• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.808-818
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• 2010

This study compares the consumption values and clothing benefits between married and unmarried women. The data were collected from a questionnaire with 548 working women in their 20's and 30's. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, reliability analysis, t-test, and one way ANOVA. The factor analysis on consumption values resulted in five dimensional structures: pro-environmental, conspicuous, enjoyable, aesthetic, and economic values. Five dimensions of clothing benefits were identified by factor analysis: individuality, social recognition, well-known brands, practicality, and low price pursuit. The respondents were classified into four groups by marital status and age, as well as two groups only by marital status. There were significant differences among the groups in demographic characteristics, consumption values, and clothing benefits. The results provide insight into marketing strategies of apparel makers or retailers targeting single women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.197-210
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to Investigate men's clothing in regard to (1) the effect of wearer's age and clothing: rues on impression formation, and (2) the effect of perceiver's age on impressions formed by the wearer's age and the fuction of clothing cues. The experimental design of this study was between-subjects 24_full factorial design by 4 independent variables. The subjects consisted of 192 subjects in each of two male perceiver groups according to age(20s and 50s). The experimental moterials developed for the study were a set of stimuli al)d a response scale. The stimuli consisted of 16 color photographs made by identical manipulations of 4 independent variables consisting of 2 levels each. Each one of the sixteen sub-samples included 12 subjects from 2 perceiver groups. The independent variables provided by the photographs were (1) wearer's age (20s and 50s), (2) suit color (navy blue and beige),' (3) suit style (single breasted and double breasted), and (4) necktie color (analogous and complementary colors) . The 7-point semantic differential response scale which was designed to measure the impression of the stimuli was composed of 30 bipolar adjectives. The responses to the semantic differential scales were analyzed using factor analysis and ANOVA. The results were as follows:1) Wearer's age, suit color, suit style, and necktie color had significant effects on impression of the 3 factors (appearance·potency, individuality activity, and evaluation) partiafly. However, the suit style was the most dominent clothing cue : the single breasted suit conveyed positive impression of individuality' activity to both of the wearer's age groups than double breasted suit did on both of the perceiver's age groups. 2) Perceiver's age partially influenced impressions formed by the age and the clothing cues of men clothed in suits : the young perceiver's group was less affected by them than middle aged group.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.6 s.208
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• pp.13-25
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyse craniofacial shape by 3D scanner for Korean adult head shape by age group. The heads of 836 adults were measured by 3D scanner, and the 25 obtained measurements were analyzed by statifical methods. The results can be summarized as follows. 1. From the basic statistical data analysis, the vertex-tagion and the length between the pupils were the longest in the subjects in their twenties, and decreased in elderly groups. 2. According to the analysis of the craniofacial proportion, the typical adult Korea head type was short-headed. 3. Statistically noticeable differences were found in the ectocanthion- opistcranion by the measurement of the left and the right sides of face in the age groups of the 20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s. 4. The order of factor analysis was as follows: the horizontal length, the perpendicular length and the width from the highest in the age group of the 20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.489-498
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• 2008

This study was carried out to identify bone mineral density(BMD), body composition, lifestyle and dietary habits of young women by physical measurement and questionnaires. The study subjects, 190 young women living in Seoul, were divided into three age groups: $20{\sim}24$ years(93), $25{\sim}29$ years(44) and $30{\sim}39$ years(53). There was no significant difference in mean body muscle mass, protein, mineral, body fat and BMI among the three age groups. The rate of low weight(18%) in 20 years group was higher that of the 30 years(11.3%). The mean BMD and T-score were $0.44g/cm^2$ and -0.66. BMD and T-score of the forearm bone were significantly higher in the $30{\sim}39$ years group. But BMD and T-score of calcanues were not significantly different among the three age groups. The rate of normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis subjects by BMD were 60.5%, 38.4%, 1.1%, respectively. The rate of osteopenia in $20{\sim}24$ years group was significantly higher than the other age groups. The rate of meal irregularity was significantly higher in $20{\sim}24$ years group. The rate of women who walk and are exposed to sunlight more than 1hr per day were significantly higher in $20{\sim}24$ years group than the others. However, the score of food behaviors is significantly higher(bad) in $20{\sim}24$ years group than the others. The relationship between BMD and frequency of food intake showed significant differences in beans, broom, seaweed and rice wine. In conclusion, the risk rate of BMD was very high, 40% of the subjects, and the risk rate of BMD was higher in 20 years group than 30 years group, and the rate of low weight in 20 years group was higher than in 30 years group. The food habits and behaviors were not healthy enough. Therefore, nutrition education is needed for bone health.