• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.239-244
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• 2009

In order to alleviate the cyto-toxicity and improve the poor water solubility of 7-hydroxy-3-methoxycadalene, it was substituted with glucose, a strong hydrophilic and non cyto-toxiccompound, in the C-7 position. The yield of final product was ca. 55.4%. The $IC_{50}$ values of 7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-3-methoxycadalene against normal lung cell (WI-38 cell line) and human lung cancer cell (A-549 cell line), which is a parameter for determination of cell viability, were measured to $298.2{\mu}m$ and $88.6{\mu}m$, respectively. This result indicates that the pharmaceutical efficiency of the cadalene-glucose derivative targeted to lung cancer cell could be improved more than three times compared to the non derivatized cadalene. In addition, glycosylation of 7-hydroxy-3-methoxycadalene turned its hydrophobic property to more soluble in water.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.2 s.143
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• pp.189-194
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• 2006

Fumigant toxicity of 18 plant essential oils were tested against the adults of oak longicorn beetle, Moechotypa diphysis. Among them, eucalyptus, rosemary and pennyroyal oils showed 100% mortality and sage oil showed 85% mortality at 10 $\mu\ell/\ell$ (air) dose. Eucalyptus and rosemary oils showed 100% mortality within 6 hr after treatment at 10 $\mu\ell/\ell$ (air) dose. GC and GC/MS analysis of the four essential oils and bioassay of their components revealed that 1,8-cineole (a major component of eucalyptus, rosemary and sage oils), thujone (a major component of sage oil) and pulegone (a major component of pennyroyal oil) showed higher adulticidal activity than others.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.9-17
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• 2013

Butanethiol is known as a typical odorant with hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, methyl sulfide, but on the physical and chemical properties and biological hazard assessment, including inhalation toxicity data are very scarce. Butanethiol as a colorless transparent liquid, and has physic-chemical characteristics with flash point as $-23^{\circ}C$ and strong fire risk, boiling point $84-85^{\circ}C$, vapor pressure 80.71 mmHg ($25^{\circ}C$), freezing point $-140.14^{\circ}C$. From whole body exposure with SD rats, the $LC_{50}$ is above 2,500 ppm (9.22mg/L), and then it is classified as the acute toxic chemical (inhalation) category 4 according to the governmental notification No. 2012-14.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2014

This study is aimed to search the possibility of developmental toxicity test using the zebrafish from the pesticide. We selected herbicides alachlor and butachlor, reported for fish toxicity, and insecticide fipronil reported for the high fish toxicity and the honey bee risk among the pesticides with high usability for the examples of the pesticides in this experiment. In this study, we showed those effects on the zebrafish embryo development by exposing different kinds of pesticide with different concentration and exposed time periods. As a result, the rates of hatching and abnormality of the zebrafish embryo after treatments of alachlor were increased in 24-48 hpf group, and the juvenile fishes in every group exposed to $40{\mu}M$ or more of alachlor displayed sever morphological changes such as bent tails, edema and activity failures. In case of the butachlor, the rates of hatching and the abnormality in 24-48 hpf group were higher than the other groups exposed in different time periods. The fatality before hatching was high in $40{\mu}M$ or more of butachlor treatment, and entire zebrafish embryos in 48 hpf group died before hatching. All the living juvenile fishes showed morphological changes as like as the treatment of alachlor. The rate of hatching and the survival of the zebrafish embryo by the fipronil were higher than other pesticides. However, morphological changes such as bent tails were observed from the most of living juvenile fishes. Therefore, the effects of three different pesticides with different concentrations and exposing time periods on the development of zebrafish embryos showed that all the pesticides effects were proportional to the concentration, and exposing time periods may cause the morphological abnormality.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.280-287
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• 2003

