• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.373-385
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• 2019

In this article, different frequently adopted modeling aspects of linear and nonlinear dynamic soil-structure interaction (SSI) are studied on a pile-supported integral abutment bridge structure using the open-source platform OpenSees (McKenna et al. 2000, Mazzoni et al. 2007, McKenna and Fenves 2008) for a 2D domain. Analyzed approaches are as follows: (i) free field input at the base of fixed base bridge; (ii) SSI input at the base of fixed base bridge; (iii) SSI model with two dimensional quadrilateral soil elements interacting with bridge and incident input motion propagating upwards at model bottom boundary (with and without considering the effect of abutment backfill response); (iv) simplified SSI model by idealizing the interaction between structural and soil elements through nonlinear springs (with and without considering the effect of abutment backfill response). Salient conclusions of this paper include: (i) free-field motions may differ significantly from those computed at the base of the bridge foundations, thus put a significant bias on the inertial component of SSI; (ii) conventional modeling of SSI through series of soil springs and dashpot system seems to stay on the safer side under dynamic conditions when one considers the seismic actions on the structure by considering a fully coupled SSI model; (iii) consideration of abutment-backfill in the SSI model positively affects the general response of the bridge, as a result of large passive resistance that may develop behind the abutments.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.267-273
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• 2019

Wheel bearings are important automotive parts that bear the vehicle weight and translate rotation motion; in addition, their seals are components that prevent grease leakage and foreign material from entering from the outside of the bearings. Recently, as the need for electric vehicles and eco-friendly vehicles has been emerging, the reduction in fuel consumption and $CO_2$ emissions are becoming the most important issues for automobile manufacturers. In the case of wheel bearings, seals are a key part of drag torque. In this study, we investigate the prediction of the drag torque taking into consideration the hyperelastic and viscoelastic material properties of automotive wheel bearing seals. Numerical analysis based on the finite element method is conducted for the deformation analyses of the seals. To improve the reliability of the rubber seal analysis, three types of rubber material properties are considered, and analysis is conducted using the hyperelastic material properties. Viscoelastic material property tests are also conducted. Deformation analysis considering the hyperelastic and viscoelastic material properties is performed, and the effects of the viscoelastic material properties are compared with the results obtained by the consideration of the hyperelastic material properties. As a result of these analyses, the drag torque is 0.29 Nm when the hyperelastic characteristics are taken into account, and the drag torque is 0.27 Nm when both the hyperelastic and viscoelastic characteristics are taken into account. Therefore, it is determined that the analysis considering both hyperelastic and viscoelastic characteristics must be performed because of its reliability in predicting the drag torque of the rubber seals.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.281-291
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• 2021

PURPOSE. To evaluate the wear of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) dental ceramic materials opposed by enamel as a function of increased chewing forces. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The enamel cusps of healthy human third molar teeth (n = 40) opposed by materials from CAD-CAM dental ceramic groups (n = 10), including Vita Enamic^® (ENA), a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN); GC Cerasmart^® (CERA), a resin nanoceramic; Celtra^® Duo (DUO), a zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramic; and IPS e.max ZirCAD (ZIR), a polycrystalline zirconia, were exposed to chewing simulation (1,200,000 cycles; 120 N load; 1 Hz frequency; 0.7 mm lateral and 2 mm vertical motion). The wear of both enamel cusps and materials was quantified using a 3D laser scanner, and the wear mechanisms were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results were analysed using Welch ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis test (α = .05). RESULTS. ZIR showed lower volume loss (0.02 ± 0.01 mm³) than ENA, CERA and DUO (P = .001, P = .018 and P = .005, respectively). The wear of cusp/DUO [0.59 mm³ (0.50-1.63 mm³)] was higher than cusp/CERA [0.17 mm³ (0.04-0.41 mm³)] (P = .007). ZIR showed completely different wear mechanism in SEM. CONCLUSION. Composite structured materials such as PICN and ZLS ceramic exhibit more abrasive effect on opposing enamel due to their loss against wear, compared to uniform structured zirconia. The resin nano-ceramic causes the lowest enamel wear thanks to its flexible nano-ceramic microstructure. While zirconia appears to be an enamel-friendly material in wear volume loss, it can cause microstructural defects of enamel.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.175-181
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• 2021

