• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.30-40
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• 2015

Two-dimensional drawings are widely used as a communication tool in the construction industry, but they are still hard to be understood by engineers with less experience. A four dimensional CAD drawing is presented based on marker-based augmented reality, for visual assistance, detailed information, and prevention of misunderstanding among users. The developed drawing enables the users to easily understand its contents through the functions augmenting components, providing detailed construction information, and simulating construction process, using the marker in a 2D drawing. A questionnaire-based survey validates the capability of the developed drawing that it improves inexperienced engineers' understanding of the drawings.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.570-574
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• 1998

The texture evolution during deep drawing of AA1050 sheets was experimentally investigated and the lattice rotation rate was predicted using rate sensitive model with full constraints boundary conditions. The measured textures are dependent on the amount of the flange deformation and the initial crystal orientations. In the specimen parallel to RD the initial crystal orientations and the D component rotated toward the Cu component and the initial crystal orientations along the $\alpha$ fiber rotated toward the G {1 1 0}<0 0 1> and P {1 1 0} <1 1 1> components during deep drawing. In the specimen parallel to $45{\circ}$ with respect to RD the initial crystal orientations around the D component rotated about ND and the initial crystal orientations along the ${\alpha}$ fiber also rotated toward the (1 1 0) [2 3] and (1 1 0)[2 7] components about ND. In the specimen parallel to TD. the initial crystal orientations around the D component rotated toward the rotated cube and the initial crystal orientations along the ${\alpha}$ fiber rotated toward the {1 1 0} <1 1 3> component.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.131-141
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• 2004

In this study a 3-D automatic die design supporting system for a bonnet panel has been developed using Pro/ROGRAM of the widespread CAD software Pro/ENGINEER A standard drawing die was defined in terms of the punch profile, the die face geometry, and the blank sheet size. The strip layout of a trimming die was defined, in addition, in terms of the trimming line and the locations of scrap cutters. Necessary relations for each design step are formulated and rules for bottom-up type 3-D die design were set up for the automatic design of drawing and trimming dies of a bonnet. With the input geometric data of punch profile, die face, and blank sheet, this 3-D design supporting system could complete the basic design process, in case of the bonnet drawing die, in a time 78% shorter than that required by a typical 2-D CAD system. The new design system showed remarkable design efficiency also when it was applied to the case of redesign and modification of the previous standard output for a different car type.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.665-682
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• 2007

Line drawing is a widely used style in non-photorealistic rendering because it generates expressive descriptions of object shapes with a set of strokes. Although various techniques for line drawing of 3D objects have been developed, line drawing of 2D images has attracted little attention despite interesting applications, such as image stylization. This paper presents a robust and effective technique for generating line drawings from 2D images. The algorithm consists of three parts; filtering, linking, and stylization. In the filtering process, it constructs a likelihood function that estimates possible positions of lines in an image. In the linking process, line strokes are extracted from the likelihood function using clustering and graph search algorithms. In the stylization process, it generates various kinds of line drawings by applying curve fitting and texture mapping to the extracted line strokes. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed technique can be applied to the various kinds of line drawings from 2D images with detail control.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.73-74
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to derive the cause of the quantity difference and present the considerations when take-off rebar quantity based on BIM model by comparing the quantity of rebar based on BIM model with 2D drawing. This research was limited to take-off the quantity of rebars in the building frame work, and after take-off the quantity of rebars by 3D modeling the 2D drawing of the target building with Revit, the quantity difference was compared with 2D-based software. Therefore, when take-off the quantity of rebars based on the BIM model, instead of take-off the existing 2D-based quantity premium proportion, according to general structural consider development length, lap splice length, covering thickness, reinforcing bars and spacing. In the future, this study is expected to contribute to improving the accuracy of BIM-based frame construction quantity take-off.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.4 s.57
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• pp.550-563
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• 2005

