• The Journal of shipping and logistics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.457-474
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to analyze the efficiency of major ports in Northeast Asia such as Korea, China and Japan. For the empirical analysis, we tried to apply the data envelopment analysis (DEA), which is an efficiency evaluation model based on mathematical programming theory, and we also established a model to Northeast Asian ports. In our opinion, DEA analysis which involves multiple inputs as well as multiple outputs in its efficiency valuation makes analysis more suitable for port efficiency measurement because ports produce a number of different outputs. In this paper, we attempted to analyze the relative efficiency of 27 ports (5 Korean ports, 13 Chinese ports, 9 Japanese ports) through DEA-CCR, DEA-BCC models. According to the result, Chinese ports are relatively efficient than Korean and Japanese ports. The result of the analysis shows that 7 Chinese ports are efficient in DEA-CCR model in 2009, but in DEA-BCC model 8 Chinese ports and 1 Koran port are efficient. Most of inefficient ports have a value closed to 1 in efficiency for scale, it means that the reason of inefficiency is caused from the technical aspect. Furthermore, we also verified that there exists excess of input in Korean and Japanese ports than Chinese ports.

• Strategy21
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• s.46
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• pp.239-276
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• 2020

The failure of early economic sanctions aimed at hurting the overall economies of targeted states called for a more sophisticated design of economic sanctions. This paved way for the advent of 'smart sanctions,' which target the supporters of the regime instead of the public mass. Despite controversies over the effectiveness of economic sanctions as a coercive tool to change the behavior of a targeted state, the transformation from 'comprehensive sanctions' to 'smart sanctions' is gaining the status of a legitimate method to impose punishment on states that do not conform to international norms, the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction in this particular context of the paper. The five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council proved that it can come to an accord on imposing economic sanctions over adopting resolutions on waging military war with targeted states. The North Korean nuclear issue has been the biggest security threat to countries in the region, even for China out of fear that further developments of nuclear weapons in North Korea might lead to a 'domino-effect,' leading to nuclear proliferation in the Northeast Asia region. Economic sanctions had been adopted by the UNSC as early as 2006 after the first North Korean nuclear test and has continually strengthened sanctions measures at each stage of North Korean weapons development. While dubious of the effectiveness of early sanctions on North Korea, recent sanctions that limit North Korea's exports of coal and imports of oil seem to have an impact on the regime, inducing Kim Jong-un to commit to peaceful talks since 2018. The purpose of this paper is to add a variable to the factors determining the success of economic sanctions on North Korea: preventing North Korea's evasion efforts by conducting illegal transshipments at sea. I first analyze the cause of recent success in the economic sanctions that led Kim Jong-un to engage in talks and add the maritime element to the argument. There are three conditions for the success of the sanctions regime, and they are: (1) smart sanctions, targeting commodities and support groups (elites) vital to regime survival., (2) China's faithful participation in the sanctions regime, and finally, (3) preventing North Korea's maritime evasion efforts.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.897-910
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• 2009

Clothing exports of Korea have been steadily declining since 1990, but its international competitiveness will be continued in the future because of its history and technology. The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of knitted clothing exports of Korea compared to China. Statistical data of knitted clothing articles(HS 61) $2000{\sim}2008$ were used for analyses. The results of the study were as follows: First, the proportion of knitted clothing export out of the total clothing export has been consistently increased in Korea and China both, it is similar now. Second, export articles of large proportion are different between Korea and China. Socks, gloves and fancy goods became major export articles in Korea and men's and women's clothing in China in late 2000's. Third, the unit price of Korean export clothing is higher than that of Chinese from two to ten times. Generally the growth rate of unit prices of Korea outpaced that of China. The results of this study will help Korean export firms to develop competitive export articles and make out export strategy.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.235-253
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• 2010

The export is an important economic growth strategy in South Korea. South Korea is strongly dependant on external trades. Bilateral trade between China and South Korea has been grown rapidly in recent years. The China is now Korea's first-largest trading partner. Thus, the Korea-China Free Trade Agrement (FTA) in South Korea's trade operations is very important. A discussion of Korea-China bilateral FTA commenced in 2004 November. This paper is to recognize the phenomenon of major issued fields in the Korea-China FTA such as a manufacturing, agriculture, customs and seek a negotiation strategy that are summarized as follows. In terms of trade based on manufacturing, it is necessary to divide into a private, general reduction and priority reduction item to recognize whether it is complementary or competitive on the specific industry in the FTA negotiation by using an index regarding supplement and competition of these two countries. In particularly sensitive agricultural field, FTA should be progressed gradually after giving a certain period of time of grace period on the basis of various flexible tariff systems in order to minimize agriculture damage as a result of the rapid growth from import of Chinese agricultural goods.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.116-133
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• 1988

ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit)은 직역하면 응용특정 IC, 혹은 특정용도 IC로서 LSI시장의 조사회사인 Dataquest사가 '84년경부터 사용하기 시작한 말이다. ASIC이 최근 크게 주목을 끌고있는 것은, 반도체 사용자가 자신의 제품에 개성을 불어넣기 위해서는 범용IC를 사용해온 것으로는 기술적 우위성이 확보되지 않는다고 판단했기 때문에 주문형 LSI를 강하게 추진해 왔다는 것과 반도체 메이커도 메모리IC를 중심으로 한 범용IC시장의 부진, 더우기 날로 더해가는 반도체 시장의 시장쟁탈 및 무역마찰로 인해 ASIC 시장에로의 참여가 강화되어 왔다는 점 등을 들수있다. 집적화 기술은 매년 진보하여 지금은 100만개 이상의 트랜지스터를 집적할 수 있게 되었다. 따라서 지금까지 SSI/MSI를 사용해서 회로설계한 기능단위의 칩을 프린터 기판위에 조합시켜 시스팀을 구축해 왔으나, 앞으로는 하나의 칩위에 시스팀을 구성하는 시대로 변하고 있다. ASIC은 그 요청에 따라서 one-chip화의 개념에 따라서 만들어진 것으로서, 시장환경에 대단히 유익한 디바이스로 생각할 수 있다. 시스팀의 one-chip화의 실현결과 압도적으로 소형화, 경량화, 성자원화가 달성됨과 동시에 신뢰성 및 동작성능도 우수하게 되었다. ASIC기술은 현재 주류로 되어있는 게이트 어레이를 볼때, 개발비용은 크게 감소하여 개발기간도 논리회로가 완성된다면 3~4주 정도로 단축시킬수 있다. ASIC 설계에는 각 공정에 있어서 고도의 컴퓨터 지원설계가 채용되고 제조공정에서는 첨단의 프로세서 기술 등이 이용되므로 ASIC기술은 종합적인 첨단기술의 집약이라고 불러도 좋을것이다. 이러한 기술추세에 맞추어 전자통신 동향분석지 제3권 제1호(1988.3.)에 발표된 최신 ASIC기술동향의 후속편으로 ASIC에 관련된 중요용어 50개를 선정, 알파벳 순으로 나열하여 설명하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.1667-1671
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• 2010

한국은 전체곡물 자급도가 27.2 % (2007년 기준)로 낮기 때문에, 농산물 수입에 의한 가상수 수입이 다른 나라들에 비해 매우 크다. 이와 같이 물 수입 의존도가 높은 한국의 경우, 국제적인 가상수 흐름이 식량 안보, 농업 수자원 정책 등의 국가적인 수자원 정책에 있어서 매우 중요한 고려 사항이 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 2003년부터 2007년까지의 국제적인 무역통계를 바탕으로 우리나라에서 수출입이 이루어지고 있는 곡물 중 큰 비중을 차지하고 있는 밀, 벼, 옥수수 및 대두 등의 4개 작물에 대하여 주요 농산가공품의 가상수량을 산정하고, 이를 바탕으로 농산가공품 교역에 의한 가상수 수입량을 산정하였다. 그 결과 원료 작물 기준으로 밀, 벼, 옥수수, 및 대두의 가상수의 순수입량을 보면, 밀이 4,026.28 $M\;m^3$, 벼가 449.17 $M\;m^3$, 옥수수가 6,152.94 $M\;m^3$, 대두가 5,369.16 $M\;m^3$으로 나타나 옥수수가 가장 많은 가상수를 순수입하여 전체 순수입량의 38.5%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 국제적인 가상수 교역량을 바탕으로 한 우리 나라의 물발자국 (water footprint) 산정에 있어서 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.279-291
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• 2015

