• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.307-314
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• 2020

In the present study, we examined the effect of straw size on spermatozoa motility, viability, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and plasma membrane integrity after freezing-thawing. Hanwoo semen was collected from three bulls and diluted with an animal protein-free extender, divided into two groups, namely, 10 million spermatozoa in 0.25 mL and 20 million spermatozoa in 0.5 mL straw, and cryopreserved. In Experiment 1, the motility and motility parameters of the frozen-thawed spermatozoa were evaluated. After freezing-thawing, the spermatozoa motility parameters fast progressive, straight line velocity, and average path velocity were compared between the 0.25 mL straw and 0.5 mL straw groups. They were 35.2 ± 1.0 and 32.3 ± 0.7%, 34.6 ± 0.7 and 31.8 ± 0.5 μm/s, 51.4 ± 1.3 and 47.1 ± 1.1 μm/s, 0.25 mL straw and 0.5 mL straw groups, respectively. In Experiment 2, the viability, acrosome membrane integrity, and mitochondrial membrane potential of the frozen-thawed spermatozoa were assessed. After freezing-thawing, the percentages of spermatozoa with live, intact acrosomes and high mitochondrial membrane potential were compared between the in 0.25 mL straw and 0.5 mL straw groups. They were 48.0 ± 2.6% and 35.6 ± 2.8% between the 0.25 mL straw and 0.5 mL straw groups. In Experiment 3, the plasma membrane integrity of frozen-thawed spermatozoa was compared. After freezing-thawing, the plasma membrane integrity was higher for the in 0.25 mL straw group than the 0.5 mL straw group. They were 62.0 ± 2.2 and 54.1 ± 1.3% between the 0.25 mL straw and 0.5 mL straw groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that freezing semen in 0.25 mL straw improves the relative motility, viability, and acrosomal, mitochondrial membrane potential, and plasma membrane integrity of Hanwoo bull spermatozoa.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2013

This study has been conducted to investigate the effect of GA₃ solution dipping treatment after 1 days full bloom on spike growth and fruit quality at harvest of 'Campbell Early' grapevine. The fruit cluster growth(weight, length, width) and fruit stalk(diameter, length) at harvest were increased significantly by GA₃ 10 mg·L^-1 solution dipping treatment compared to control and another concentration. The berry growth (berry No, weight, length, diameter) at harvest showed no difference by treatment GA₃ concentration different. Spike weight was increased by GA₃ 5, 10, 20, mg·L^-1 treatment compared to control, but no difference GA₃ 40 mg·L^-1 treatment. The degree of compact berry, bloom, skin color and SSC at harvest by GA₃ solution dipping treatment were not significantly different from those of control. but increased seedlessness induction by GA₃ 10 mg·L^-1 treatment. The occurrence percent of berry cracking by GA₃ 5, 10, 20, 40 mg·L^-1 treatment significantly decreased. The bitter rot of berry harvest showed no difference by treatment GA₃ concentration different. Total spike length was increased by GA₃ 5, 10 mg·L^-1 treatment compared to control and GA₃ 20, 40 mg·L^-1 treatment. The spike length of 1st from 15th to position increased by GA₃ 10 mg·L^-1 treatment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.2036-2045
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• 2018

An endo-${\beta}$-1,4-glucanase gene, cel5L, was cloned using the shot-gun method from Bacillus sp.. The gene, which contained a predicted signal peptide, encoded a protein of 496 amino acid residues, and the molecular mass of the mature Cel5L was estimated to be 51.8 kDa. Cel5L contained a catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 5 and a carbohydrate-binding module family 3 (CBM_3). Chromatography using HiTrap Q and CHT-II resulted in the isolation of two truncated forms corresponding to 50 (Cel5L-p50) and 35 kDa (Cel5L-p35, CBM_3-deleted form). Both enzymes were optimally active at pH 4.5 and $55^{\circ}C$, but had different half-lives of 4.0 and 22.8 min, respectively, at $70^{\circ}C$. The relative activities of Cel5L-p50 and Cel5L-p35 for barley ${\beta}$-glucan were 377.0 and 246.7%, respectively, compared to those for carboxymethyl-cellulose. The affinity and hydrolysis rate of pNPC by Cel5L-p35 were 1.7 and 3.3 times higher, respectively, than those by Cel5L-p50. Additions of each to a commercial enzyme set increased saccharification of pretreated rice straw powder by 17.5 and 21.0%, respectively. These results suggest CBM_3 is significantly contributing to thermostability, and to affinity and substrate specificity for small substrates, and that these two enzymes could be used as additives to enhance enzymatic saccharification.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.4 s.109
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• pp.411-422
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• 2004

