• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.418-428
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• 2023

This study was conducted to clarify the daily activity patterns overlap between hikers and mammals from 2015 to 2019 in the Baekdudaegan protected area. To investigate relationship behaviors between hikers and mammals, we set the camera traps on the ridge of the Baekdudaegan protected area. Daily activity patterns of yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula) and Siberian chipmunk (Eutamias sibiricus) were highly overlapped with hiker total study periods. Moreover, daily activity patterns of Siberian roe deer (Caperohus pygargus) and water deer (Hydropotes inermis) were highly overlapped with hikers only in spring. In winter, daily activity patterns of wild boar (Sus scrofa) were overlapped with hikers. However, leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), and Eurasian badger (Meles leucurus) did not significantly overlap with hikers during the study periods. The daily activity patterns of 8 mammals differed by species-specific behavior and temporal characteristics. Overlap of daily activity patterns between mammals and hikers were differed in each season. Differences in daily activity pattern overlap between mammals and humans may lead to differences in human impact on mammal populations. Information on the interaction between hikers and mammals on species-specific and temporal-specific behavior could be basic ecological data for management and conservation of mammal populations and their habitats.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.350-356
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• 2016

The biggest factor in the success of breeding animals is selection of foods, which is determined by quality and quantity of habitats(Newton, 2003), in the case of This high biomass wetlands as an indicator of ecosystem function about Common Kestrel's choice of hunting area is expected to be an important clue of quality and quantity of habitats. For this study, it is divided into four types(Glasslands, Paddy fields, Dry fields, Rparian land) about Common Kestrel's hunting area in Yugu-eup, Gongju-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Recorded the behavior of Common Kestrel for three years during the breeding season from March to June(2014~2016). Result of investigation, hunting area showed a high hunting behavior in riversides and flight-hunting was frequently investigated from may to June. In addition flight-hunting's main food acquisition is mammal(the vole), while perching behavior's main food acquisition is insect according to the fact flight-hunting were mainly done in riversides, perching behavior were highly investigated than flight-hunting at glasslands and paddy fields and dry field. Hunting spot's coverage rate of plants covering the ground showed differences depending on hunting areas, but height of plants were not significant. Height of the plant according to hunting methods of flight-hunting to catch mammal(vole) was analyzed to prefer lower height than perching behavior Based on these results riversides are considered as a very important environmental factors for Common Kestrel's prey selection in breeding session.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.567-572
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• 2013

Mammals act as an important role in maintaining ecosystem, but direct observation is very difficult. Nevertheless, in order to understand the impact of various changes about a sudden environment, long-term monitoring through direct investigation is essential. This study investigated home range analysis using GPS tracking device and behavioral ecology of Korean waterdeer (Hydropotes inermis), indigenous and native species in Korea. Studies on ecological characteristics and home range of Korean waterdeer are insufficient. Therefore, we studied home range using the GPS technique for critical point of existing research. Data showed the active movement in daytime ($44.1km^2$) than night ($30.0km^2$) and large area of activity in winter ($3.7km^2$) and spring ($44.1km^2$) than summer($0.04km^2$) and autumn ($0.01km^2$). The most used area of Korean waterdeer was forested area and wetland, agricultural area, waters in order of frequency based on the land coverage map. Our research represents overall characteristics of Korean water deer due to measurement of area of activity. However, this research signified behavioral ecology for Korean waterdeer, and further investigation in necessary.