To assess the risk of pesticides on earthworm, the acute toxicities of 10 pesticides were investigated and their toxicity exposure ratios(TERs) were calculated. As the TERs of paraquat dichloride and pendimethalin were more than 100, their risks were rated negligible. Risk of benfuracarb, cadusafos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, endosulfan, isazofos and parathion which have TERs of $10\sim100$ were rated low. However, risk of imidacloprid and phorate which have TER of less than 10 were estimated highly to need a reproduction study. Earthworms were exposed to twenty two pesticides including dazomet 98% GR having PECs of more than $5mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in artificial soil at standard and double dose for 14 days. All the earthworms exposed to dazomet 98% GR and metam-sodium 25% SL were died to show their high risk, while no serious adverse effects were observed in the soil treated with 15 pesticides, calcite 95% WP, calcium polysulfide 36% CF, chlorothalonil 75% WP, daminozide 85% WP, dichlonil 6.7% GR, etridiazole 25% EC, fosetyl-Al 80% WP, glyphosate 41 % SL, hymexazol 30% SL, iprodione 50% WP, machine oil 95% EC, mancozeb 75% WP, propineb 70% WP, terbuthylazine 80% WP and triazophos 40% EC. In case of thiophanate-methyl 70% WP, copper hydroxide 77% WP, dimethoate 46% EC, tolclofos-methyl 50% WP and propamocarb hydrochloride 67% SL, any effect did not show clearly, suggesting an additional subchronic toxicity study. The risk of thiophanate-methyl 70% WP to earthworm was estimated high, considering its subchronic effect, while effects of copper hydroxide 77% WP, dimethoate 46% EC, tolclofos-methyl 50% WP and propamocarb hydrochloride 67% SL to earthworms were negligible, considering no adverse effects in subchronic tests.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.255-272
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• 1996

