수준(3수준), 분석적(Analytical) 사고 수준(4수준)의 4단계 중 2~4수준에 걸쳐 통계적 사고의 수준을 나타냈다.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.147-151
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• 2000

Background and Objectives： Metastasis to the submental and submandibular lymph nodes rarely occurs in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of level I neck dissection in squamous cell carcinoma of larynx and hypopharynx. Materials and Methods : Forty-three patients with pathologically positive cervical nodal involvement in squamous cell carcinoma of larynx and hypopharynx treated between 1989 to 1998 were reviewed. Fifteen patients were treated with neck dissection including level 1,28 patients were treated with neck dissection excluding the level 1. Results : The regional recurrence at the level I in patients treated with neck dissection excluding the level I, was shown in only one case (recurrence rate 3.6%), but this patient was efficiently managed with salvage operation and adjuvant radiotherapy. No recurrence was shown in patients treated with neck dissection including the level I. So, total recurrence rate at the level I was 2.3%. Conclusion : This study suggests that dissection of the level I is not justified in squamous cell carcinoma of larynx and hypopharynx even if metastasis to cervical lymph node was confirmed preoperatively (cN+).

• 핵의학기술
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2015

Purpose Quality control used in laboratory help to sustain precision and accuracy consistently to ensure the Diagnostic and treatment for medical employee. To perform an evaluation in statistical manner, it is recommended to use different quality control material than calibrator from manufacturer, quality control material must include analyzed concentration perimeter, must use more than two different concentration materials and recommended to use materials to indicate the concentration in clinical use. However, currently used quality control material has limit of evaluation due to unconsidered concentration or improperly used to get clinical importance data. Therefore, we compared the value of quality control, DIACON Hormone Level 1, 2, 3 (Scantibodies, USA) and DIACON Tumor Level 1, 2, 3 which applied to clinical concentration range. Materials and Methods DIACON Hormone Level 1, 2, 3 (Scantibodies, USA) and DIACON Tumor Level 1, 2, 3 (Scantibodies, USA) that used materials and methods test to compare the result from five RIA testing institution and one institution that used Elecsys (ROCHE) and Architect (ABOTT) for each level. The reagent RIA kit that used in this experiment is followed by Table 2 and 3. Test has performed by instruction itself and follow by instruction. Results Among DIACON hormone result of twenty four items, level 1 have three items, level 2 have four items and level 3 have five items were out of manufacturer set up range based on the average value. Among DIACON tumor result of thirteen items, level 1 have three items, level 2 have four items and level 3 have five items were out of manufacturer set up range. Other result were inside of manufacturer range. Conclusion For quality control material, it is widely available in market, but it is limited for normal range which is only concerned in improper clinical value and difficult to evaluate important concentration area in terms of clinical analyze. In this experiment, we evaluate Hormone twenty three items and Tumor thirteen items with DIACON Hormone and Tumor (Scantibodies, USA) to resolve this limit and we could observe that it ca be substituted and used.

• 한국노년학
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.593-609
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• 2012

이 연구는 노인장기요양보험 시행 4주년을 맞이하는 현 시점에서 노인장기요양보험 수급자의 기능상태 변화와 그 관련요인을 파악하고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해 2008년 8~9월 당시 장기요양 등급(1~3등급)을 받은 수급자 가운데 1년 후인 2009년 8~9월에도 장기요양 인정조사를 받은 17,652명을 대상으로 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 2009년의 기능상태가 2008년과 비교해 전체 항목에서 개선되었으며, 특히 일상생활기능, 행동변화, 재활, 수단적 일상생활기능, 인지기능, 그리고 간호처치 항목 순으로 개선 정도가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 분석대상자의 기능상태 변동요인을 분석한 결과에서는 먼저 시설서비스를 이용한 경우 1등급에서는 재활, 2등급에서는 일상생활기능 항목의 기능상태가 유의하게 개선된 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로 재가서비스 중 방문요양 급여를 이용한 경우 1등급에서는 일상생활기능, 2등급에서는 일상생활기능과 재활, 3등급에서는 일상생활기능, 인지기능, 행동변화 항목에서 기능상태가 유의하게 개선되었다. 또한 주·야간보호 급여를 이용한 경우는 1등급에서 일상생활기능, 수단적 일상생활기능, 행동변화, 재활, 2등급에서는 행동변화, 그리고 3등급에서는 인지기능, 행동변화 항목에서 기능상태가 유의하게 개선되었다. 끝으로 단기보호 급여를 이용한 경우는 3등급에서만 행동변화 항목의 기능상태가 유의하게 개선된 것으로 나타났다. 이상을 통해 노인장기요양보험 수급자는 그들의 등급과 이용하는 장기요양 서비스에 따라 기능상태 개선 효과에 차이가 있음을 알 수 있다. 따라서 향후 노인장기요양보험 수급자들의 실질적인 기능상태 개선을 위해서는 수급자의 건강 및 기능상태 등에 대한 객관적이고 포괄적인 이해를 바탕으로 한 맞춤형 서비스제공체계로의 개선이 필요하다. 또한 이를 위해서는 표준급여모형의 급여종류를 수급자의 종합적인 상황을 반영할 수 있도록 개선하는 것은 물론, 표준장기요양이용계획서에 수급자의 다양한 특성을 반영할 수 있도록 작성인력의 전문성 등이 강화되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.95-103
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• 1991

