• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.55-74
• /
• 2015

This study examined the various pathways from peer relationships to subjective well-being through self-esteem in late childhood. A total of 354 fifth and sixth grade students in elementary school (189 boys and 165 girls) participated in the study. Peer relationships were assessed using the peer rating scale, and self-esteem and subjective well-being were measured using the self-rating scales. The data were analyzed by means of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Children's peer relationships affected their subjective well-being directly, as well as indirectly through their self-esteem. Positive relations with peers enabled children to improve their subjective well-being. In addition, those children who possessed good relationships with peers were more likely to perceive themselves as worthy, which led to higher overall levels of happiness and satisfaction in their lives. The study emphasizes the crucial influence of self-esteem on school-aged children's subjective well-being.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.230-238
• /
• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in self-competence, social anxiety and depression in upper level primary school children. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 180 students in grades 5 or 6 (83 boys and 97 girls). The instruments used for this study were a self-report questionnaire, the Self-Perception Profile for Children, the Revised Social Anxiety Scales for Children (SASC-R) and a Depression Instrument. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression were used with the SPSS/PC ver 12.0 program. Results: The only gender difference was in depression and girls reported more depression than boys. Social competence showed significantly negative correlations with depression and social anxiety. Gender differences were found in self competence in the prediction of depression and social anxiety. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there are gender differences in self competence which influence depression and social anxiety. Thus, enhancing self-competence could prevent social anxiety and depression in children but, differences in gender should be considered when developing programs to enhance self-competence.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.149-158
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing mental health among late elementary age children. Methods: The research design was a secondary data analysis. Data were collected from 746 students in grades 5 or 6, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression with the SPSS/PC 18.0 program. Results: The average score of mental health was $3.42{\pm}0.55$. There were significant differences in mental health according to health status, economic status, scholastic performance, relationships with friends, relationships with the teachers, atmosphere of the home, number of siblings and the source of trouble. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed influencing factors of stress, negative reaction under stress, self-esteem, teacher support, and friend support support and explained 41.4% of total variance in late elementary age children's mental health. Conclusion: These results may contribute to a better understanding of mental health in late elementary age children. The results of the present study indicate a need to develop nursing interventions to prevent and manage elementary school-age children's negative reaction under stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.143-153
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted in order to provide basic study material for children's garment design. The subjects of this study are fifth and sixth grade elementary school girls, who demonstrate rapid growth and the differences among individual somatic types are apparent. Their bodies are studied, categorized into patterns and the characteristics are examined. 1 The increase of height and length measurements according to age increase are much larger than that of breadth, depth and girth menasurments. 2. Eight factors are drawn upon factor analysis and the rate of factors comprisedare 78.68%. 3. The shapes of lower body of higher grades girls in elementary school are classified into three categories. The first type is slender in lower body and the second type is more contoured around waist area with longer length and higher height than the average elementary school girls. The third type is heavy in the lower body. 4. Eighteen items important for somatic categorization are selected through stepwise discriminant analysis and the exactitude rate of these items is 93.3%.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.305-314
• /
• 2008

Purpose: This study was done to identify sexual maturity, sexual knowledge and sexual attitude in late elementary school children and to provide basic data to develop more concrete and practical applications for sexual education. Method: The participants were 1,959 fifth and sixth graders from 8 elementary schools in Busan and Gyungnam. Result: Sexual maturity for boys was at the $1.3{\pm}\;.6$ stage and pubic hair $1.2{\pm}\;.6$. Breast maturity for girls was at the $2.3{\pm}\;.7$ stage, and pubic hair, $1.7{\pm}\;.8$. Of the boys, 5.9% had experienced nocturnal emission, and of the girls, 20.9% had experienced menarche. Sexual knowledge was lower than the mean. They were not well informed about contraception and sexual disease. Sexual knowledge of girls and of sixth graders was higher than boys and fifth graders. The more mature students had higher sexual knowledge. Sexual attitude was generally positive but was more positive for girls than for boys. Sexual maturity, sexual knowledge, and sexual attitude were positively correlated. Conclusion: Because sexual maturity comes earlier, systematic sexual education is needed for elementary students. Institutional and economic support should continue to be given to the sexual education programs in school, home and community.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.117-136
• /
• 2014

