• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.461-474
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• 2022

Objective: This experiment investigated the effects of supplementing vitamin D₃-fortified sow and progeny diets with 25(OH)D₃ on growth performance, carcass characteristics, immunity, and pork meat quality. Methods: The present study involved the assessment of supplementing the diet of sows and their progeny with or without 25 (OH)D₃ in a 2×2 factorial arrangement on the performance and production characteristics of wean-finish pigs. Forty-eight multiparous sows were assigned to a basal diet containing 2000 IU/kg vitamin D₃ and supplemented without (CON) or with (TRT) 50 ㎍/kg 25 (OH)D₃. At weaning, a total of 80 pigs each from CON and TRT sows were allocated to weaning and growing-finishing basal diets fortified with 2,500 and 1,750 IU/kg vitamin D₃ respectively and supplemented without or with 50 ㎍/kg 25(OH)D₃. Results: Sows fed 25(OH)D₃-supplemented diets improved pre-weaning growth rate of nursing piglets. A significant sow and pig weaning diet effect was observed for growth rate and feed efficiency (p<0.05) during days 1 to 42 post-weaning. Pigs consuming 25(OH)D₃-supplemented diets gained weight faster (p = 0.016), ate more (p = 0.044) and tended to convert feed to gain more efficiently (p = 0.088) than those fed CON diet between days 98 and 140 post-weaning. Supplemental 25(OH)D₃ improved water holding capacity and reduced drip loss of pork meat, increased serum 25(OH)D₃ level, produced higher interleukin-1 and lower interleukin-6 concentrations in blood circulation, downregulated myostatin (MSTN) and upregulated myogenic differentiation (MYOD) and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5) gene expressions (p<0.05). Conclusion: Supplementing vitamin D₃-fortified sow and wean-finish pig diets with 50 ㎍/kg 25(OH)D₃ significantly improved production performance suggesting their current dietary vitamin D₃ levels are insufficient. In fulfilling the total need for vitamin D, it is strongly recommended to add 50 ㎍/kg 25(OH)D₃ "on top" to practical vitamin D₃-fortified sow and wean-finish pig diets deployed under commercial conditions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1153-1158
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• 1999

β-Cyclodextrin, amylose, and cellulose were partially methylated and acetylated in order to examine the relative reactivities of 2-, 3-, and 6-OH groups to alkylation and acylation. The partially methylated samples of the polysaccharides were treated with excess of ethyl iodide and sodium hydroxide in dimethyl sulfoxide to convert all of the free hydroxyl groups to ethyl ether groups. The partially O-ethylated and O-methylated polysaccharides were reductively cleaved with triethylsilane in the presence of trimethylsilyl methanesulfonate and borontrifluoride etherate (5 : 1 by mole) and the resulting 4-OH group was acetylated and benzoylated to form mixtures of eight 4-O-acyl-1,5-anhydroalditols. The relative ratio of the alditol esters were analyzed by gas chromatography to determine the degree of substitution at each position. A similar sequence of reactions was carried out with partially acetylated polysaccharides. The results indicated that the order of relative reactivities for methylation are 2-OH > 6-OH > 3-OH and for acylation are 6-OH > 2-OH > 3-OH regardless of the anomeric configuration.

• 생약학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2020

Ginsenosides are considered to be the most important ingredients in ginseng. They are chemically converted by endogenous organic acids contained in ginseng and the heat applied during red ginseng processing. During this procedure, various converted ginsenosides are produced through hydrolysis of substitute sugars of ginsenosides and forming double bonds through dehydration in the dammarane skeleton. In order to study the conversion mechanism of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides during the heat treatment process of ginseng, we purified the three final converted ginsenosides by heating fresh ginseng for a long time. The three isolated ginsenosides were identified as 25(OH)-ginsenoside Rg5, 25(OH)-ginsenoside Rz1 and 25(OH)-ginsenoside Rg3 through NMR spectrum analysis. As a result of quantification of ginseng heated at 100 ℃ for 0 to 6 days by HPLC/UV and TLC methods, the content of 25(OH)-ginsenosides tended to increase in proportion to the time exposed to heat. In particular, the content of 25(OH)-ginsenosid Rg5 was confirmed to be noticeably increased.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제40권7호
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• pp.501-508
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• 1996

염기성 용액속에서 cis-${\beta}-[Co(3,2,3,-tet))CO_3\;or\;C_2O_4)]^+$ (3,2,3-tet=4,7-diazadecane-1,10-diamine)에 대한 Carbonato 혹은 Oxalato 리간드의 고리열림반응이 수용액 및 유기용매-물혼합용매속에서 조사되었다. 그 결과 cis-${\beta}-[Co(3,2,3,-tet))CO_3\;or\;C_2O_4)]^+$에서 킬레이트된 $CO_3^{2-}$ 혹은 $C_2O_4^{2-}$의 두 개의 산소원자 중 한 개가 해리하여 $OH^-$가 치환되고 3,2,3,-tet의 재배열이 일어나 cis-${\alpha}[Co(3,2,3,-tet)(OH)(OCD_2\;or\;OC_2O^3)]$가 생성되었고, 반응은 해리성인 Dcb(dissociative conjugated base) 메카니즘으로 진행되었다. 연이어 $C_2O_4^{2-}$ 혹은 $CO_3^{2-}$의 나머지 한 개의 산소원자가 해리하여 cis-${\alpha}-[Co(3,2,3-tet)(OH)_2]^-$가 생성되었고 이것은 다시 cis-${\beta}-[Co(3,2,3-tet)(OH)_2]^+$로 이성질화 반응이 일어났다.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2000년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.203-206
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• 2000