A 57-year-old female diagnosed with L5-S1 lumbar intervertebral disc herniation, suffering from severe pain despite taking tapentadol received combined Korean medicine treatment, including acupotomy, acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, and herbal therapies for 53 days. To assess pain, Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and lumbar range of motion (ROM) were checked daily from the day of admission. Moreover, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) were used to evaluate function and quality of life. After combined Korean medicine treatment, reabsorptioin of intervertebral disc was confirmed by radiological examination; pain reduced from NRS 5~7 to NRS 1~2; lumbar ROM in extention increased from 20° to 30°; and function and quality of life improved. The results suggest the possibility that a combined Korean medical treatment, including acupotomy, can be used as an alternative to opioids for pain management of lumbar vertebral disc herniation.

• 천문학회지
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2020

We report the discovery of a giant exoplanet in the microlensing event OGLE-2017-BLG-1049, with a planet-host star mass ratio of q = 9.53 ± 0.39 × 10-3 and a caustic crossing feature in Korea Microlensing Telescope Network (KMTNet) observations. The caustic crossing feature yields an angular Einstein radius of θE = 0.52 ± 0.11 mas. However, the microlens parallax is not measured because the time scale of the event, tE ≃ 29 days, is too short. Thus, we perform a Bayesian analysis to estimate physical quantities of the lens system. We find that the lens system has a star with mass Mh = 0.55+0.36-0.29 M⊙ hosting a giant planet with Mp = 5.53+3.62-2.87 MJup, at a distance of DL = 5.67+1.11-1.52 kpc. The projected star-planet separation is a⊥ = 3.92+1.10-1.32 au. This means that the planet is located beyond the snow line of the host. The relative lens-source proper motion is μrel ~ 7 mas yr-1, thus the lens and source will be separated from each other within 10 years. After this, it will be possible to measure the flux of the host star with 30 meter class telescopes and to determine its mass.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.447-463
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• 2021

Caisson-type structures are widely used as quay walls in coastal areas. In Korea, for a long time, many caisson-type quay walls have been constructed with a low front water depth. These facilities can no longer meet the requirements of current development. This study developed a new technology for deepening existing caisson-type quay walls using grouting and rubble mound excavation to economically reuse them. With this technology, quay walls could be renovated by injecting grout into the rubble mound beneath the front toe of the caisson to secure its structure. Subsequently, a portion of the rubble mound was excavated to increase the front water depth. This paper reports the results of an investigation of the seismic behavior of a renovated quay wall in comparison to that of an existing quay wall using centrifuge tests and numerical simulations. Two centrifuge model tests at a scale of 1/120 were conducted on the quay walls before and after renovation. During the experiments, the displacements, accelerations, and earth pressures were measured under five consecutive earthquake input motions with increasing magnitudes. In addition, systematic numerical analyses of the centrifuge model tests were also conducted with the PLAXIS 2D finite element (FE) program using a nonlinear elastoplastic constitutive model. The displacements of the caisson, response accelerations, deformed shape of the quay wall, and earth pressures were investigated in detail based on a comparison of the numerical and experimental results. The results demonstrated that the motion of the caisson changed after renovation, and its displacement decreased significantly. The comparison between the FE models and centrifuge test results showed good agreement. This indicated that renovation was technically feasible, and it could be considered to study further by testbed before applying in practice.