This study examined the effects of maternal grandmothers' positive parenting behavior, mothers' emotion regulation, and positive parenting behavior on children's emotion regulation. A total of 348 mothers of fourth and fifth graders responded to questionnaires, which included items related to their mothers' positive parenting behavior, their own emotion regulation and positive parenting behavior, and their children's emotion regulation. The data were analyzed by means of correlations and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). First, maternal grandmothers' positive parenting behavior significantly affected mothers' emotion regulation, but mothers' emotion regulation did not directly affect their children's emotion regulation. Second, maternal grandmothers' positive parenting behavior had an effect on mothers' positive parenting behavior, which led to a high level of their children's emotion regulation. Lastly, maternal grandmothers' positive parenting behavior indirectly influenced children's emotion regulation through mothers' emotion regulation and positive parenting behavior. This study emphasizes the intergenerational transmission of positive parenting, as well as a crucial influence of mothers' positive parenting behavior on children's emotion regulation.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.237-248
• /
• 2015

This study examines the effects of late school-aged children's perception of their mother's responses to negative emotions and their ego resilience on their life satisfaction. Data were collected from 390 fifth- and sixth-graders residing in Kwangju, Korea. With the data, frequency, percentages, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ were calculated. Pearson's product moment correlation coefficients and hierarchical regression analyses were also considered. The effects of various variables on life satisfaction were analyzed, and according to the results, vitality had the greatest effect on life satisfaction, followed by vitality, optimism, emotional coaching responses, interpersonal relationships, emotion-reducing responses, emotion control, and the material employment status, in that order. The study contributes to the literature by providing additional insights into the mother's desirable responses to children's negative emotions and highlighting the importance of positive ego resilience in children's life satisfaction through the elucidation of effects of late school-aged children's perception of their mother's responses to negative emotions and their ego resilience on their life satisfaction.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.192-200
• /
• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to develop and test the effectiveness in late school-aged children of a healthy lifestyle education program for cancer prevention. Methods: Participants were 26 students in the sixth grade of N elementary school in J City (experimental group) and 25 students in the sixth grade of D elementary school with same educational conditions (control group). The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Data collection and execution of the study were carried out from March 10 to May 19, 2011. For the experimental treatment, 7 weekly sessions of the healthy lifestyle education program for cancer prevention were given by the researcher. Posttest was done immediately following the conclusion of the program and 4 weeks later. Frequencies, percentages, ${\chi}^2$-test, t-test, repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test with SPSS WIN 18.0 were used to analyze the data. Results: Perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, activity related effect and family support significantly influenced cancer prevention knowledge and increases in healthy life styles. Conclusion: Results indicate that, as this program for cancer prevention was effective in increasing healthy lifestyle practices in these children, there is a need to further develop, test and implement programs in all schools.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.111-125
• /
• 2016

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effects of attachment and shared time between mother and child and self-esteem on subjective well-being in late childhood. Methods: A total of 329 fifth and sixth graders in elementary school (183 boys and 146 girls) participated in the study. They responded to questionnaires regarding attachment and shared time between mother and child and the self-esteem and subjective well-being of children. The data were analyzed using SEM. Results: Attachment and shared time between mother and child had an indirect effect through self-esteem as well as a direct effect on the subjective well-being of children. Children who formed secure attachments and spent more time with their mothers showed a higher level of subjective well-being. In addition, when children kept a good relationship with their mother quantitatively as well as qualitatively, they acknowledged their own capability and value positively, which led to higher subjective well-being. Conclusion: Findings emphasize that mother-child relationships play significant roles in predicting both the subjective well-being and self-esteem of children. The importance of self-esteem was identified in late childhood based on its relative influence on subjective well-being compared to mother-child relationships.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.233-249
• /
• 2017

Objective: This study examined the effects of maternal grandmothers' positive parenting behavior and mothers' self-differentiation and positive parenting behavior on self-concept in late childhood. Methods: A total of 341 $5^{th}$- and $6^{th}$- grade elementary school children and their mothers participated in the study. Children were surveyed regarding perceptions of their mothers' positive parenting behavior and their own self-concept. Mothers responded to questionnaires regarding both positive parenting behavior of their mothers and their own self-differentiation. The data were analyzed using SEM. Results: Maternal grandmothers' positive parenting behavior had an indirect effect through mothers' self-differentiation and positive parenting behavior on children's self-concept. Mothers who perceived positive parenting behavior in their mothers in their childhood showed positive parenting behavior (as perceived by their children), and those children reported a higher level of self-concept. Mothers who perceived their mother's parenting behavior in their childhood more positively reported a higher level of self-differentiation, and those mothers showed more positive parenting behavior (as perceived by their children), which led to more positive self-concept in children. Conclusion: The findings specify the pathways from maternal grandmothers' positive parenting behavior to children's self-concept through mothers' self-differentiation and positive parenting behavior in an aspect of the intergenerational transmission of parenting. The findings also emphasize the importance of mothers' positive parenting behavior for positive self-concept in late childhood.