소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 ${\ll}$화제국방(和劑局方)${\gg}$에 삼령백출산(蔘笭白朮散)에 정열해독약(淸熱解毒藥)인 와송(瓦松) 금은화(金銀花) 포공영(蒲公英)을 가미(加味)한 처방(處方)으로, 본방(本方)인 삼령백출산(蔘笭白朮散)은 비위허약(脾胃虛弱), 음식부진(飮食不振), 다곤소력(多困少力) 중만비대(中滿痺臺), 심정기천(心柾氣喘), 구토(嘔吐), 설사(泄瀉), 상한해수(傷寒咳嗽)를 치료목적(治療目的)으로 쓰여 온 이래(以來) 임상에서는 대편부실(大便不實), 구설(久泄), 옹달궤후(癰疸潰後) 불사식자(不思食者)를 치료(治療)하는데 다용(多用)되어 왔다. 종양(腫瘍)(Neoplasia)은 새로운 성장(成長)(New+ Glowth) 이라는 세포학적(細胞學的)으로 비정상세포(非正常細胞)의 과다증식(過多增殖)으로 인해 실질장기(實質臟器), 유강장기(有腔腸器), 및 골격(骨格), 피부조직(皮膚組織)에 비정상조직(非正常組織)을 형성(形成)하는 질환(疾患)이다. 현대적(現代的) 종양(腫瘍)과 유사(類似)한 한의학적(韓醫學的)인 병증(病症)은 ${\ll}$소문(素問)${\gg}$에서는 "궐산(厥疝), 복량(伏梁), 식적(息積)"으로 ${\ll}$영추(靈樞)${\gg}$에서는 "장담(腸覃), 석가"로 표시(表示)된 이후(以後)로 소원방(巢元方)은 징가, 식일, 석옹(石癰), 완저(緩疽), 석저(石疽) 등으로 표현(表現)하였다. 원인(原因)에 대(對)해서는 ${\ll}$내경(內經)${\gg}$에서는 허(虛)와 한기(寒氣), 한(寒) 열(熱)로 보았고, 그 외(外)의 학자(學者)들은 내허(內虛)와 기혈불순(氣血不順), 화(火), 한(寒), 기울(氣鬱), 음양불화(陰陽不和)등으로 보았다. 치료(治療)는 ${\ll}$내경(內經) 자법론(刺法論)${\gg}$에서 "정기재내(正氣在內) 사불가우(邪不可于)" 이라 하여 생명활동(生命活動)의 원동력(原動力)인 정기(正氣)의 역할(役割)을 강조(强調)하였고, ${\ll}$육원정기대론(六元正氣大論)${\gg}$에서는 "대적대취(大積大聚) 불가범야(不可犯也) 쇠기태반이지(衰其太半而止)"라 하여 공벌약(攻伐藥)을 과용(過用)하여 정기(正氣)를 손상(損傷)시켜서는 안된다고 하는 등 부정위주(扶正爲主), 거사위주(祛邪爲主) 혹은 부정거사(扶正祛邪) 겸용(兼用)의 방법(方法)이 혼용(混用)되고 있다. 현대(現代) 서양의학(西洋醫學)의 항암제(抗癌劑)는 치료효과(治療效果)는 우수(優秀)하지만 악심(惡心), 구토(嘔吐)를 비롯하여 골수억제효과(骨髓抑制效果)와 간(肝), 심(心), 신(腎), 폐(肺)의 손상(損傷)을 초래(招來)하는 등(等)의 부작용(副作用)을 나타내며, 빈번(頻繁)한 화학요법제(化學療法劑)의 투여(投與)로 인(因)한 암세포(癌細胞)의 약제저항성(藥劑抵抗性) 출현(出現)등이 항암제(抗癌劑)의 문제점(問題點)으로 제시(提示)되고 있다. 이에 저자(著者)는 비위기능(脾胃機能)을 강화(强化)시켜 정기형성(正氣形成)에 깊이 관여(關與)하는 삼령백출산(蔘笭白朮散)에 청열해독(淸熱解毒), 소종산결지제(消腫散結之劑)인 금은화(金銀花), 포공영(浦公英), 와송(瓦松)을 가미(加味)하여 암발생(癌發生) 백서(白鼠)에 투약(投藥)한 후(後) sarcoma 180암세포(癌細胞)에 대(對)한 생명연장효과(生命延長效果)와 항암제(劑)의 일종(一種)인 cis-platin을 이용(利用)하여 양방항암제(洋方抗癌劑)의 부작용(副作用)에 대(對)한 본(本) 방(方)의 효과(效果)를 실험(實驗)하여 관찰(觀察)하였던 바 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 sarcoma 180 암세포(癌細胞) 이식종양(移植腫瘍)에 대(對)해 생명연장효과(生命延長效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 2. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 치암제(治癌劑)인 cis-platin 치사독성(致死毒性)에 대(對)해 생존연장효과(生存延長效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 3. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 cis-platin 현독성(腎毒性) 생쥐 및 흰쥐에 있어서 유의성(有意性) 있는 체중감소억제효과(體重減少抑制效果) 및 serum BUN 상승억제효과(上昇抑制效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 4. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 cis-platin 현독성(賢毒性) 흰쥐에 대(對)해 유의성(有意性) 있는 serum creatinine 상승억제효과(上昇抑制效果)가 나타났으며, cis-platin의 혈액학적(血液學的) 부작용(副作用)인 RBC, WBC 감소(減少)에 대(對)해 감소억제효과(減少抑制效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 5. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 cis-platin 현독성(腎毒性) 흰쥐에 대(對)해 뇨량감소억제(尿量減少抑制) 효과(效果) 및 ureanitrogen과 creatinine 배수감소억제효과가 관찰(觀察)되었다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로부터 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 악성종양치료(惡性腫瘍治療) 및 항암제(劑)의 부작용(副作用)을 경감(輕減)시키는 데 응용(應用)할 수 있을 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.1286-1294
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• 2015