Fair trade is international trade that pays just wages, supplies stable and eco-friendly products, and supports the sustainable development of economies. This study examined consumers 'cognition of fair trade, product intention of fair trade products, and consumer demand for fair trade education. We compare these variables between Korean and Chinese consumers and explored variables that affect consumers' cognition, purchase intentions and consumer education demand. This study randomly targeted 428 adult consumers in Seoul (219) and Beijing (209) to grasp the demand of customer education and a purchasing intention for fair trade products. The results of this study are as follows. First, participants showed a low cognition of fair trade and purchase intention, while consumer demand for fair trade education on concept, campaign and effect had a comparatively higher level. Chinese consumers showed a higher level of purchase intention, but a lower level of consumer education demand for fair trade concepts. Second, a higher education level resulted in a higher cognition of fair trade by Korean consumers and more experienced Chinese consumers had a higher cognition. Third, the cognition of fair trade affected the purchase intentions positively for both in Korean and Chinese consumers. Finally, cognition and purchase intention showed positive effects of the consumer demand for fair trade education on concept, campaign, and effect.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.47-72
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• 2016

The Government of Korea has always focused on developing and maintaining a surplus on the balance of payments as a successful trade policy. The focus should now be on spatial information hiding, revealing patterns in trade activities that enable viewing trade in a more sophisticated manner. This study utilizes trade statistical data such as the United States-South Korea imports and exports from 2003 to 2015 officially released by the two countries. It allows us to analyze and extract the spatial information pertaining to the origin, transit, and destination. First, in the case of export data to the United States, the origin of the trade goods has expanded and decentralized from the metropolitan area. With regard to transit, in 2003, most of the exported goods were shipped by ocean vessels and arrived at the ports on the western coast of the United States. However, trade patterns have changed over the 12-year period and now more of that trade has moved to the southern ports of the United States. In terms of destination, California and Texas were importing goods from South Korea. With the development of the automotive industry in Georgia and Alabama, these two states also imported huge volumes of automobile parts. Second, in case of import data, most imported goods from the United States originated from California and Texas. In this case, 40% of goods were shipped by air freight and arrived at the Incheon-Seoul International Airport; most ocean freight was handled at the Port of Busan. The purpose of this study is to decompose the spatial information from the trade statistics data between Korea and the United States and to depict visualized bilateral trade structure by origin, transit, and destination.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.63-83
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• 2016

This paper examines the determinants of efficiency in a KOSDAQ-listed manufacturing firm. We use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to estimate the efficiency of the export manufacturing firm. We employ two inputs (number of employees, equity) and one output (sales) in the DEA. The determinants of export manufacturing firm efficiency are estimated using the panel Tobit model. An analysis of 369 export manufacturing firms from 2013 to 2015 indicates the following results: First, the R&D intensity, the wage and salary intensity, total asset, and equity ratio each had a negative impact on both the CCR and BCC efficiency scores. However, export intensity had a negative impact on CCR efficiency scores in a KOSDAQ-listed total export manufacturing firm. Second, the R&D intensity had a positive impact on both the CCR and BCC efficiency scores, but export intensity, the wage and salary intensity, and equity ratio each had a negative impact on the CCR and BCC efficiency scores in a KOSDAQ-listed large export manufacturing firm. Third, the R&D intensity, the wage and salary intensity, total asset, and equity ratio each had a negative impact on both the CCR and BCC efficiency scores; respectively, in a KOSDAQ-listed small and medium export manufacturing firm.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.121-134
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• 1976

There are many evidences that vaiious plant pathogenes were introduced with imported plants and agricultural productsrfrom foreign countries and caused heavy losses of domestic economic plants, ever since the early twentieth century when our country began to trade plants and agricultural products with foreign countries. There are many ways that foreign plant pathogenes have been introduced into our country, but the main route is considered to be imported plants and agricultural products contaminated with plant pathogenes. Plant quarantine which prevent effectively introduction of plant pathogenes from abroad was practiced for the first time in our country in 1912, and that is relatively earlier activity in the history of plant quarantine of the world. Several plant pathogenes have been introduced into our country even after plant quarantine had been practiced. Particularly for about 15 years, from the 2nd World War to 1961 when the law of Plant Protection was enacted and practical works of plant quarantine was reoperated, Korean agriculture was opened to various foreign plant pathogenes as a lapse period of plant quarantine in our country. Introduced plant pathogenes are, for the most part, from Japan because of depending upon Japan in the foreign trade of plants and agricultural products of our country. As present plant quarantine is required more exactness and rapidness, reasonable organization of quarantine system including more trained quarantine specialists, modernized facilities and introduction of improved quarantine techniques are necessary. Reasonable organization and improvement of plant quarantine system are important not only for protection of korean agriculture to plant pathogenes possible to be introduced from foreing countries, but also for increasing and stabilization of export of plants and agricultural product of our country.