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.56-63
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was examine the effects of the conspicuous consumption tendency by age on fashion involvement. Questionnaires were distributed to 554 females in their 20s-50s. for the final analysis. The results of this study were as follows. First, as a result of the examination of the differences between conspicuous consumption and fashion involvement by age, people in their 20s showed the highest conspicuous consumption and fashion involvement. Second, as a result of the analysis of the effects of the conspicuous consumption by age on the fashion involvement, people in their 20s and 30s influenced the appearance management among the factors of the individuality pursuit orientation and those in the 40s physical supplementation and appearance management and those in the 50s the physical supplementation and sexual appeal. The brand orientation factor influenced social symbol to all the people in their 20s to 50s and the high price orientation factor did not influence any of the people in their 20s to 50s. The trend pursuit orientation factor showed its influence on appearance management to those in their 30s and sexual appeal and conformity to those in their 40s.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate hand washing awareness of females and load of indicator bacteria on their hands. This study focused on the variation according to their age. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey and bacterial analysis of indicator bacteria were carried out for 100 Korean women in their age from 20 s to 60 s. Hand samples were collected through a modified glovejuice method. Results: In the survey, significant difference (p < 0.05) was found among the age groups in the use of hand washing agents. The levels of aerobic colony count (ACC) were the highest in both hands among the 20s (p < 0.05). The levels of Escherichia coli were higher in both hands in their 20s and 30s. No significant difference was found in the levels of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. However, the positive rates of S. aureus (left hand, 37.5~47.1%; right hand, 58.5~62.5%) and Salmonella spp. (left hand, 25.0~52.9%; right hand, 37.5~64.7%) were higher in the hands of the 20s and 30s, and then showed decreasing trend according to increase of age. The effect of hand washing frequency on the ACC level of hands was significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: These results indicate that there was no remarkable difference of hand hygiene awareness among female age groups. The detection of S. aureus and Salmonella spp. on the hands of some females in each age group revealed poor hand hygiene practices. The significant effect of hand washing frequency on the ACC level suggests that frequent hand washing is helpful to reduce hand contamination.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.578-587
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• 2012

This study explored an impact of consumer innovativeness on fashion consumption propensity and clothing satisfaction, focusing on female consumers in 20's and 30's. Specifically, the smart phone users had been the subjects of study because they accept new things earlier than others. The collection of data was carried out for one month in September 2011, and a total of 390 copies were used for final analysis. A statistical package SPSS 16.0 was used for analysis of data. First, the impact of innovativeness on fashion consumption propensity was explored. It was found that the innovativeness has impact on ostentation-seeking propensity and personality-seeking propensity. The impact of innovativeness on the clothing satisfaction was explored. It was found that the innovativeness has negative impacts on tangible value satisfaction and intangible value satisfaction. Second, it was found that if an innovative consumer has less ostentation-seeking propensity and less personality-seeking propensity, the innovative consumer gets more satisfaction from tangible value of clothes. On the other hand, if an innovative consumer has less ostentation-seeking propensity, the innovative consumer gets more satisfaction from intangible value of clothes. Third, the differences in consumer innovativeness, fashion consumption propensity and satisfaction dependent on the age of consumers were explored. In innovativeness and fashion consumption propensity, fashion-seeking propensity and personality-seeking propensity had significant differences between different age groups. In satisfaction, tangible value satisfaction had significant difference between different age groups. However, there was no significant differences between different age groups in ostentation-seeking propensity, economy-seeking propensity and intangible value satisfaction.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2008

