• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.447-456
• /
• 2000

Rock bridge in rock masses can be considered as one of several types of opening-mode fractures, and also it has been known to have a great influence on the stability of structures in rock mass. In the beginning of researching a rock bridge it used to be studied only in characteristics of its behavior, as considering resistance of material itself. However the distribution pattern of rock bridges, which can affect the stability of rock structures, is currently researched with a fracture mechanical approach in numerical studies. For investigating the effect of rock bridges on the development pattern of hydraulic fractures, the author analyzed numerically the stress state transition in rock bridges and their phenomena with a different pattern of the rock bridge distributions. From the numerical studies, a two-crack configuration could be defined to be representative of the most critical conditions for rock bridges, only when cracks are systematic and same in their length and angle. Moreover, coalescence stresses and onset of propagation stresses could be known to increase with decreasing s/L ratio or increasing d/L ratio. The effect of pre-existing crack on hydraulic fracturing was studied also in numerical models. Different to the simple hydraulic fracturing modeling in which the fractures propagated exactly parallel to the maximum remote stress, the hydraulic fractures with pre-existing cracks did not propagate parallel to the maximum remote stress direction. These are representative of the tendency to change the hydraulic fractures direction because of the existence of pre-existing crack. Therefore s/L, d/L ratios will be identical as a function effective on hydraulic fractures propagation, that is, the K$_1$ value increase with decreasing s/L ratio or increasing d/L ratio and its magnification from onset to propagation increases with decreasing s/L ratio. The scanline is a commonly used method to estimate the fracture distribution on outcrops. The data obtained from the scanline method can be applied to the evaluation of stress field in rock mass.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
• /
• 2001.11a
• /
• pp.59-59
• /
• 2001

전보에서 발표한 바와 같이, 대상 라이너지 제조공장의 습부 운전조건이 지극히 악화되어 있으며 초지 시스템이 지종교체 등의 충격에 전혀 완충작용을 못하는 이유로 는 용수를 포함한 지료의 전하특성을 조절해주지 못하기 때문인 것으로 판단되었다. 특 히 양이온성 고분자로서 유일하게 사용하고 있는 보류향상제가 적절히 작용하지 못하 기 때문에 보류도가 저하되고, 제품내에 보류되지 못한 다량의 미세분이 백수 중에 존 재함으로서 결과적으로 지료의 전기적 특성을 더욱 악화시키는 악순환이 되풀이 되는 것으로 판단되었다. 이와 같이 강하게 음으로 하전된 지료의 전기적 특성을 조절하기 위해서는 양이온성 고분자의 사용량을 증가시키거나 고분자의 전하밀도 또는 분자량을 변화시켜 보는 것이 일반적인 습부첨가제 사용방법이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 대상 습부공정의 조업조건을 호전시키기 위해서는 적절한 보류향상시스 템의 적용이 가장 시급한 현안이라고 판단되어 선규 보류제의 현장적용시험을 수행한 결과, 백수의 COD와 미세분이 격감하고 탈수성이 향상되어 습부공정의 운전조건이 호 전됨을 관측할 수 있었다. 그러나 2달 이상에 걸친 보류제 현장적용시험 기간 중에 생 산된 라이너지의 제반 물성들은 별다른 변화를 관측할 수 없었다. 이는 적용된 보류제 의 상당 부분이 계내의 미세분과 작용하여 소모되기 때문으로 판단되었다. 본 연구에서는 보류제의 투입 이전에 보류제와는 상대적으로 저분자량과 고 전 하밀도를 가진 고분자 전해질 4종을 사용하여 라이너지 지료의 전하를 중화시키고자 하였으며, 이러한 공정으로 생산된 라이너지의 물성변화를 관측하였다. 물성으로는 파 열강도, 압축강도, 습윤인장강도 및 염료 고착능력 등을 살펴보았다.시아노에틸화한 PYA가 안정된 분자구조를 유지하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 시아노에틸화한 PYA용액의 점탄성 평가를 위하여 storage modulus와 loss modulus 를 분석하였다. 일반적 유변특성 평가 결과 PYA용액은 shear-thinning, pseudoplastic 한 특성을 나타내어 표면사이즈 공정에서의 적용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. 사용하는 통계기법 중의 하나인 주성분회귀분석을 실시하였다. 주성분 분석은 여러 개의 반응변수에 대하여 얻어진 다변량 자료의 다차원적인 변 수들을 축소, 요약하는 차원의 단순화와 더불어 서로 상관되어있는 반응변수들 상호간 의 복잡한 구조를 분석하는 기법이다. 본 발표에서는 공정 자료를 활용하여 인공신경망 과 주성분분석을 통해 공정 트러블의 발생에 영향 하는 인자들을 보다 현실적으로 추 정하고, 그 대책을 모색함으로써 이를 최소화할 수 있는 방안을 소개하고자 한다.금 빛 용사 둥과 같은 표면처리를 할 경우임의 소재 표면에 도금 및 용 사에 용이한 재료를 오버레이용접시킨 후 표면처리를 함으로써 보다 고품질의 표면층을 얻기위한 시도가 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 국내, 외의 오버레이 용접기술의 적용현황 및 대표적인 적용사례, 오버레이 용접기술 및 용접재료의 개발현황 둥을 중심으로 살펴봄으로서 아직 국내에서는 널리 알려지지 않은 본 기 술의 활용을 넓이고자 한다. within minimum time from beginning of the shutdown.및 12.36%, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 12.78% 및 12.44%, 201일 이상의 경우 13.17% 및 11.30%로 201일 이상의 유기의 경우에만 대조구와 삭