These days, photoshop and illustrator program can make a fashion illustration express easily and speedily, And they can also express a feeling and sensitivity of fashion illustrator by a tool and effect more than a manual work's media. The purpose of this study was to analyze a visual expression and characteristics in fashion illustration using 2D graphics. The method of this study was to analyze the fashion illustration books using 2D graphics. The visual expressions in fashion illustration using 2D graphics were as follows: Fashion illustration was based on a sketch or photography, and used a composition, drawing, mapping, painting, and manual work's re-touching. Characteristics of visual expression were as follows: First, a image composition was showed discontinuity and heterogeneity of image, new context and composition, and allowance of reality. Second, image transform was showed image overlap, body transformation by image recomposition, and deformed transformation by vector drawing. Third, hyper-real was showed precise touching, mechanical and neutral image, omission of background and focus of an object's characteristic and information. Fourth, following a realistic expression was showed simplified color, shading, dominant view point of fashion illustrator by omission, and daily lift style. Fifth, following a pictorial expression was showed non-fixed and irregular line, natural painting, and drawing and painting by conventional pictorial media. In conclusion, a photoshop and illustrator in 2D graphics will serve as a new media far fashion illustration with a manual work. And they will not only intensify a capacity as a commercial role of fashion illustration but also present a positive motive for students learning a fashion illustration.

• Journal of KIBIM
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.98-109
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• 2020

Based on the prior research which developed the consistency review checklist of the BIM model and 2D drawing through the drawing analysis of the construction documents phase, the apparent limits of the existing template and the template development items were derived. As well, the BIM-based drawing templates of the construction documentation phase were developed and verified using ArchiCAD BIM software. The developed template was then applied to the actual project model in the construction documents phase, and, as a result, 50% of existing work elements could be utilized as templates. This is an increase of more than 30% over the existing template utilization elements, and it is analyzed to be effective in practical application and utilization. Based on the results of this study, if the BIM model construction criteria matching the drawing's utilization purpose are presented, while at the same time the BIM data interlocking and drawing template development studies are conducted, the utilization of BIM data can be maximized and additional drawing work can be minimized to increase the percentage of template utilization elements. In addition, it is believed that this can employed to address functional and institutional problems of BIM-based drawing and make a contribution to the activation of BIM.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2010

Drawing and normalizing are efficient means for controlling strength, fatigue and machinability of free machining steel. Normally strength and machinability are conflicting properties which need to be optimized. In this study, the effects of normalizing temperature and reduction of area on strength, fatigue and machinability were investigated. Fine grains were generated at lower normalizing temperature and fatigue life was increased with decreasing grain size. Matrix was work hardened and elongated with increasing reduction of area. Inclusions also were elongated and cross-sectional area of inclusions along drawing axis was decreased. The effects of work hardening and grain size on fatigue life were significant, but only work hardening affected machinability. Shape and distribution of inclusions after drawing had little effect on fatigue life and machinability.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.15 no.7 s.88
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• pp.504-511
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• 2006

The drawability of AZ31B magnesium sheet is estimated at various temperatures($200,\;250,\;300,\;350\;and\;400^{\circ}C$), and forming speed(20, 50, 100mm/min), thickness(0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 1.4mm). The deep drawing process of circular cup and square cup were used in forming experiments. Experimental and FEM analysis are performed to investigate drawability and affection of controlled blank holding force. Through the controlled blank holding force, drawability was improved. Limit drawing ratio is increased from 2.1 to 3.0 in circular cup drawing and change of thickness is decreased from 16.3 to 6.9%. This result is verified by FEM analysis. Through the observation of microstructure, the main cause is investigated as a quantity of the dynamic recrystallization.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.406-411
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• 2003

It is clearly demonstrated that deeper cups could be formed by single and double stretch-drawings from smaller circular blanks due to such wall-thinning action than in the usual deep-drawing of larger blanks. From this fact, it is emphasized that the deep-drawability of a sheet metal Is not evaluated simply by the conventional L.D.R (limiting drawing ratio), but the depth of the drawn cup should also be taken into account. Many experimental data about various metals and thicknesses given in this paper offer a valuable information in this process for more general use which recommends to replace the conventional deep-drawing process by the stretch-drawing process both for single and double operations. In the single stretch-drawing, it is also confirmed that a deeper cup can be produced by raising the blank-holding force at later stage of operation.