• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.5B
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• pp.287-293
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• 2012

This study suggests the topographic index-based methodology which can be used to represent the saturation of soil and thereby change of variable runoff area at basin scale. ${\infty}$-flow direction method is applied to estimate topographic index because of its freedom from the restriction of 8-flow direction method as well as possibility of the minimum flow dispersion. From the comparison of topographic index distribution with the existing result the methodology is shown to be a workable one. It is judged that the representation of variable runoff area may be a systematic tool to investigate the dynamic and non-linear property of rainfall-runoff process because it can provide the explicit way to spatial distribution of basin saturation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.929-936
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• 2013

The saturator and injection nozzle are important facilities on the dissolved air flotation process. To increase the formation of micro bubble, it is required to improve the air dissolving performance in the saturator and keep the pressure uniform from the saturator to the nozzle. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the saturator and the hydraulic effect of the nozzle and the pipe structure. The air volume concentration, bubble size and bubble residual time were measured in the test. The saturator, which had mounted with the spray nozzle, showed a good performance for bubble formation. Also, the characteristics of micro bubble formation were influenced by pressure uniformity and flow velocity through the orifice in the nozzle.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.370-376
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• 2011

To design the drainage system of a mine, it is very important to evaluate the groundwater inflow to the mine workings. In this study, continuous steady state flow through rock mass around mine openings developed in Sungok area of Gagok Mine was analyzed. Saturated only model and Saturated/unsaturated model were used as material models of rock mass. Groundwater quantities flowing into Sungok 160 level which is 1216 m long are computed as 1450 $m^3$/day in case of a saturated model and as 1071 $m^3$/day in case of a saturated/unsaturated model. An effect that hydraulic conductivity has on inflow turned out be greater than precipitation and inflow increased linearly with increase of hydraulic conductivity. It was found that change of hydraulic conductivity ratio and orientation have an impact on the variation of inflow and water table.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.41-48
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• 2022

The mass density of the medium (ρ) used to calculate the maximum shear modulus (G_max) of the saturated ground based on the shear wave velocity is unclear. Therefore, to determine the mass density, a verification formula and five scenarios were established. Laboratory tests were conducted, and the obtained results were compared. The mass density of the medium was assumed to be saturated (ρ_sat), wet (ρ_t), dry (ρ_dry), and submerged conditions (ρ_sub), and the V_s ratios of saturated to dry condition were obtained from each case. Assuming the saturated density (ρ_sat), the V_s ratio was consistent with the value from the resonant column test (RCT) results, and the value from the bender element test results was consistent with the wet density assumption (ρ_t). Considering the frequency range of earthquakes, it is concluded that applying the saturated density (ρ_sat) is reasonable as in the RCT results.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.372-372
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• 2023

강우 유출 시 지표면 토양수분포화도는 직접유출량 및 지하수 저류에 영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문에 강우에 의한 유역 유출량 산정에서 토양수분포화도는 보다 실제와 유사한 모의 결과를 도출하는데 중요한 인자가 될 수 있다. 기존의 모형 기반의 유출량 산정 연구에서 토양수분포화도의경우 강수량, 하천수위, 유량, 지하수위 등 타 수문순환 요소에 비하여 관측 지점 및 관측 자료가 부족하기 때문에 유역 내 수문환경 특성에 따라 가정 된 값을 입력하여 유출량을 산정하였다. 최근 IoT, 5G 통신 등 정보 기술의 혁신과 이상 홍수에 의한 피해 저감을 위한 실시간 유출량 해석 모형 개발 등에 적용할 경우 모의 결과가 실제와 매우 다르게 나타나는 경우가 발생할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 토양수분포화도의 지상 관측 자료와 위성 관측 자료를 동기화 하는 기법을 개발함으로써 중권역 단위의 유출량 산정 정확도를 향상시키고자 하였다. 기존의 지상 관측 자료는 토양수분포화도의 비교적 정확한 데이터를 제공하나 관측 자료를 유역의 대푯값으로 적용할 수 있는 지에 대한 추가 검증이 필요하다. 위성 관측자료는 유역 전반의 토양수분포화도 정보를 관측할 수 있으나 고해상도의 자료를 제공하지 못하기 때문에 유역 전체에 일관된 데이터를 적용할 수밖에 없는 한계가 발생한다. 지상 관측자료와 위성관측자료의 동기화 기법을 개발함으로써 본 연구진은 중권역 단위의 유역 내 비교적 정확한 토양수분포화도 데이터를 적용할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 연구의 결과물은 유출량 해석 결과의 정확도를 높임으로써 급격한 호우 사상 발생에 따른 이상홍수에 대응할 수 있는 유역 물 관리 대책의 기초 자료로 활용 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.37-44
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• 2008

At low normal stress levels, tensile strength of sand characteristically varies with either saturation or suction of soil in an up-and-down manner with a peak tensile strength that can occur at any degree of saturation. A theory that accurately predicts tensile strength of wet sand was presented in the previous study. In this study, the results of uniaxial tensile, suction-saturation and direct shear tests obtained from three sands (Esperance sand from Seattle, Washington, clean sand from Perth, Australia, and Ottawa sand) are used to validate the proposed theory. The closed form expression of the proposed theory can predict well the experimental data obtained from these sands in terms of the variation patterns of tensile strength over the entire saturation regimes, the magnitude of the tensile strength, its peak value, and the corresponding degree of saturation when the peak strength occurs.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.679-686
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• 2008