For the purpose of estimating the working environment and the relationship between the airborne lead concentration and the ZPP level in the whole blood of the workers, the airborne lead concentrations and the ZPP level were measured at the 26 plants which deal with lead, from October 5 to November 5 in 1988. Analysis of the airborne lead concentration was performed by NIOSH Method 7082, and the ZPP level was measured by a hematofluorometer. The following results are concluded. 1. The average airborne lead concentration of the lead battery manufactures is 0.025mg/m$^{3}$ and that of the secondary lead smelters is 0.023mg/m$^{3}$. There were no significant differences between industry (p>0.1) 2. At the lead battery manufacture, the process of lead powder production showed the highest concentration of 0.034mg/m$^{3}$ but there were no significant differences among the processes (p>0.1). At the secondary lead smelter, the process of dismantling waste batteries showed the highest concentration 0.141mg/m$^{3}$, and there were very significant differences among the processes (p<0.005). 3. The ZPP level in the whole blood showed significant differences between industry (p<0.10). The average ZPP level of the lead battery manufactures is 133.0 + 106.3 $\mu$g/100ml and that of the secondary lead smelters is 149.6 + 110.9 $\mu$g/100ml. 4. The correlation coefficients between the airborne lead concantration and ZPP level were 0. 426 (p<0.001) for the lead battery manufactures and 0.484 (p<0.001) for the secondary lead smelters. The correlation coefficients between the work duration (in months) and the ZPP level were 0.238 (p<0.001) for the lead battery mannfactures and 0.075 (p>0.10) for the secondary lead smelters. 5. The linear regression equation, with the airborne lead concentration as an independent variable and the ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=96.84+1300.34X (r=0.448, p<0.001) for the 26 plants which deal with lead. The linear regression equation, with the work duration(in months) as an independent variable and the ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=127.28 +0.49X (r=0.162, p<0.05). 6. The correlation coefficients between the amount of inhaled lead and ZPP level were 0.349 (p < 0.001) for the lead battery manufactures and 0.318(p<0.001) for the secondary lead smeltes. The linear regression equation for the 26 plants surveyed, with the amount of inhaled lead as an independent variable and ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=123.63+18.82X (r=0. 335, p<0.001).

• 한국조명전기설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국조명전기설비학회 1995년도 추계학술발표회논문집
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• pp.80-84
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• 1995

ABSTRACT - This paper presents a software based 3 phase 5 level pulse-width modulation(PWM) inverter to reduce total harmonic distortion. The proposed modulation technique can reduce total harmonic distortion and significantly improve the performance of the inverter. In the modulation mode where the frequency ratio is 36 and modulation index is 1.2∼2.0, harmonic components have been mostly eliminated and the magnitude of fundamental component have been maximized by the 3 phase 5 level PWM inverter.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.287-299
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• 2013

본 연구의 목적은 기록된 관측가뭄자료를 이용하여 수문기상 기반의 국내 가뭄판단기준을 제시하는데 있다. 과거 1991년에서 2009년까지 기록된 가뭄사례를 수집한 후, 관측기상정보와 LSM(Land Surface Model)으로부터 생산된 수문정보를 이용하여 백분위 해석을 수행하였다. 기간별 가뭄판단기준을 도출하기 위해 객관적 가뭄평가 기법인 ROC(Relative Operating Characteristics) 분석을 이용하였다. 국내 가뭄기준은 대표적으로 강수 및 유출이 지속기간 3개월에 평년대비 35% 이하, 토양수분이 지속기간 2개월의 35% 이하 그리고 증발산량이 지속기간 3개월에 65% 이상으로 나타났다. 가뭄판단기준의 적용성 평가를 위해 SPI (3)와의 ROC 분석을 수행한 결과 SPI (3)에 비해 적용성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 가뭄판단기준에 대한 지역별 분석을 수행한 결과 공간적으로 가뭄상황을 적절히 반영하는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.169-178
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• 2004