A limnological survey was conducted in a reservoir, Lake Hoengsung located in Kangwondo, Korea, from July 2000 to September 2001 on the monthly basis. Phosphorus loading from the watershed was estimated by measuring total phosphorus concentration in the main tributary. Secchi disc transparency, epilimnetic (0-5 m) turbidity, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen(TN) and silica concentration were in the range of 0.9-3.5 m, 0.1-8.5 NTU, 0.3-32.4 mgChl $m^{-3}$, 5-46 mgP $m^{-3}$, 0.83-3.55 mgN $L^{-1}$ and 0.5-9.6 mgSi $L^{-1}$, respectively. Green algae and cyanobacteria dominated phytoplankton community in warm seasons, from July through October, 2000. In July a green alga (Scenedesmus sp.) was dominant with a maximum cell density of 10,480 cells mL. Cyanobacteria (Microcystics sp.) dominated in August and September with cell density of 3,492 and 295 cells mL ,respectively. Species diversity of phytoplankton was highest (2.22) in July. The trophic state of the reservoir can be classified as eutrophic on the basis of TP, Chl-a, and Secchi disc transparency. Because TP concentration was high in flood period, most of phosphorus loading was concentrated in rainy season. TP loading was calculated by multiplying TP and flow rate. The dam managing company measured inflow rate of the reservoir daily, while TP was measured by weekly surveys. TP of unmeasured days was estimated from the empirical relationship of TP and the flow rate of the main tributary; $TP=5.59Q^{0.45}\;(R^2=0.47)$. Annual TP loading was calculated to be 4.45 tP $yr^{-1}$, and the areal P loading was 0.77 gP $m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$ which is similar to the critical P loading for eutrophication by Vollenweider's phosphorus model, 0.72 gP $m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$.

• Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.508-512
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• 2018

Foraminal decompression using a minimally invasive technique to preserve facet joint stability and function without fusion reportedly improves the radicular symptoms in approximately 80% of patients and is considered one of the good surgical treatment choices for lumbar foraminal or extraforaminal stenosis. However, proper decompression was not possible because of the inability to access the foramen at the L5-S1 level due to prominence of the iliac crest. To overcome this challenge, endoscopy-based minimally invasive spine surgery has recently gained attention. Here, we report the technical skills required in unilateral extraforaminal biportal endoscopic spinal surgery using a $30^{\circ}$ arthroscope to enable foraminal decompression at the L5-S1 level. Two 0.8-cm portals were created 2 cm lateral from the lateral border of the pedicles at the L5-S1 level. After sufficient working space was made, half of the superior articular process (SAP) in the hypertrophied facet joint was removed using a high-speed burr and a 5-mm wide osteotome, whereas the remaining inside part of the SAP was removed using a Kerrison punch and pituitary punch. The foraminal ligamentum flavum should be removed to inspect the conditions of the L5 exiting root and disc. Removing of the extruded disc could decompress the L5 root. The extraforaminal approach using a $30^{\circ}$ arthroscope is considered a minimally invasive alternative technique for decompressing foraminal stenosis at the L5-S1 level that preserves facet stability and provides symptomatic relief.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.253-256
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• 2007

In an attempt to optimize the in vitro-regeneration conditions necessary for the genetic manipulation of tomato species, we examined 'Ailsa Graig' cultivar of Lycopersicon for regeneration ability. The basal medium used for callus formation and shoot regeneration was MS (MS + vitamin) supplemented with six combinations of zeatin 2 mg/l, zeatin 2 mg/l + IAA 0.1 mg/l, zeatin 2 mg/l + IAA 0.5 mg/l, zeatin 4 mg/l, zeatin 4 mg/l + IAA 0.1 mg/l and zeatin 4 mg/l + IAA 0.5 mg/l. When all conditions tested were considered, however, only zeatin 2 mg/l was shown to be the best in shoot regeneration. The morphological characterization from in vitro-cultured callus of Lycopersicon esculentum L. var. 'Ailsa Craig' was investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The surfaces of in vitro-cultured callus had well-defined epidermal cell in condition of zeatin 2 mg/l, but those of different treatments were twisted. These results suggested that shape of callus was involved in efficiency of shoot regeneration in tomato 'Ailsa Craig'.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.1 s.106
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• pp.26-35
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• 2004