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.574-580
• /
• 2019

ATP drives the conformational change of the group II chaperonin from the open lid substrate-binding conformation to the closed lid conformation to encapsulate an unfolded protein in the central cavity. It is thought that the folding activity of group II chaperonin is strongly correlated with the ATP-dependent conformational change ability. In order to confirm the dependence of the reaction temperature and ATP concentration of PhCpn, the ATPase activities were measured under different reaction temperatures and ATP concentrations. The maximal ATPase activity of PhCpn was observed at 80℃ and 3 mM ATP concentration. As a result of ATPase activity according to the type of salt ions, the highest activity was observed at 300 mM LiCl among the univalent cations and 5 mM MgCl₂ among the divalent cations, respectively. The values of Km and Vmax for ATP substrate were estimated as 2.17 mM and 833.3 μM/min, respectively. This results provide the enzymatic information of PhCpn when the prolonged and high activities of pharmaceutical and industrial proteins (or enzymes), by using chaperonin molecules, are required.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.42-45
• /
• 2008

It has been reported that FRP (fiber reinforced plastic) can be recycled by separating into layers instead of crushing into powder. F-fiber obtained from roving layer separated from FRP, has bigger tensile strength than the bundle of glass fibers of which FRP was made (more than 90%). SEM image of F-fiber shows the presence of some resin. Under the proposition of usage of F-fiber in the concrete material, tensile strength is examined after soaking in a basic solution (NaOH+KOH). The reaction mechanism of strength loss may be considered as an attack of hydroxide ion ($OH^-$) on a chemical bond of Si-O-Si of glass fiber. The simulation graph of the strength loss data implies certain reaction mechanism. While in the early stage kinetically controlled reaction results in a fast drop of tensile strength, after 30 days dispersion rate of hydroxide ion plays a major role in strength loss. This result is similar to the one for the AR glass. An extrapolation of the graph would make an assumption about the lift time of F-fiber possible.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.13-23
• /
• 2000

The distributions of dissolved inorganic nutrient contents were investigated along transection line J (30° N) in the eastern East China Sea in December 1993 and August 1994, respectively. The concentrations of nitrate and silicate in the Kuroshio Surface Water (KSW) with high temperature and high salinity were low below 2μM and 5μM, respectively. However, these were increased sharply with depth and ranged from 20 to 40, 45 to 100μM, respectively, in the Kuroshio Intermediate Water (KIW). The relationship between temperature and nutrients suggests that Kuroshio Intermediate Water with rich nutrients were intruded into the bottom water of the outer continental shelf in the East China Sea. The bottom water of the outer continental shelf was made of two end-members mixing; nutrient depleted warm water and nutrient enriched cold water. Based on temperature, salinity and silicate concentration, the nutrients in the bottom water of the outer continental shelf suggusted to be supplied through the vertical mixing of Kuroshio subsurface water in the depth range of 100～400m. Upwelled nutrient rich water appears to be a important source of nutrients for primary production in the continental shelf area of the East China Sea.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.55-61
• /
• 2002