Bifidobacteria의 배양효율을 증대하기 위하여 완충제로써 $CaCO_3$를 Ca-alginate에 고정화한 비드를 제조하여 사용하였다. B. longum KCTC 3218과 한국인 분변에서 분리한 B. longum HLC 3742 균주를 $CaCO_3$ 비드, NaOH, $Na_2CO_3$, $NH_4OH$ 등을 완충제로 각각 사용한 2.5-liter 발효기에서 각각 배양하여 균 증식과 저장에 따른 생존력을 조사한 결과 $CaCO_3$ 비드를 완충제로 사용한 경우가 다른 완충제를 사용한 경우보다 균 증식과 저장 안정성에서 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 완충제로써 $CaCO_3$ 비드는 bifidobacteria의 고농도 배양과 생존력 증대에 유용할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.99-104
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• 1976

섬유소자화세균 (Cellulomonas flavigena KIST 321) 으로서 볏짚을 기질로 하여 단세포단백을 생산함에 있어 볏짚을 분쇄한 뒤 NH$_4$OH 및 NaOH 로서 처리하고 각종의 산으로 중화할 때의 균체의 생산성을 검토하였다. 1. 볏짚분말을 1규정농도의 NaOH, NH$_4$OH 용액 10배량으로 처리한 뒤(기질대비 NaOH 사용량은 40%) 과잉의 알카리를 수세 또는 H$_3$PO$_4$, H$_2$SO$_4$, HCl, $CH_3$COOH 등의 산으로 중화하여 기질로 사용한 결과 H$_3$PO$_4$로 중화하는 것이 가장 좋았으며 이때 균체생산량은 12.2811 기질소화량은 78%였다. 2. NH$_4$OH 처리보다는 NaOH 처리가 효과적이었으므로 NaOH 사용량을 기질대비 1~20%로 변경하여 처리후 H$_3$PO$_4$로 중화하여 사용한 결과 6%의 농도로 상온에서 15~24시가 처리함이 적당하였다. 3. NaOH 처리시 수분량은 물/볏짚비율이 2내지 3이 적당하였고 NaOH/볏짚 비율은 6%에서 5% 정도로 줄일수 있었다. 4. 볏짚의 앞카리 처리시 121$^{\circ}C$에서 30분간 처리하면 상온에서 15~24시간 처리효과와 동일한 효과를 얻을 수 있으며 멸균효과도 기대할 수 있다. 5. 배지내의 인산염의 농도를 $K_2$HPO$_4$ 및 KH$_2$PO$_4$동량으로 0.2~0.3%로 조절하면 HCl 및 H$_2$SO$_4$로 중화하여도 H$_3$PO$_4$로 중화할때와 동일한 결과를 얻었다. 즉 HCl로 중화할때는 인산염 농도를 0.2%(phosphorous 농도로 0.04%)로 조절하여 11.2g/$\ell$의 균체량을 얻었고 H$_2$SO$_4$로 중화할 때는 인산 .농도를 0.3%(인농도 0.04%)로하여 12.2g/$\ell$ 균체량을 얻어 H$_3$PO$_4$로 중화할때 보다 경제적인 면에서 효과적임을 알았다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 1979

독보리짚을 NaOH로 처리하여 헤미셀로오즈 부분을 추출하여 이것을 Streptomyces flavogriseus에 의한 글루코오스 이성질화효소를 생성하는데 사용하였다. 짚을 1%~24%의 NaOH를 처리함으로써 천연 헤미셀룰로오즈를 농도 25%까지 얻을 수 있었고 헤미셀룰로오즈 수율은 NaOH농도를 4%까지 증가시킬 때까지는 비례적으로 증가하였다. 그러나 증가율은 NaOH 농도가 더 증가하면 낮았다. 독보리짚에서 헤미셀룰로오즈를 추출하는 최적조건은 짚을 4% NaOH로 9$0^{\circ}C$에서 3시간 처리하거나 3$0^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 처리하여 균체를 2% 짚-헤디미셀룰로즈에서 3$0^{\circ}C$, 2일간 키웠을 때, 글루코오스 이성질화 효소활성도(3.04 units/ml 배양액)가 최고값에 달하였다. 또한 균체를 xylan, xylose 또는 짚의 황산가수분해물에 키웠을 때 글루코오스 이성질화 효소를 상당한 량을 생성되었다. 헤미셀룰르오즈를 추출해내고 남은 짚 찌꺼기는 동물 사료로 사용할 수 있는데, 이는 젖을 갖 뗀 초원 들쥐에 그 찌꺼기를 사료로 주었을 때, 처리하지 않은 짚을 준 경우보다 75%나 더 높은 소화가 능도를 나타내며 사료로서의 효율은 20%가 더 높은 것으로 나타났음으로 알 수 있었다.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2014

