• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.51-57
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• 1981

1,2-propanediol-utilizing yeast, Y-1-4, was isolated from sludge sample by the enrichment culture technique. The product produced from 1,2-propanediol by the selected strain was identified as lactic acid by paper chromatography and infrared absorption spectrum. The strain assimilated ethanol, 1,2-propanediol, glycerine and glucose, but it produced lactic acid from 1,2-propanediol used as the sole carbon source. Under optimal conditions, the strain Y-1-4 was cultured with shaking at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 4days in the medium containing 1,2-propanediol 20.0g, NH$_4$Cl 5.0g, KH$_2$PO$_4$ 1.0g, MgSO$_4$.7$H_2O$ 0.5g, FeSO$_4$.7$H_2O$ 0.25g, yeast extract 0.4g, CaCO$_3$ 3. 0g and tap water to one liter, and then the yield of lactic acid was about 12. 1g per liter of the culture broth.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.439-442
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• 2011

1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) is a commodity chemical that is currently produced from petrochemical derivatives. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is well characterized and a successful industrial microorganism to enable the improvement of the 1,2-propanediol production by metabolic engineering. A recombinant S. cerevisiae M3G3 was used to produce 1,2-propanediol. S. cerevisiae M3G3 is the diploid strain that contains 3 copies of mgs (methylglyoxal synthase) and gldA (glycerol dehydrogenase). S. cerevisiae M3G3 was cultivated at various culture conditions by changing culture temperature, glucose concentration, and inducer concentration. Also the effect of induction time was studied to optimize the production of 1,2-propanediol. Batch and fed-batch cultivation of S. cerevisiae M3G3 was performed by using a 5 L jar fermenter. The highest concentration of 1,2-propanediol in batch cultivation was 0.86 g/L and it was further improved to 1.33 g/L in fed-batch cultivation.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1993

소 난자의 시험관내 수정시 이성체인 1, 2 propanediol과 1, 3 propanediol과의 동결보호제의 이용에 대한 독성효과를 조사하였다. 프랑스에 있는 도축장의 난소에서 채취한 미성숙 난자 212개를 시험관내 성숙과 heparin(10$\mu$g/ml)첨가에 의한 수정 및 배양을 실시하였다. 소 난자의 시험관내 성숙과 수정시 propanediol의 독성효과를 시험한 결과 1,3 propanediol은 80%의 정상 난할분할율과 5.7%의 낮은 다핵분할구율을 나타내었다. 이것은 1,2 propanediol의 73.9%, 10.3%와 미처리대조구의 73.9%, 7.7%와 비교되었으나 처리간의 유의성은 없었다. Heparin 처리구는 1,2 propanediol의 첨가 유무에 관계없이 미처리구에 대하여 고도의 유의성 차이가 인정되었다. (P<0.05)

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1797-1802
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• 2008

Saccharomyces cerevisiae was metabolically engineered to improve 1,2-propanediol production. Deletion of the tpil (triosephosphate isomerase) gene in S. cerevisiae increased the carbon flux to DHAP (dihydroxylacetone phosphate) in glycolysis, resulting in increased glycerol production. Then, the mgs and gldA genes, the products of which convert DHAP to l,2-propanediol, were introduced to the tpil-deficient strain using a multicopy plasmid. As expected, the intracellular level of methylglyoxal was increased by introduction of the mgs gene in S. cerevisiae and that of 1,2-propanediol by introduction of both the mgs and gldA genes. As a result, 1.11 g/l of 1,2-propanediol was achieved in flask culture.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.846-853
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• 2011

Glycerol has become an attractive carbon source in the biotechnology industry owing to its low price and reduced state. However, glycerol is rarely used as a carbon source in Saccharomyces cerevisiae because of its low utilization rate. In this study, we used glycerol as a main carbon source in S. cerevisiae to produce 1,2-propanediol. Metabolically engineered S. cerevisiae strains with overexpression of glycerol dissimilation pathway genes, including glycerol kinase (GUT1), glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GUT2), glycerol dehydrogenase (gdh), and a glycerol transporter gene (GUP1), showed increased glycerol utilization and growth rate. More significant improvement of glycerol utilization and growth rate was accomplished by introducing 1,2-propanediol pathway genes, mgs (methylglyoxal synthase) and gldA (glycerol dehydrogenase) from Escherichia coli. By engineering both glycerol dissimilation and 1,2-propanediol pathways, the glycerol utilization and growth rate were improved 141% and 77%, respectively, and a 2.19 g 1,2- propanediol/l titer was achieved in 1% (v/v) glycerolcontaining YEPD medium in engineered S. cerevisiae.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.5
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• pp.168-172
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• 1987

Methods were developed to synthesize optically active mercaptoglycerol from optically active isopropylidene glycerols. 1,2-Isopropylideneglycerol was tosylated and the tosyl group displaced with thiolacetate. Base hydrolysis and oxidation gave 1,1'-dithiobis-2,3-isopropylidene-2,3-propanediol. This compound could be used as a source of mercaptoglycerol, or reacted with 1-decenyl lithium to form cis-1-S-dec-1'enyl-2,3-isopropylidene-1-mercapto-2,3-propanediol. The latter is a stereospecific synthetic route to cis-alkenyl thioethers of protected mercaptoglycerol, and it may be useful for the preparation of a thioplasmalogen substrate for plasmalogenase.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.255-260
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• 2002