• Hip & pelvis
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.245-254
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• 2022

Purpose: Management of pediatric subtrochanteric femur fractures (SFFs) is difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of adolescent SFFs treated with adult proximal humeral locking plates (PHLPs). Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 18 adolescents (11 male, 7 female) with a diagnosis of SFF who underwent internal fixation with a PHLP was conducted. Data regarding injury mechanism, fracture pattern, and time to union were recorded for all patients. In addition, a clinical and functional evaluation of patients was performed using the Harris hip score (HHS), Iowa hip score (IHS), modified Merle d'Aubigne-Postel score (MMAPS), Flynn criteria, and hip range of motion (ROM). Results: The mean age of the patients was 12.72±2.05 years (range, 10-16 years). Radiological observation was performed for evaluation of five different injury mechanisms and different fracture patterns in patients. The mean postoperative HHS was 92.27±5.61, the mean IHS was 90.88±6.46, and the mean MMAPS was 17.22±0.94. According to the Flynn criteria, excellent results were achieved in 14 cases and satisfactory results were obtained in four cases. Measurements of the patients' mean hip ROM values were as follows: 17.77±3.52° in extension, 115.27±6.74° in flexion, 43.05±3.48° in abduction, 27.50±4.28° in adduction, 42.22±4.60° in internal rotation, and 42.22±3.91° in external rotation. Conclusion: Surgery performed on adolescent patients using an adult PHLP showed good, safe results. Therefore, it should be considered as an alternative option.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.131-142
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• 2002

본 연구의 목적은 유도 경력이 2년(2~3단) 이상인 유단자 5명을 대상으로 전방낙법 동작시 3차원 영상 분석법을 이용하여 운동학적 변인의 특성을 규명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 운동학적 변인은 시간 거리 변인들이었으며, 각 변인별 평균치와 표준편차를 구하여 유도 전방낙법 동작의 운동학적 변인을 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 전방낙법 동작시 손목각은 낙법직전자세에서 낙법자세까지는 신전되었고, 낙법자세에서 낙법직후자세까지는 굴곡되는 패턴을 보였으며 손목의 좌 우각은 변위차이를 보였다. 팔꿈치각은 준비자세에서 낙법직후자세까지 굴곡되는 패턴이었고, 발목각은 준비자세에서 반동자세까지는 굴곡되었으며 점핑자세에서 변환자세까지 신전, 낙법직전자세와 낙법직후자세에서는 굴곡 패턴이었다. 매트와 어깨와의 거리(높이)는 낙법직전자세에서 32.2cm, 낙법자세에서는 18.3cm, 낙법직후자세에서는 20.5cm 이었다. 매트와 엉덩이와의 거리(높이)는 낙법직전자세에서 48.0cm, 낙법자세에서는 23.4cm, 낙법직후자세에서 30.6cm이었다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.165-174
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• 2007

The subject of this study was male apparatus gymnastics athlete who had scored high points doing basket with 1/2 turn on parallel bars. Then 3D motion analysis were used to calculate & analyse kinematic variables of Basket with 1/2 turn to Handstand. 1. The total average time spent for Basket with 1/2 turn took $2.16{\pm}.08sec$, at the downward upward phase took $.58{\pm}0.00sec$, $.23{\pm}.00sec$, at flight phase took $.28{\pm}.01sec$, at connected area phase took $.72{\pm}0.21sec$, at rotation area phase took $.35{\pm}.14sec$. To have a successful performance, there should be faster speed and velocity to rotate at the downward upward phase, then the upward velocity and height must be used adequately. Moreover, the speed must be faster at the flight connect phase to stabilize Center of Mass(CM) for the body, and must secure more time at the rotation area to have more stable performance. 2. After handstand on parallel bars while moving CM to right hand side, and It must be performed with big and magnificent performance with putting both hand's center to far away from the parallel bars. 3. Furthermore, CM must be moved fast from downwards to right hand side, and CM must be moved fast in vertical movement at upward and flight phase to avoid CM from moving back and forth, and left and right. 4. At downwards, the subject must rotate as bis as possible using hip-joint as wide as possible and at upwards, must put his body to vertical to have stable performance. While rotating or turning, it is better to do with bigger shoulder angle and have to make sure that trunk angle must be not scattered. To perform better and more positive in basket with 1/2 turn on parallel bars, the centrifugal force must be used big and fast at downward, and at upward and flight phase, downward movement must change to vertical movement as soon as possible while turning movement must happen at handstand position. Time spent must be shorten at connected area to stabilize CM and turning must be natural as possible while securing the necessary time of movement to well-balanced. Also, the body must be vertically closed from the ground.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2014