Objective : This study was designed to investigate the effects of acupuncture, moxibustion and electro-acupuncture at LI4 and LR3, BL18 and BL25 on serum gastin level in rats. Methods : LI4 and LR3 which belong to Large Intestine Meridian and liver Meridian are acupuncture points frequently used for healing gastrointestinal disease in oriental medicine. BL18 and BL25 which belong to Bladder Meridian are acupuncture points used for healing hepatic disease and intestinal disease in oriental medicine. Serum gastrin level by radioimmnunoassay was measured at 3 days after acupuncture, moxibustion and electro-acupuncture of those acupoints. Results & Conclusion : Moxibustion applied to the BL18 acupoint, BL25 acupoint decreased gastrin level of serum, but moxibustion applied to the BL18+BL25 acupoints did not produced significant effect. Acupuncture applied to the LI4 acupoint, LR4 acupoint did not produced significant effect, but acupuncture applied to the LI4+LR4 acupoints increased gastrin level of serum, Electro-acupuncture applied to the LI4 acupoint, LR4 acupoint increased gastrin level of serum, and electro-acupuncture applied to the LI4+LR4 acupoints also increased gastrin level of serum.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.309-314
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• 2009

A accurate reservoir inflow is very important as providing information for decision making about the water balance and the flood control, as well as for dam safety. The methods to calculate the inflow were divided by the directed method to measure streamflow from upstream reservoirs and the indirected method to estimate using the correlation of reservoir water level and release. Currently, the inflow of multi-purpose dam is being calculated by the indirect method and the reservoir water level to calculate the storage capacity is being used by centimeters(cm) units. Corresponding to the storage volume of 1cm according to scale and water level of multi-purpose dam comes up to from several 10 thousand tons to several million tons. If it converts to inflow during 1 hour, and it comes to several hundred $m^3/sec$(CMS). Therefore, the inflow calculated on the hourly is largely deviated along the water level changes and is occurred minus value as the case. In this research, the water level gage has been developed so that it can measure a accurate water level for the improvement for the error and derivation of inflow, even though there might be various hydrology and meteorologic considerations to analyse the water balance of reservoir. Also, it is confirmed that the error and the standard derivation of data observed by the new gage is decreased by 89,6% and 1/3 & 87% and 2/3 compared to that observed by the existing gage of Daecheong and Juam multi-purpose dam.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.261-271
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• 2006

To study the correlation with increasing body fat mass for the Standard Guideline for Korean Dietary Life, a nationwide, cross-sectional survey was performed with 178 male college students in december 2005. Among the student subjects, 76 were analyzed for body protein mass, body mineral mass, body fat mass, percent body fat, waist-hip ratio(WHR), body mass index(BMI) and obesity degree using Inbody 3.0(Biospace Co, Seoul, Korea). Body protein mass was at a high level of 92.1%, body mineral mass was at a low level of 94.7%. Body fat mass was at a high level of 28.9%, percent body fat was at a high level of 37.3%, WHR was at a high level of 31.6%, and obesity degree was at a high level of 38.2%, BMI was at a high level of 24.3% and BMR was observed at a high level of 41.8%. WHR was correlated with '7. Prepare food proper amount sanitarily.' and obesity degree, while BMl was were correlated with '4. Increase movement and eat proper amount.' positively. BMR was correlated with '6. Enjoy 3 meal a day regularly.' ArmCircle was correlated with '4. Increase movement and eat proper amount.' and fitness score was corrected with '4. Increase movement and eat proper amount', and '8. Enjoy Korean rice food style.' positively. Body protein mass and body mineral mass were negatively correlated with fruit, ArmCircle was positively correlated with fish, obesity degree was positively correlated with soup and BMI and ArmCircle were positively correlated with sweet. '8. Enjoy Korean rice food style.' was negatively significantly correlated with overweight, over percentage body fat, obesity degree > 120 and BMI. Male students were not practicing the Standard Guideline for Korean Dietary Life well with an average score of 37.7%. However, male students who are within the normal range of body composition analysis value have to notice that over range of weight, protein, percentage body fat, WHI and obesity degree was observed above average score of 30%.