In this work, EPM (effective point of measurement) of parallel plate ionization chamber with three different spacing were investigated. If the plate separation is less than 2 mm one generally assumes that the effective point of measurement is just behind the front window of the parallel plate ionization chamber. For chamber with relatively large separation, such as the ones used for very accurate exposure measurements, this assumption breaks down and the EPM depends on plate separation and thickness of the front window. For parallel plate chambers, conventional theoretical analyses suggest that the EPM is the inner front wall and that it shifts towards the geometric centre of the chamber as the plate separation increases. The PP-IC (parallel plate ionization chamber) is fabricated using acrylic plate for the chamber medium and printed circuit board for electrical configuration. The various sizes of the sensitive volumes designed so far are 0.9, 1.9, and 3.1 cc. The gap between two electrodes ranges from 3, 6, and 10mm. Also the charge-to-voltage converter is designed to collect the electrons produced in the ionization chamber cavity. As the result of our experiment, the EPM shift was within 0.6 mm in photon beams and 0.4 mm to 2.5 mm in electron beams for the plate separation of 6 mm and 10 mm. EPM shifts towards the geometric center of the chamber as the plate separation increases.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.117-122
• /
• 2015

The holes with a diameter of $35{\mu}m$ inside the GMR-SV (giant magnetoresistance-spin valve) film were patterned by using the photolithography process and ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) Ar-ion milling. From the magnetoresistance curves of the GMR-SV film with holes measuring by 4-electrode method, the MR (magnetoresistance ratio) and MS (magnetic sensitivity) are almost same as the values of initial states. On other side hand, the $H_{ex}$ (exchange bias coupling field) and $H_c$ (coercivity) dominantly increased from 120 Oe and 10 Oe to 190 Oe and 41 Oe as increment of the number of holes inside GMR-SV film respectively. These results were shown to be attributed to major effect of EMD (easy magnetic domian) having a region positioned between two holes perpendicular to the sensing current. On the basis of this study, the fabrication of GMR-SV applying to the hole formation improved the magnetoresistance properties having the thermal stability and durability of bio-device.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.193-204
• /
• 1984

The enzymatic properties of the alkaline AL-protease, which had been prepared from the crude zymolyase of Arthrobzoter luteus, was investigated together with its active amino acid residue. Complete inactivaton of the proteolytic activity of AL-protease by either DFP or PMSF was simultaneously accompanied by the loss of its lytic effect on the lysis of yeast cell wall. In the reaction, AL-protease showed the pattern of inactivation to decrease very slowly, as compared to that of chymotrypsin, and that enzyme and DFP were found to react with a molar ratio of 1 : 1. The preparation of AL-protease exhibited no hydrolytic activity in any substrates of polysaccharases, playing a significant role in the lysis of yeast cell wall. The optimum pH and temperature of AL-protease was pH 10.5 and $65^{\circ}C$, respectively. It also showed stability in the pH range from 5 to 11 and at the temperature below $65^{\circ}C$. Through the identification of the amino acid residue in the active site of the $^{32}P$-diisopropylph-osphorylated(DIP) AL-protease modified specifically with $^{32}P$-labeled DFP, AL-protease was found to be a DFP-sensitive which has a mole of active serine residue involved in its proteolytic activity per mole of the enzyme.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2010.02a
• /
• pp.283-283
• /
• 2010

