• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.349-357
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• 1995

The alkaline invertase ($\beta$-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.26) was isolated and characterized from the hypocotyls of mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.). The enzyme was purified by consecutive step using diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose anion exchange, 1st Sephadex G-200, DEAE-Sephadex A50 and 2nd Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The overall purification was about 77-fold with a yield of about 6%. The finally purified enzyme exhibited a specific activity of about 48 $\mu$mol of glucose produced mg-1 protein min-1 at pH 7.0 and appeared to be a single protein by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The enzyme had the native molecular weight of 450 kD and subunits molecular weight of 63 kD and 38 kD as estimated by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and SDS-PAGE, respectively, suggesting that the enzyme is a heteromultimeric protein composed of two types of subunits. On the other hand, the enzyme appeared to be not a glycoprotein according to the results of Con A chromatography and glycoprotein staining. The enzyme had a Km for sucrose of 19.7 mM at pH 7.0 and maximum activity around pH 7.5. The enzyme was most active with sucrose as substrate, compared to raffinose, cellobiose, maltose and lactose. These results indicate the alkaline invertase is a $\beta$-fructofuranosidase.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1998

The highest transformation frequency was observed when cotyledonary and hypocotyl explants of flowering cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC) 'Eunbae' were cultured on shoot induction medium without kanamycin for 1 day, then cocultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404;;pGA1036 harboring tomato inhibitor II promoter and $\beta$-glucuronidae (GUS) fusion gene for 3 days. These explants were transferred to MS medium containing 20 mg/L kanamycin, 500 mg/L carbenicillin, and 1 mg/L BA. The explants were subsequently subcultured every 2 weeks. Incorporation of the GUS gene into flowering cabbage was confirmed by PCR analysis of DNA. Southern blot analysis showed that ECL-labeled GUS gene was hybridized to the expected amplified genomic DNA fragment of about 366 bp from transgenic flowering cabbage. Histochemical analysis based on the enzymatic activity of the GUS protein indicated that PI-II promoter activity was sysmatically associated with vascular tissue in wonded as well as in non-wounded leaves, petioles and stems, but not in roots. Partial wounding with razor blade showed not systemic induction but partial induction.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.152-155
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• 2003

Burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.), used as a medicinal or rootstock for cucurbitaceous crops have shown high variation in seed maturity and size. This study was carried out to determine the effect of seed maturity and size on seed germination, seedling emergence and growth of burcucumber, Seeds collected from a native site were divided into small, medium and large ones after sorted to mature and immature ones. Their germination, seedling emergence and growth were done in indoor and a green house. Mature seeds showed higher germination and seedling emergence rate than immature ones. Regardless of their maturity, medium. and small seeds showed higher germination rate than large ones. Medium and large seeds, however, had the greatest and the least seedling emergence, respectively. Seedling height, number of true leaves areas of cotyledons and true leaves except hypocotyl length were increased with increased seed size although were not affected by the maturity. Cotyledon, leaf, hypocotyl, root and their total dry weights were greater in large mature seeds than large immature ones while increased with increased seed size in both maturities.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1563-1568
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• 2010

In the course of a research concerning the molecular mechanism of hypocotyl elongation that occurs during soybean seedling growth in darkness, we have generated a number of ESTs from a cDNA library prepared from the hypocotyls of dark-grown soybean seedlings. Comparison of the ESTs assigned a cDNA clone as a putative plastidic ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) protein homologue. The soybean GmNAP1 protein contains an N-terminal transit peptide which targets it into the chloroplast. The transcription level of the GmNAP1 gene was investigated under continuous red light, continuous far-red light, and complete darkness. The main function of this NAP1 protein is the transport of protoporphyrin IX which is the precursor of chlorophyll from the cytoplasm to the chloroplast. The GmNAP1 gene was transferred into the Arabidopsis under the CaMV 35S promoter. The chlorophyll level of this transgenic Arabidopsis plant was much higher than the chlorophyll level of the wild type Arabidopsis plant.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.199-203
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• 2006

The marketability of soybean sprout mainly depends on shape such as hypocotyl thickness and presence of lateral root formation, etc. To clarify the effects of agitating culture box on growth and shape of soybean sprouts, different agitation frequency (0, 3, 5 times day-1) and duration (0, 1, 2, 3 days) were applied during sprout cultivation. More frequent and longer agitation resulted in less lateral root formation and shorter hypocotyl length, while total lengths were not affected by agitation due to agitation-induced root length increment. Agitation also increased the diameter of hypocotyl's hook pin, but not the middle part. Unlike morphological characteristics, the growth of sprouts as measured by fresh and dry weight of cotyledon, hypocotyl, root were not affected by agitation. In conclusion, it is very likely that agitating culture box during sprout cultivation may alter the shape of soybean sprouts without affecting growth of sprouts.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 1992