1,3-Propanediol as a bifunctional organic compound could be used in polymerization reactions producing polyesters and polyurethanes. Byproduct containing high concentration of glycerol from fat industry was used to produce 1,3-propanediol in lower production cost as well as waste treatment. In this study, various attempts were made to increase 1,3-propanediol production under different conditions using Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 15380. The conversion yield and byproduct formation were influenced significantly by the fermentation pH and temperature. The optimal glycerol and nitrogen concentration for 1,3-propanediol production were found to be 25 a/L and 1%(w/v), respectively. The formation of 1,3-propanediol was optimal at pH 6.0 and temperature $35^{\circ}C$. 1,3-Propanediol production from byproduct from 2.5% glycerol was lower than that of 2.5% commercial glycerol and amounted only to 9.84 a/L from byproduct, while to 12.13 a/L from commercial glycerol.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2002

3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol(3-MCPD) is currently being a matter of concern because of its toxicity. 3-MCPD produced during the acid hydrolysis of soybean products has been reported to be mutagenic, neurotoxic, nephrotoxic and spermatotoxic. Howerer, the carcinogenicity of 3-MCPD is a controversial issue over the past several decades. 3-MCPD characteristically showed a variety of toxicities in reproductive system such as, decrease in sperm number and sperm motility, infertility, loss of sperm function, and weight decrease in ovary. Due to the toxicity of 3-MCPD, exposure to 3-MCPD has been proposed to be reduced to as low a level as technologically feasible. 3-MCPD can be detected in soy sauce or non-soy sauce products. The legal limit for 3-MCPD this year has been suggested to be 20 ppb（$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg）in the European Community. In Korea, the permissible level of 3-MCPD is expected to be 0.3 ppm. In this study, 3-MCPD was toxicologically evaluated in terms of risk assessment in humans.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 1991

This stduy was carried out in order to investigate the effects of concentration and equilibration time of cryoprotective agents on survival rate of slow and ultrarapidly frozen in vitro fertilized bovine embryos. In vitro fertilized bovine embryos, following dehydration by cryoprotective agents and sucrose, were slowly freezed(from 2$0^{\circ}C$ to -7$^{\circ}C$/-1$^{\circ}C$/min., from -7$^{\circ}C$ -35$^{\circ}C$/-0.2$^{\circ}C$/min. from -35$^{\circ}C$ to -38$^{\circ}C$/-0.3$^{\circ}C$/min.) by cell freezer and directly plunged into liquid nitrogen and thawed in 38$^{\circ}C$ water. Survival rate was defined by development rate to the morula and blastocyst stage after in vitro cultured and FDA test. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The survival rates of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos after slow frozen-thawing in the freezing medium of 0.25M sucrose added 2.5M glycerol, 3.0M DMSO, 2.0M propanediol and 2.5M glycerol＋2.0M propanediol were 84.3%, 85.9%, 77.8%, 74.3%, respectively. 2. The survival rates of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos after slow frozen-thawing in the freezing of 0.50M sucrose added 2.5M glycerol, 3.0M DMSO, 2.0M propanediol and 2.5M glycerol＋2.0M propanediol were 83.8%, 85.1%, 71.4%, 74.6%, respectively. 3. The survival rates of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos after ultrarapid frozen-thawing in the freezing of 0.25M sucrose added 2.5M glycerol, 3.0M DMSO, 2.0M propanediol and 2.5M glycerol＋3.0M propanediol were 69.3%, 70.8%, 63.2%, 67.1%, respectively. 4. The survival rates of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos after ultrarapid frozen-thawing in the freezing of 0.25M sucrose added 2.5M glycerol, 3.0M DMSO, 2.0M propanediol and 2.5M glycerol＋2.0M propanediol were 69.4%, 70.1%, 62.3%, 63.5%, respectively. 5. The survival rates of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos after slow and ultrarapid fromthawing in the freezing medium of sucrose added cryoprotective agents were not significant difference between 5min. and 10min. of equilibration time.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 1992

This Study was carried out ot investigate the effects of concentration and equilibration time of cryoprotective aagents on survival rate of slowly and ultrarapidly frozen porcine embryos. The porcine embryos following dehydration by cryoprotective agents and 0.25M sucrose were slowly freezed(from 2$0^{\circ}C$ to -7$^{\circ}C$/-1$^{\circ}C$/min., from -7$^{\circ}C$ to -35$^{\circ}C$/-0.2$^{\circ}C$/min., from -35$^{\circ}C$ to -38$^{\circ}C$/-0.3$^{\circ}C$/min.) by Cell Freezer and directly plunged into liquid nitrogen and thawed in 38$^{\circ}C$ water bath. Survival rate was defined as development rate to the morula and blastocyst stage after in vitro culture or by FDA test. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The survival rates of porcine embryos after slow frozen-thawing in the freezing medium of 0.25M sucrose added 2.0M glycerol, 3.0M DMSO, 2.0M propanediol or 2.0M glycerol＋2.0M propanediol was 80.6, 84.7, 75.0 or 78.8%, respectively. 2. The survival rates of porcine embryos after slow frozen-thawing in the freezing medium of 0.50M sucrose added 2.0M glycerol, 3.0M DMSO, 2.0M propanediol or 2.0M glycerol＋2.0M propanediol was 80.9, 82.4, 73.1 or 77.1%, respectively. 3. The survival rates of porcine embryos after ultrarapid frozen-thawing in the freezing medium of 0.25M sucroese added 2.0M glycerol, 3.0M DMSO, 2.0M propanediol or 2.0M glycerol＋2.0M propanediol was 65.3, 68.6, 63.2 or 59.9%, respectively. 4. The survival rates of porcine embryos after ultrapid frozen-thawing in the freezing medium of 0.50M sucrose added 2.0M glycerol, 3.0M DMSO, 2.0 propanediol or 2.0M glycerol＋2.0M propanediol was 67.5, 62.9, 56.9, or 62.8%, respectively. 5. The higher survival rate of porcine embryos was attained at the short period ofequilibration time(5min.) in the freezing medium added 0.25M sucrose and 3.0 DMSO compared to those of 10 or 20min. equilibration time in the same condition.