17~18% 대역의 고효율 결정질실리콘 태양전지를 양산하기 위하여 국내외에서 다양한 연구개발이 수행되고 있으며 국내 다결정실리콘 태양전지 양산에서도 새로운 구조와 개념에 입각한 공정기술과 관련 장비의 국산화에 집중적인 투자를 진행하고 있다. 주지하는 바와 같이, 태양전지의 광전효율은 표면에 입사되는 태양광의 반사를 제외하면 흡수된 광자에 의해 생성되는 전자-정공쌍의 상대적인 비율인 내부양자효율에 의존하게 된다. 실제 생성된 전자-정공쌍은 기판재료의 결정상태와 전기광학적 물성 등에 의해 일부가 재결합되어 2차적인 광자의 생성이나 열로서 작용하고 최종적으로 전자와 정공이 완전히 분리되고 전극에 포집되어 실질적인 유효전류로 작용한다. 16% 이상의 고효율 결정질 실리콘 태양전지 양산이 요구되고 있는 현실에서 광전효율 개선 위해 가장 우선적으로 고려되어야 할 변수는 입력 태양광스펙트럼에 대한 결정질 실리콘 표면반사율을 최소화하여 광흡수를 극대화하는 것이라 할 수 있다. 현재까지 다결정 실리콘 표면을 화학적으로 혹은 플라즈마이온으로 50-100nm 직경의 바늘형 피라미드형상으로 texturing 함으로 단파장대역에서 광반사율의 감소를 기대할 수 있기 때문에 결정질실리콘 태양전지효율 개선에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 고효율 다결정실리콘 태양전지 양산공정에 적용하기 위해 마스크를 사용하지 않는, RIE기반 건식 저반사율 결정질실리콘 표면 texturing 패턴연구를 수행하였다. 마스크없이 표면 texturing이 완료된 시료들에 대하여 A1.5G 표준태양광스펙트럼의 300-1100nm 파장대역에서 반사율과 minority carrier들의 life time 분포를 측정하고 검토하여 공정조건을 최적화 하였다. 저반사율의 건식 결정질실리콘 표면 texturing에 가장 적합한 플라즈마파워는 100W 내외로 낮았고 $SF_6/O_2$ 혼합비율은 0.8~0.9 범위엿다. 본 연구에서 확인된 최적의 texturing을 위한 플라즈마공정 조건은 이온에 의한 Si표면원자들의 스퍼터링과 화학반응에 의한 증착이 교차하는 상태로서 확인된 최저 평균반사율은 ~14% 내외였고 p-형 결정질실리콘 표면 texturing 패턴과 minority carrier의 life time 상관는 단결정이 16uS대역에서 14uS대역으로 감소하는 반면에서 다결정은 1.6uS대역에서 1.7uS대역으로 오히려 미세한 증가를 보여 다결정 웨이퍼생산과정에서 발생하는 saw-damage 제거의 긍정적 효과와 texturing공정의 표면 결함발생에 의한 부정적 효과가 상쇄되어 큰 변화를 보이지 않는 것으로 해석된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Rock Mechanics Conference
• /
• 2000.09a
• /
• pp.201-210
• /
• 2000

Rock bridge in rock masses can be considered as one of several types of opening-mode fractures, and also it has been known to have a great influence on the stability of structures in rock mats. In the beginning of researching a rock bridge it used to be studied only in characteristics of its behavior, as considering resistance of material itself. However the distribution pattern of rock bridges, which can affect the stability of rock structures, is currently researched with a fracture mechanical approach in numerical studies. For investigating the effect of rock bridges on the development pattern of hydraulic fractures, the author analyzed numerically the stress state transition in rock bridges and their phenomena with a different pattern of the rock bridge distributons. From the numerical studies, a two-crack configuration could be defined to be representative of the most critical conditions for rock bridges, only when cracks are systematic and same in their length and angle. Moreover, coalescence stresses and onset of propagation stresses could be known to increase with decreasing s/L ratio or increasing d/L ratio. The effect of pre-existing crack on hydraulic fracturing was studied also in numerical models. Different to the simple hydraulic fracturing modeling in which the fractures propagated exactly parallel to the maximum remote stress, the hydraulic fractures with pre-existing cracks dial not propagate parallel to the maximum remote stress direction. These are representative of the tendency to change the hydraulic fractures direction because of the existence of pre-existing crack. Therefore s/L, d/L ratios will be identical as a function effective on hydraulic fractures propagation, that is, the $K_{I}$ vague increase with decreasing s/L ratio or increasing d/L ratio and its magnification from onset to propagation increases with decreasing s/L ratio. The scanline is a commonly used method to estimate the fracture distribution on outcrops. The data obtained from the scanline method can be applied to the evaluation of stress field in rock mass.s.