Shoot tip explants from germinated seeds of Alnus hirsuta were cultured on NT (Nagata and Takebe, 1971) mineral salts medium supplemented with 6% glucose, MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) vitamin mixture, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and $0-50\;\mu\textrm{M}$ 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Five $\mu\textrm{M}$ BAP was found to give the highest shoot multiplication rate. Accordingly about 200 shoots were obtained for further experiments by multiplying shoots on this medium for 4-5 months. Regardless of carbon sources, NT mineral medium produced 3-12 times of shoots than MS mineral medium did. On NT mineral medium, 3% sucrose, 3% glucose and 6% glucose yielded no significant differences. It was observed that media consisting of 1/4-1/2 strength NT mineral salts, 3% sucrose and $1-8\;\mu\textrm{M}$ IBA produced about 100% rooting rate. Almost 100% of the resulting plantlets survived after transfer to the soil by decreasing humidity stepwise.epwise.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2002

Soybean sprout trails were evaluated for soybeans for sprout (Glycine max) and wild soybeans (Glycine soja). Soybeans for sprout are characterized with small seed size of 10-14 grams per 100 seeds and are traditionally used only for producing sprouts. No difference was observed in hypocotyl length and sprout yield between two types of soybean. (However total length, hypocotyl hypocotyl, body weight, and the rate of good quality were greater in soybeans for sprout.) Number of lateral roots and root length were greater in wild soybeans. Contents of crude oil, oleic acid, and sucrose were higher in soybean for sprout, while that of protein and linoleic acid were higher in wild soybeans. There was no difference in sprout isoflavone content. Out of 17 amino acids analyzed, 10 amino acids such as aspartic acid, lysine, and arginine. etc. showed significantly Higher content in wild soybeans. Hypocotyl color of sprouts estimated by color meter based on the degree of L(brightness), a(red), and b(yellow) values were better in wild soybeans than soybean for sprout.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.501-505
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• 1998

Conditions for high frequency plant regeneration from cryopreserved embryogenic cell suspension cultures derived from hypocotyl explants of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) are described. Cells cryoprotected with a mixture of 2 M DMSO and 0.4 M sucrose exhibited a regeneration frequency of 85%. However, cells cryoprotected with different concentrations of glycerol showed no regeneration after cryopreservation. Pretreatment of cells in a high osmotic medium was not necessary to the process. Upon transfer to MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, regenerated calli gave rise to numerous somatic embryos, then underwent development into plantlets.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.289-291
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• 1999

Hypocotyl explants from 7 days old seedlings of one $F_1$ hybrid cultivar and two pure lines of cucumber formed embryogenic calli at frequencies of up to 8% when cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D for 3 weeks. Embryogenic calli gave rise to somatic embryos. When slices of somatic embryos were cultured on the same medium for 4 weeks, they formed embryogenic calli. Embryogenic cell suspension cultures were established with embryogenic calli in MS liquid medium with 1 mg/L 2,4-D. Embryogenic potential of cell suspension cultures was maintained by subculturing every seven days. When the level of 2,4-D in the medium was lowered to 0.2 mg/L by diluting with liquid MS basal medium, embryogenic cell suspension cultures underwent development into numerous somatic embryos. When plated onto MS basal medium, over 95% of somatic embryos developed into plantlets. Plantlets were transplanted to potting soil and grown to maturity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.511-515
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• 2013

Hypocotyls explants of melon seedling were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg/L benzyl aminopurine (BA) for 6 weeks to produce somatic embryos. In somatic embryos produced through intervening bright yellow friable (BYF) from the explants, somatic embryos with two-cotyledon (26%) and horn-type cotyledon (74%) were observed. The procambial strand of cotyledons was originated from circular procambial tissues of lower hypocotyls. The circular procambial independently divided into two procambial strand at the edge of cotyledonary-node, and then connected to each cotyledon to form somatic embryos with two-cotyledon. When cotyledon was horn-type, the circular procambial strand in lower hypocotyls would continuously remain connected to the cotyledon. However, somatic embryos with two or horn type cotyledon formed an abnormal shoot apex without the tunica-corpus structure or dome shape in the inter-cotyledonary area. These results demonstrated that the variation of cotyledon in somatic embryos was closely related to procambial tissue differentiation and shoot apical formation.