• Korean Aquaculture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 2002

많은 척추동물의 성비는 1:1이며 암수는 각 세대에 거의 같은 수가 태어난다. 생식 행동도, 암컷만이 집단을 형성하는 대형 포유류 등을 제외하면, 암수 1:1로부터 차세대가 재생산 된다. 야생 집단에서는 같은 수의 암수를 전제로 대부분의 생태가 형성되어 있다고 생각되어 지기 때문에, 차세대의 유전적 영향도 암수에 의한 차는 일반적으로 없다. 그러나, 축산을 비롯한 산업 동물에서는 상품 가치, 생산 효율, 재생산 등에 암수의 성에 따른 큰 차이가 나타나는 경우가 있고, 암수 어느 한 쪽이 선택.사육되는 경우도 있다. 낙농의 암컷 소, 양계업의 암컷 병아리의 선택은 좋은 예라고 할 수 있다. 더욱이, 가축에서는 육종 목적으로 유전적으로 우량한 소수의 수컷으로 많은 암컷과 교배시키는 경우가 있고, 극단적으로 치우친 성비로 재생산을 행하는 경우도 있다. 이와 같이 산업동물에서는 성 제어의 유용성이 예상되어 기술 개발이 요구되고 있다. 산업 생산의 대부분은 자연 번식 집단으로부터의 어획물로 되어 있어, 이것들의 성 제어가 곤란하며 무의미하다. 그러나, 양식 대상종 및 종묘 방류를 행하는 재배어업에서는 그 기술 도임에 의한 효과가 기대된다. 인위적 재생산 기술이 확립되어 있는 어종에서는 양식, 증식을 불문하고 기술 개발과 도입여부를 적극적으로 검토하여야 한다. 여기서는, 재생산 기술이 확립되어, 양식 및 인공 부화 방류가 활성화된 연어.송어과 어류의 성 제어 기술 개발 상황과 실용화의 현상을 논하겠다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2004

It is difficult to think of any behavioral process that is more intrinsically important to human beings than social attachment. Feeding, sleeping and locomotion are all necessary for survival, but humans are 'a social animal' and it is our social attachment that we live for. One of the early pioneers in this area, Harry Harlow, described the different behavioral processes that are involved in the formation of parent-infant, filial and pair(male-female) bonds. Each of these involves multi-sensory processing and complex motor responses. Over the past decades, studies in a range of vertebrates, including humans, have begun to address the neural basis of attachment at a molecular, cellular and systemic level. This review describes some of important insights from these works, involving three different areas：1) Neurobiological research of infant-parent, parent-infant attachment, 2) Animal studies regarding attachment, 3) Neurobehavioral studies of maltreatment/deprivation causing serious breakdown of attachment relationship in humans.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 2007

Oxytocin is a neurohypophyseal hormone which has multiple functions in mammals. Mainly, oxytocin regulates milk ejection and has an effect on uterine contraction and is related to maternal behavior. Maternal behavior is believed to be suppressed by stress and facilitated by oxytocin. In the cesarean section, oxytocin may be administrated into uterus to promote uterine involution. The present study aimed to test the effect of oxytocin into uterus on maternal behavior of rats with cesarean section. It was measured the effects on maternal behavior of oxytocin infused into uterus in rats with cesarean section as a stressor. In the first experiment, pup survival rate of between a control group and a group with laparotomy as a stress in natural parturition rats was compared. In the second experiment, survival rate for 2 weeks and maternal pup searching behavior (MPSV) were observed in one cesarean sectioned group without oxytocin and the other cesarean sectioned group with oxytocin. Infanticide was observed in stressed group in the first experiment while a normal maternal behavior was observed in a control one. In the second experiment, MPSV was only observed in a cesarean sectioned group with oxytocin and infanticide was observed in two groups except one rat which is thought to be affected by oxytocin as operated relatively late. This is the first study to show that the administration of oxytocin into uterus in the cesarean section is not involved in the regulation of maternal behavior in rats. In conclusion, this study proves the needs of oxytocin into brain in cesarean section related rats model and further study of maternal behavior list, like MPSV.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.73-90
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• 2014

It has been suggested that primates' trichromatic color vision is an adaption for folivory and frugivory. Ripened fruit frequently is red against a green background. Given this, the question for our research was whether the ecological relationship between red and green plays any role in figure-ground organization that is an essential step in forming our perception of objects? In this study, it was tested which color looked most strong as a figure, using a red circle on a green background and a green circle on red background. The results of Experiment 1 showed that most participants saw the red circle for the figure more than the green circle. However, this effect was significant only in females, but not in males. Accordingly, this result suggests that the visual development of figure-ground organization based on red-green color combination may differ between males and females. In Experiment 2, it was surveyed that the results of Experiment 1 was simply not by the sex difference of color preference. The gender difference of the figure-ground organization on red-green stimuli are discussed in terms of some recent hypotheses such as gatherer-hunter hypothesis.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.361-367
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• 2022