목 적 : Spine SBRT 치료 시 보편적인 치료방법인 콜리메이터 각도 $30^{\circ}$와 $330^{\circ}$를 각각 사용한 2회전 치료계획 (이하 Universal MLC VMAT)과 MLC 운동 방향과 척수 또는 마미 (이하 OAR)의 장축을 일치시킨 콜리메이터 각도 $273^{\circ}$와 $350^{\circ}$를 사용한 2회전 치료계획 (이하 Coaxial MLC VMAT) 유용성을 비교, 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 본원에서 Varian TBX을 이용하여, Coaxial MLC VMAT 치료 계획으로 치료 받은 spine SBRT환자 10명을 대상으로 하였다. 전산화치료계획은 Eclipse (ver 10.0.42, Varian, USA), PRO3 (Progressive Resolution Optimizer 10.0.28), AAA (Anisotropic Analytic Algorithm Ver 10.0.28) 알고리즘을 이용하였다. 치료계획은 VMAT로 겐트리 회전반경이 각각 $360^{\circ}$인 두 개의 ARC, 10MV FFF (Flattening Filter Free)를 이용하여 수립하였고, 각 ARC는 콜리메이터 각도 $273^{\circ}$, $350^{\circ}$로 설정하였다. 기존 치료계획을 바탕으로 실험군인 Universal MLC VMAT 치료계획을 수립하였다. 콜리메이터 각도를 제외한 모든 조건은 동일하게 설정하였으며, 특히 최적화 (VMAT optimization) 과정에서 무작위하게 나타나는 선량차이를 최소화하기 위해 각각 2회의 최적화, 선량 계산 과정을 거쳤다. 계산 grid 는 0.2 cm, normalization은 타겟 $V_{100%}=90%$로 설정하였다. OAR의 선량 $V_{10Gy}$, $D_{0.03cc}$, Dmean, 타겟의 H.I (Homogeneity index) 그리고 각 치료 계획의 Total MU를 평가 지표로 설정하였고, Mapcheck2 (Sun Nuclear Co., USA) 와 Mapphan (Sun Nuclear Co., USA) 그리고 SNC patient (Sun Nuclear Co., USA Ver 6.1.2.18513) 를 이용하여 Coaxial MLC VMAT 계획의 임상 적용 가능 여부 확인을 위한 IMRT verification QA (gamma test)를 실시하였다. 결 과 : 두 치료계획을 비교한 결과 OAR의 $V_{10Gy}$차이는 최대 4.1%, 최소 0.4%, 평균 1.9%로, $D_{0.03cc}$ 는 최대 83.5 cGy, 최소 2.2 cGy, 평균 33.3 cGy로 Coaxial MLC VMAT plan 이 더 낮은 것으로 나타났다. Dmean 또한 최대 34.8 cGy, 최소 -13.0 cGy, 평균 9.6 cGy로 Coaxial MLC VMAT plan 이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. H.I. 는 최대 0.04, 최소 0.01로 Coaxial MLC VMAT plan 이 평균 0.02 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, Total MU의 평균값을 비교한 결과 Coaxial MLC VMAT plan 이 평균 74.1 MU 더 낮게 나타났다. Coaxial MLC VMAT plan에 대한 IMRT verification gamma test 결과는 1 mm / 2%, pass rate 90.0% 기준을 모두 통과하였다. 결 론 : Coaxial MLC VMAT 치료계획은 Universal MLC VMAT 치료계획에 비해 대부분의 평가지표에서 유리한 것으로 나타냈으며 특히 OAR의 선량 $V_{10Gy}$을 낮추는데 있어 탁월한 것으로 사료된다. 실험결과를 바탕으로 두 치료 계획을 비교해 볼 때, 같은 MU를 사용한다면 Coaxial MLC VMAT 치료계획이 Universal MLC VMAT 치료계획에 비해 효율적이라 사료된다.