The acute and subchronic toxicity of 1 kGy gamma-irradiated orange was evaluated in ICR mice. For acute toxicity, groups of 30 male and 30 female ICR mice were orally administered 1 kGy gamma-irradiated orange (0, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg). The mortality, clinical sign, body weight changes, and necropsy findings of ICR mice were observed for 14 days. No significant changes in body weight or abnormal gross findings were observed in relation to 1 kGy gamma-irradiated orange. Hematological and serum biochemical parameters were within normal ranges. According to the results, 1 kGy gamma-irradiated orange had no special toxic effects in male and female ICR mice at 2,000 mg/kg. For subchronic toxicity, groups of 36 male and 36 female ICR mice were given a diet of 1 kGy gamma-irradiated orange for 13 weeks (control, non-irradiated, and irradiated imported orange). During the experimental period, mortality, clinical signs, body weight change, food consumption, organ weight, and histopathological examination did not show any changes in comparison to the control group. Several hematological and serum biochemical parameters showed statistically significant changes, but these changes were within normal range. These results indicate that 1 kGy gamma-irradiated orange did not cause any toxic effects in male and female ICR mice and therefore can be considered as safe.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1132-1136
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• 2014

A yellow-colored pigment is found in turmeric, or Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), a perennial herb distributed mainly throughout tropical and subtropical regions. C. longa has potent antiviral, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. However, pharmacological mechanisms of ethanol extract derived from C. longa remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential acute toxicity of C. longa (Curcuma longa L.) extract in BALB/c mice administered a single oral dose of 0, 20, 200, and 2,000 mg/kg by gavage. After the administration of the agent, signs of toxicity were observed every hour for the first 6 hr and every day for 14 days. No mortality, abnormal clinical signs, or pathological changes were observed compared to a control group, and there were no differences in the body weights of the control and treatment groups. Biological serum activities were not significantly changed in the treatment group compared to the control group. These results indicate that a single oral administration of C. longa extract does not exert any toxic effects at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg body weight and that the $LD_{50}$ of C. longa extract is greater than 2,000 mg/kg body weight. Accordingly, C. longa appears to have potential in various functional agents or foods, without toxicity.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.249-255
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• 2008

The comparative toxicity of recommended rates of three acaricides, fluacrypyrim, cyflumetofen and spiromesifen to the predatory mite, Neoseiulus womersleyi and its prey, Tetranychus urticae was bioassayed in the laboratory. Fluacrypyrim and cyflumetofen were much less toxic to adult females of N. womersleyi than to those of T. urticae. Adult female predators treated with these two acaricides produced $88{\sim}93%$ as many eggs as did control females. Fluacrypyrim and cyflumetofen did not affect the hatch of N. womersleyi eggs or the development of surviving immature predators, and $92{\sim}96%$ of immature predators reached adulthood. Spiromesifen at its treated concentration did not significantly affect the survival and reproduction of adult female predators but caused 100% mortality in larvae of N. womersleyi. Adult female predators survived on a diet of spider mites treated with fluacrypyrim and cyflumetofen, and their fecundity was not significantly affected. Moreover, immature predators developed normally on prey treated with these two acaricides. The results indicate that fluacrypyrim and cyflumetofen are promising candidates for use in integrated mite management programs where N womersleyi is the major natural enemy.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.87-97
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• 2009

Octachlorostyrene (OCS) is a persistant and bioaccumulative toxic subtance (PBTs). In this study, acute toxicity tests on algae, daphnia and fish for octachlorostyrene and its isomers were done to determine effective concentration ($EC_{50}$), Lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$), no observed effect concentration (NOEC) or lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC). As a result, NOEC on algae growth inhibition test for octacholorostyrene and 2-, 3-chlorostyrene was determined as $0.50\;mg\;L^{-1}$, and NOEC for 4-chlorostyrene was determined as $0.13\;mg\;L^{-1}$. NOEC on daphnia, acute immobilisation test for octachlorostyrene and 2-, 3-chlorostyrene was determined as $5.00\;mg\;L^{-1}$ and $EC_{50}$ for 4-chlorostyrene was determined as $2.128\;mg\;L^{-1}$. NOEC on Oryzias Latipes, acute toxicity test for octachlorostyrene was determined as $80.0\;mg\;L^{-1}$ and NOEC for 2-, 3-chlorostyrene was determined as $60.0\;mg\;L^{-1}$. $LC_{50}$ for 4-chlorostyrene was determined as $39.0\;mg\;L^{-1}$ (48h) and $22.6\;mg\;L^{-1}$ (96h).