This study was conducted to identify annual variation of observation and activity pattern of Korean chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus) using camera traps in the Seoraksan and Jirisan National Parks, South Korea from May 2019 to May 2021. The annual variation was identified based on the observed frequency through weekly observations. Daily activity patterns of the species were also analyzed by season. The daily activity pattern of chipmunk appeared to be constantly diurnal across the years regardless of habitat or season. The Korean chipmunks living in the two different regions were observed in different time periods throughout the year. While the chipmunks inhabiting the Seoraksan were observed from 18^th to 45^th week, the chipmunks inhabiting the Jirisan National Park were observed from 7^th to 48^th week. This may be influenced by the hibernation period of chipmunks in the two different regions. In both regions, chipmunks were most frequently observed in autumn. It is considered that seasonal variation on population dynamic and activity patterns of chipmunks were reflected in the observation frequency. Although the observation frequency of camera trap is an indirect indicator and thus having a limitation that it cannot distinguish the population density and amount of activity for the target species, camera trapping is still an effective survey technique for monitoring mammals due to its high accessibility and easy use.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.51-60
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• 2014

This study was carried out to analyze the home ranges of three medium-sized mammals(Nyctereutes procyonoides, Prionailurus bengalensis, and Meles leucurus) inhabiting the Sobaeksan National Park, Korea. Three individuals of each species were captured using live traps(Tomahawk live trap 210A) and radio tracking was conducted from June 2012 to May 2014 using VHF and CDMA methods. We determined that the home range of N. procyonoides was $6.53{\pm}6.66km^2$(MCP 100), $3.39{\pm}4.73km^2$(FK 95), and $0.48{\pm}0.62km^2$(FK 50), that of P. bengalensis was $7.13{\pm}5.61km^2$(MCP 100), $7.77{\pm}3.91km^2$(FK 95), and $1.88{\pm}0.96km^2$(FK 50), and that of M. leucurus was $1.77{\pm}1.82km^2$(MCP 100), $3.17{\pm}4.52km^2$(FK 95), and $0.63{\pm}0.87km^2$(FK 50). The home ranges of both N. procyonoides and P. bengalensis were greater than that of M. leucurus, and moreover, both were larger than $6km^2$(P. bengalensis>N. procyonoides). The results also showed that for each species, 1.2~4.4% of the home range overlapped with that of the other two species and that this overlap occurred in the vicinity of a water system.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.164-173
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• 2016

Isotocin (IT), a nonapeptide homolog of oxytocin in mammals, has been suggested to be involved in physiological processes including social behaviors, stress responses, and osmoregulation in teleost fish. To study its structure and function, the gene encoding the IT precursor was cloned from the genomic DNA and brain cDNA of the cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus. The IT precursor gene consists of three exons separated by two introns, and encodes an open reading frame of 156 amino acid (aa) residues, comprising a putative signal peptide of 19 aa, a mature IT protein of 9 aa, a proteolytic processing site of 3 aa, and 125 aa of neurophysin. Tissue-specific analysis of the IT precursor transcript indicated its expression in the brain and gonads of A. melanopus. To examine its osmoregulatory effects, the salinity of the seawater (34 ppt) used for rearing A. melanopus was lowered to 15 ppt. Histological analysis of the gills indicated the apparent disappearance of an apical crypt on the surface of the gill lamella of A. melanopus, as pavement cells covered the surface upon acclimation to the lower salinity. The level of Na⁺/K^+-ATPase activity in the gills was increased during the initial stage of acclimation, followed by a decrease to its normal level, suggesting its involvement in osmoregulation and homeostasis. The only slight increase in the level of IT precursor transcript in the A. melanopus brain upon low-salinity acclimation suggested that IT played a minor role, if any, in the process of osmoregulation.