In this paper, $Al_2O_3$ film deposited by thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) with diluted $NH_4OH$ instead of $H_2O$ was suggested for passivation layer and anti-reflection (AR) coating of the p-type crystalline Si (c-Si) solar cell application. It was confirmed that the deposition rate and refractive index of $Al_2O_3$ film was proportional to the $NH_4OH$ concentration. $Al_2O_3$ film deposited with 5 % $NH_4OH$ has the greatest negative fixed oxide charge density ($Q_f$), which can be explained by aluminum vacancies ($V_{Al}$) or oxygen interstitials ($O_i$) under O-rich condition. $Al_2O_3$ film deposited with $NH_4OH$ 5 % condition also shows lower interface trap density ($D_{it}$) distribution than those of other conditions. At $NH_4OH$ 5 % condition, moreover, $Al_2O_3$ film shows the highest excess carrier lifetime (${\tau}_{PCD}$) and the lowest surface recombination velocity ($S_{eff}$), which are linked with its passivation properties. The proposed $Al_2O_3$ film deposited with diluted $NH_4OH$ is very promising for passivation layer and AR coating of the p-type c-Si solar cell.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.246-253
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• 2010

Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ ($Rg_3$), one of the active ingredients in Panax ginseng, attenuates NMDA receptor-mediated currents in vitro and antagonizes NMDA receptors through a glycine modulatory site in rat cultured hippocampal neurons. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of $Rg_3$ on 24-hydroxycholesterol (24-OH-chol)-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. The results showed that $Rg_3$ treatment significantly and dose-dependently inhibited 24-OH-chol-induced cell death in rat cultured cortical neurons, with an $IC_{50}$ value of $28.7{\pm}7.5\;{\mu}m$. Furthermore, the $Rg_3$ treatment not only significantly reduced DNA damage, but also dose-dependently attenuated 24-OH-chol-induced caspase-3 activity. To study the mechanisms underlying the in vitro neuroprotective effects of $Rg_3$ against 25-OH-chol-induced cytotoxicity, we also examined the effect of $Rg_3$ on intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ elevations in cultured neurons and found that $Rg_3$ treatment dose-dependently inhibited increases in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$, with an $IC_{50}$ value of $40.37{\pm}12.88\;{\mu}m$. Additionally, $Rg_3$ treatment dose-dependently inhibited apoptosis with an $IC_{50}$ of $47.3{\pm}14.2\;{\mu}m$. Finally, after confirming the protective effect of $Rg_3$ using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay, we found that $Rg_3$ is an active component in ginseng-mediated neuroprotection. These results collectively indicate that $Rg_3$-induced neuroprotection against 24-OH-chol in rat cortical neurons might be achieved via inhibition of a 24-OH-chol-mediated $Ca^{2+}$ channel. This is the first report to employ cortical neurons to study the neuroprotective effects of $Rg_3$ against 24-OH-chol. In conclusion, $Rg_3$ was effective for protecting cells against 24-OH-chol-induced cytotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. This protective ability makes $Rg_3$ a promising agent in pathologies implicating neurodegeneration such as apoptosis or neuronal cell death.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.120-127
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• 2001

In order to make a microfiber fabric with PET/Co-PET Sea-Island Type microfiber, the optimum condition of extraction and elimination of Co-PET from the mocrofiber was examined. At the same time, the physical property change of the fabric with respect to the change of the relative amount of the Co-PET in the microfiber was also examined to provide a directly applicable data set to the industry. The sample fabric used was warp 75/36(DTY) and weft 0.05d(PET/Co-PET, Sea Island Type Microfiber) twill fabric of 36 separated yarns＋40/24(high shrinking yarn) with 130/48 ITY. The data set was made at various NaOH concentrations and steam temperatures with time as a main variable. The physical properties examined were the tensile properties. The results obtained were the tensile. The results obtained were 1. For a proper extraction of Co-PET (13.5%)from the microfiber with wet curing, it takes more than 5 min. in 8 and 12% of NaOH solutions but it takes only 3 min. in 18% of NaOH solution at 12$0^{\circ}C$. 2. For a proper extraction of Co-PET (13.5%) from the microfiber with wet curing, ti takes 3~5min. in 12 and 14% of NaOH solution and it takes less than 3 min. in 18% of NaOH solution at $130^\circ{C}$. 3. The increasing ratio of WT increased with increasing NaOH concentrations and the equilibrium point reached was 3 min. at $120^\circ{C}$. 4. The WT increasing ratio was greater in 14 and 18% NaOH solutions than in 8 and 12% of NaOH solutions at $130^\circ{C}$5. The RT ratio changes at $120^\circ{C}$ in 8 and 12% of NaOH solutions were indifferent from that at $130^\circ{C}$ in 12% of NaOH solution. However, the RT was apparently decreased with increasing NaOH concentration.