Background: Cellular remnants in the bioprosthetic heart valve are known to be related to a host's immunologic response and they can form the nidus for calcification. The extracellular matrix of the decellularized valve tissue can also be used as a biological scaffold for cell attachment, endothelialization and tissue reconstitution. Thus, decellularization is the most important part in making a bioprosthetic valve and biological caffold. Many protocols and agents have been suggested for decellularization, yet there ave been few reports about the effect of a treatment with hypotonic solution prior to chemical or enzymatic treatment. This study investigated the effect of a treatment with hypotonic solution and the appropriate environments such as temperature, the treatment duration and the concentration of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) for achieving proper decellularization. Material and Method: Porcine aortic valves were decellularized with odium dodecylsulfate at various concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%), time durations (6, 12, 24 hours) and temperatures ($4^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$)(Group B). Same the number of porcine aortic valves (group A) was treated with hypotonic solution prior to SDS treatment at the same conditions. The duration of exposure to the hypotonic solution was 4, 7 and 14 hours and he temperature was $4^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. The degree of decellularization was analyzed by performing hematoxylin and eosin staining. Result: There were no differences in the degree of decellularization between the two concentrations (0.25% 0.5%) of SDS. Twenty four hours treatment with SDS revealed the best decellularization effect for both roups A and B at the temperature of $4^{\circ}C$, but there was no differences between the roups at $20^{\circ}C$. Treatment with hypotonic solution (group A) showed a better ecellularization effect at all the matched conditions. Fourteen hours treatment at $4^{\circ}C$ ith ypotonic solution prior to 80S treatment revealed the best decellularization effect. The treatment with hypotonic solution at $20^{\circ}C$ revealed a good decellularization effect, but his showed significant extracellular matrix destruction. Conclusion: The exposure of porcine heart valves to hypotonic solution prior to SDS treatment is highly effective for achieving decellularization. Osmotic treatment with hypotonic solution should be considered or achieving decellularization of porcine aortic valves. Further study should be carried out to see whether the treatment with hypotonic solution could reduce the exposure duration and concentration of chemical detergents, and also to evaluate how the structure of the extracellular matrix of the porcine valve is affected by the exposure to hypotonic solution.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.4 s.249
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• pp.277-283
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• 2005

Arterial oxygen saturation $(SaO_2)$ instability frequently takes place after systemic-pulmonary shunt without shunt occlusion. We analyzed actual incidence and risk factors for $SaO_2$ instability after shunt operations, and possible mechanisms were speculated on. Material and Method: Ninety three patients, who underwent modified Blalock-Taussig shunt from January 1996 to December 2000, were enrolled in this study. Adequacy of shunt was verified in all patients, either by ensuing one ventricle or biventricular repair later on or by appropriate pulmonary artery growth on postoperative angiogram. Age, body weight, hemoglobin level at operation were 3 day to 36 years (median: 1.8 months), 2.5kg to 51kg (median: 4.1kg) and $10.7\~24.3$ gm/dL (median: 15.2 gm/dL) respectively. Preoperative diagnoses were functional single ventricle with pulmonary stenosis or atresia in 39, tetralogy of Fallot in 38 and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum in 16. Pulmonary blood flow (PBF) was maintained pre-operatively by patent ductus or previous shunt in 64 and by forward flow through stenotic right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in 29. $SaO_2$ instability was defined as $SaO_2$ less than $50\%$ for more than 1 hour with neither anatomic obstruction of shunt nor respiratory problem. Result: 10 patients $(10.7\%)$ showed $SaO_2$ instability after shunt operation. After shunt occlusion was ruled out by echocardiogram, they received measures to lower pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), which worked within a few hours in all patients. Risk factors for $SaO_2$ instability included older age at operation (p=0.039), lower preoperative $SaO_2$ (p=0.0001) and emergency operation (p=0.001). PBF through stenotic RVOT showed marginal statistical significance (p=0.065). Conclusion: $SaO_2$ instability occurs frequently after shunt operation, especially in patients with severe hypoxia pre-operatively or unstable clinical condition necessitating emergency operation. Temporary elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance is a possible mechanism in this specific clinical setting.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 1997.05a
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• pp.465-470
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• 1997

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Constructed wetlands are low-cost alternatives for treating domestics sewage. However, previous study has reported that the removal of phosphorus in constructed wetlands was limited. Therefore, a new alternative was needed to extend the life of the constructed wetlands. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of total phosphorus removal by oyster shell on longevity of constructed wetlands for treating domestic sewage. METHODS AND RESULTS: The changes of total phosphorus concentration and treatment efficiency in two constructed wetlands (CWs) classified as system A (coarse sand 100%) and system B (coarse sand 90%+oyster shell 10%) were investigated for 6 years. The actual saturation time of total phosphorus in the systems A and B was estimated to be longer than that of theoretical saturation by adsorption isotherm experiment. In particular, the saturation pattern of phosphorus in system A was maintained at a certain concentration level in the initial stage of operation, and finally saturation was reached as the saturation gradually progressed from the breaking point. In system B, the saturation period of phosphorus was prolonged as compared with system A due to the addition of oyster shells. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the longevity of the constructed wetlands can be extended due to the phosphorus saturation by adding the oyster shells to the coarse sands in constructed wetlands.