We analyzed 121 age estimation clients who had visited oral medicine clinic, Chonbuk National University Hospital, from January 2000 to December 2007 to evaluate its characters in Jeonllabuk-do. The obtained results were as follows : 1. There was distinct difference in sex distribution(Male : 58.7%, Female : 41.3%) and more than half percent(55.4%) was over 50's. 2. The difference between registered and alleged age was the most in more than 5 years, and most of them were over 50's. 3. There were more clients who wanted to increase their age than to decrease and was no prominent difference in sex. Age estimation clients who wanted to decrease their age were predominant under 10 years old and in 20's, and those wanted to increase were predominant in 10's and over 30's. 4. The most reasons to correct age were related to welfare benefit. The purpose of age estimation was different according to each age groups; welfare benefit was the most over 50's, occupation in 40's and 50's, friendship in 30's and 40's, sibling-related in 50's, employment in 10's and 20's. 5. Age was estimated by the attrition of permanent tooth and pulp/tooth ratio from 20 years, root apex closure for 10's and calcification of permanent tooth under 10 years old. In cases that were difficult to estimate by use of the attrition of permanent tooth and pulp/tooth ratio, age was estimated by missing time of permanent tooth and the change of mandibular angle with age. 6. The estimated ages were close to alleged age in 77.7% of clients but the rest(22.3%) was close to registered age.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.495-508
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the eating behaviors and dietary quality of various aged adults. This study conducted through questionnaire and dietary survey by 24-hr recall to 850 adults residing in Samcheok. Subjects were divided into four groups according to the age in male and female, which included 20~29 yrs group (male n = 94, female n = 66), 30~49 yrs group (male n = 201, female n = 216), 50~64 yrs group (male n = 88, female n = 96), and $\geq65$ yrs group (n = 46, female n = 43). In male, 20~29 yrs group had a larger proportion of subjects who skipped breakfast, lunch and dinner compared to other groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.01). The daily food and energy intakes in $\geq50$ yrs group were significantly lower than those of < 50 yrs. Protein and fat intakes of 20~29 yrs group were significantly higher than those of the other groups. But ND (Nutrient Density) of minerals as like calcium, iron and plant iron in 20~29 yrs group were significantly lower than those of other groups. The KDDS (Korean's Dietary Diversity Score) of 20~29 yrs group, 30~49 yrs group, 50~64 yrs group and $\geq65$ yrs group in male were 4.1, 3.8, 3.7 and 3.5 respectively and there was significant difference (p < 0.001). In female, skipping breakfast and dinner were significantly higher in 20~29 yrs group than in other groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). And the use of nutrient supplementation was higher in 30~49 yrs group than that of other groups (p < 0.05). The daily energy intakes was higher in 20~49 yrs group than that of $\geq65$ yrs group. The ND (Nutrient Density) of animal protein, vitamins A and $B_1$ in 20~29 yrs group were significantly lower than those of other groups. The KDDS of 20~29 yrs group, 30~49 yrs group, 50~64 yrs group and $\geq65$ yrs group in female were 4.0, 3.9, 3.9 and 3.6 respectively and $\geq65$ yrs group was significant lower than other groups. According to these results, $\geq65$ yrs and 20~29 yrs group had more dietary habit problems and poor nutrition status than 30~64 yrs group. The results of this study revealed that nutritional management and education for adequate meals should be emphasized in adults and elderly.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.447-460
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting consumer resistance of smart watches, focusing on consumer groups. SPSS 19.0 was used to conduct a descriptive analysis and multi regression analysis of the data. This study is based on the questionnaire data of 407 consumers. The results of this study are as follows. First, the relative advantage was identified as a factor in reducing consumer resistance across all gender and age groups. Second, complexity has been identified as a factor that increases the consumer resistance of female consumers, and consumer groups in their 20s and 40s. Third, esthetics was found to reduce consumer resistance in men, women, and the consumer group in their 20s. Fourth, subjective norms were identified as a factor reducing consumer resistance in women and in consumer groups in their 20s and 30s. Fifth, the risk of privacy was identified as a factor in increasing consumer resistance in men and the consumer group in their 40s. The results of this study can be helpful to understand consumer resistance to smartwatches.