We investigated the effect of physicochemical environmental factors on the community dynamics of phytoplanktons and bacteria at the Hoeya Dam Reservoir, a drinking water reservoir for Ulsan city. Water samples were collected and analyzed every two to four weeks at three sites along the reservoir from April to October, 2001. During the study period, the Secchi depths were between 0.4 and 3.5 m. At the surface layer of water column, temperature ranged 10.2 ~ $32.0^{\circ}C$, pH 7.3${\sim}$9.6, dissolved oxygen 5.5 ${\sim}$ 12.4 mg $L^{-1}$, $BOD_5$ 0.8 ${\sim}$ 5.0 mg $L^{-1}$, $COD_{Mn}$ 3.7 ${\sim}$ 10.0 mg $L^{-1}$, and Chl-a 8.9 ${\sim}$ 60.9 mg $m^{-3}$. At the bottom layer, temperature varied 7.2 ${\sim}$ $28.9^{\circ}C$, pH 7.1 ${\sim}$ 9.3, dissolved oxygen 0.6 ${\sim}$ 9.7 mg $L^{-1}$, $BOD_5$ 0.8 ${\sim}$ 4.5 mg $L^{-1}$, $COD_{Mn}$ 3.9 ${\sim}$ 10.0 mg $L^{-1}$, and Chl-a 4.3 ${\sim}$ 81.9 mg $m^{-3}$. The numbers of phytoplanktons were 7.4${\pm}10^2{\sim}2.6{\pm}10^5$ cells $mL^{-1}$ at surface and 2.5${\pm}10^2{\sim}2.4{\pm}10^4$ cells $mL^{-1}$ at bottom, and were positively correlated with water temperature and Chl- a concentration. Genus Stephanodiscus and genus Oscillatoria dominated on April and on May, respectively. Cyanobacterial blooms of Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, Anabaena were observed from June to early September, and thereafter Stephanodiscus and Aulacoseiral dominated again. Total microbial counts ranged 1.73${\pm}10^4{\sim}1.68{\pm}10^5$ cells $mL^{-1}$, and were positively correlated with water temperature and phytoplankton counts at surface water. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) ranged 30${\sim}4.1{\pm}10^3$ CFU $mL^{-1}$, and were positively correlated with $BOD_5$ and $NO^3\;^-$-N concentration at bottom water. Unlike the total microbial counts, the numbers of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci as well as HPCs were higher at the bottom than the surface layer and were highest at the upper a site among the three sampling sites. Since the concentrations of fecal coliforms and streptococci were still high at the bottom of site c, where intake for water treatment plant is located, it appeared that special management of water treatment processes may be needed especially after strong rainfall.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1998

Two types of somatic embryos were directly induced from the immature zygotic embryos of the wild prunus yedoensis in Mt. Halla after 16 weeks of culture on MS medium supplemented with 0.1mg/L $GA_3$ and 0.1mg/L BAPor 0.5mg/L $GA_3$ and 0.1mg/L BAP. One was normal single embryo with a single basal part. Normal somatic embryos germinated successfully on 1/2 MS medium. However, abnormal nulticotyledonary somatic embryos, formed shoots only on hormone free MS medium and about 80% of shoots rooted on MS medium with 0.5mg/L IBA. The mximum frequency (62.5%) of normal somatic embryos was directly obtained from the zygotic embryo 30 days after full blooming but it was decreased with further maturation.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.175-178
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• 2004

Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Bright Yellow-2) cell lines expressing a human histone H1.5 (referred to as hH1.5), which suppress collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis, were developed under the oxidative stress-inducible peroxidase (SWPA2) promoter. Tobacco BY-2 cells were transformed by Agrobacterium-mediated method. The kanamycin-resistant calli were selected on the modified MS medium containing 150mg/L kanamycin and 300mg/L claforan. Transgenic cell lines were confirmed by PCR and northern blot analysis. Recombinant hH1.5 (rhH1.5) protein (42 kDa) was also detected by Western blot analysis, showing a different molecular weight of human hH1.5 (32 kDa). These results suggested that a hH1.5 gene was properly introduced in tobacco cultured cells under the control of SWPA2 promoter. The further characterization of rhH1.5 protein remains to be studied.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 1995

The DNA fragment containing ginseng ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxytase/oxygenase large subunit(rbcL) gene was cloned from the ginseng chloroplast EcoRl library by colony lift hybridization with tobacco rbcL gene probe. From the screened clone, the DNA fragment containing ginseng rbcL gene was digested with several restriction enzyme and analyzed by Southern blot hybridization for the construction of restriction map. The ginseng rbcL gene fragment was subcloned in pBluescript II SK + vector and sequence analysis was performed. The nucleotide sequence of ginseng rbcL gene was compared with those of petunia, tobacco, alfalfa, rice and barley, which showed a homology of 93.1%, 95.2%, 90.5%, 85.5% and 84.3%, respectively.