• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.21-36
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• 2012

As wooden construction developed, it was observed that the rafters with corners changed to angled rafters. The change from rafters to angle rafters means that the angle rafters became the most important member in supporting the roof weight as the construction scale increased and structurally developed. The specific installation methods of angle rafters were all unique in Korea, China, and Japan. In East Asia, the angle of the angle rafter gradually decreased along with the development of construction. However, in Joseon Dynasty Korea, the angle of the angle rafter was larger than that of the Gorye era because the method of fixing the corner of the roof more firmly by building the fan-shaped rafter was utilized. The changes to the angle rafter installation method is a unique characteristic of Korea, in that it was developed in a totally different way from the methods used in China and Japan.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.45-54
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• 2017

This thesis mainly deals with the meaning of single eaves buildings which have Chunyeo with Sarae. As a rule, building with single eaves does not construct Sarae. But we can find some special buildings using Chunyeo with Sarae in the corners of the eaves. At this time, many people say that lower part of the member so called Alchunyeo, and upper part of the member so called Chunyeo. And they also say that the using of Alchunyeo was caused by the shortage of timber which can make Chunyeo properly. As a result, single eaves buildings using Chunyeo with Sarae in the corners of the eaves were not caused by the shortage of timber. That kinds of buildings were made by the hierarchy of building. Single eaves buildings with Sarae have lower rank than double eaves buildings, and also have higher rank than those without Sarae. And we have to say that lower part of the member is Chunyeo, and upper part of the member is Sarae.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.295-303
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• 2015

Daewungbojeon hall of Magoksa temple is a korean traditional wood building well representing Joseon Dynasty architecture in the 17th century. The purpose of this study was to identify the wood species of 42 wooden elements collected from Pillar (Gidung), Head-penetrating tie (Changbang), Pyeongbang, Angle rafter (Chunyeo), End-angle rafter (Sarae) and Hwalju. According to the microscopical investigation, Pillar, Head-penetrating tie, Pyeongbang and Hwalju were identified as domestic hard pine species. However, Chunyeo were identified as either Zelkova serrata Makino or Gingko biloba L. and Sarae as exotic hard pine species. It might be related to the high replace rate of wood elements for the roof. Especially, exotic hard pine species seem to be replaced in recent years when Daewungbojeon hall was repaired.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the species of 117 wooden elements which were used in the Daewungjeon Hall (National Treasure No. 805, constructed in A. D. 1659) of Bukjijangsa Temple, Daegu, Korea. Pillars were identified as 5 red pines (hard pines; most likely, Pinus densiflora S. et Z.), 2 Cerris section of subgenus Lepidobalanus (deciduous oaks) and 3 Tsuga spp. Hwalju columns were 3 Abies spp. and 1 red pine. Head-penetrating ties were 8 red pines and 1 Cerris sp.; Pyeongbang, 3 red pines and 6 Cerris spp. Purlins were identified as 17 red pines, 16 Cerris spp. and 1 Tsuga sp. Angle rafters were 3 red pines and 1 Cerris sp., and end angle rafters, 2 red pines, 1 Zelkova serrata and 1 exotic hard pine. All of brackets (31 woods), jangyeo (4) and deot-chunyeo (2) were identified as red pines. As a whole, red pines (70.1%) and Cerris (22.2%) were major species used in the Daewungjeon Hall of Bukjijangsa Temple. Tsuga, Abies and exotic hard pines seem imported woods used for recent repairs.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.35-44
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to classify three-Kan hipped and gable-roofed Buddhist temples with the construction of their eave curve of part chunyeo and examine the characteristics and causes. The conclusions have been drawn as follows: First, there are largely three ways to secure symmetry in eave curve of part chunyeo. One is to obtain symmetry in eave curve of part chunyeo by making the size of eaves curves on well sides the same and forming symmetric curves in the front section along with the side roof and then forming the straight line in the central part (hereinafter referred to as the long straight line section method). The second is a method to enlarge eaves curves in the front and form eaves curves on the roof section to be symmetric (hereinafter referred to as the front is larger than side eaves curves method). The third is the method to make eaves curves in the roof section to be symmetric by adjusting the roof length and making difference between the front and side roof's length minimum (hereinafter referred to as the roof length-controlling method). Second, there are 16 cases applying two or more methods, and they are the mainstream. Third, there are 12 cases applying the front is larger than side eaves curve method and roof length-controlling method both, which seems to be the most universal. To sum up, they secured symmetry in roof edges considering the construction of seonjayeon and pyeongyeon according to the size of the structure, recognition on the directions of entrance into the area of the building, forms of planes, harmony with structures around, recognition on roof curves in accordance with the size, and also structural faults in the chunyeo part.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.4 s.44
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• pp.87-100
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• 2005

We have focused on the roof construction method of Urban Hanok in Bukchon, Seoul. The Urban Hanok, urban traditional housing type, had been evolved In modern context from 1930's to 1960's. We have confused Urban Hanok with traditional Hanok, because they have similar figures. But Urban Hanok have the characteristics as a result of the roof construction method. The purpose of this paper is to define Urban Hanok more concretely, thus we payed attention to the roof structure, specially to the comer that each roof structure meets. So we got some characteristics of the roof construction method of Urban Hanok in Bukchon. First, the roof construction methods of the roof are transformed at the corner parts, where three purlin structure and five purlin structure meet. The collision of the different roof structure has made a lot of types. Second, the roof slope of Urban Hanok is more gentle than traditional Hanok, that is caused by ornamental double eaves and awnings. Finally these characteristics are results of the compact lot size in urban neighborhood. The construction method is a inclusive word that contain materials, composition, ornament and social common sense. With the understanding on the roof construction method of Urban Hanok, we can define the identity and the value of Urban Hanok, And we can suggest the policy and the design guidelines for the reservation and rehabilitation for Urban Hanok of Bukchon, Seoul.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.813-820
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• 2005

The beauty itself cannot be changed by the time, but the concept of the beauty can be influence by the time and cultural background. The purpose of this study is to analyze the beautiful faces or ugly faces among the young women and to provide useful guideline to make up for the modem concept of beauty. The facial photographs of 180 adlut women(aged between 20 and 29) in Pusan and Ulsan area were sampled to be measured and classified as the beautiful or ordinary or ugly faces. Data were analyzed by Frequencies, Mean, Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The major results were as followings; the Beautiful face has a relatively small face with a broad forehead and a small lower face. It also has a wide palpebral fissure, narrow intercanthal distance, a narrow nose and a big mouth. Physiognomic face length was 182.38mm, the upper face length was 59.82mm, the middle face length 60.82mm, the lower face length 61.76mm, and the index of face length to face breadth was 1.35. And also the faces within the figures are considered as the beautiful or ordinary or ugly faces from those measurements like face length/bizygion breadth, intercanthal distance, mouth width, upper vermilion height, lower vermilion height.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3 s.131
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• pp.11-21
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify the species of the woods used in the main building (Daewoongjeon) of Bulgapsa temple in YeongGwang. Eighty eight woods sampled were divided into four parts; pillars(21), rafters(19), purlins(16) and other wood elements(12). Four species were identified; Pinus spp. (hard pines; diploxylon), Abies spp., Quercus spp. and Zelkova serrata Makino. Pillars and corner-angle rafters were mainly Zelkova; however, other wood elements were mostly Pinus spp. The high ratio of Zelkova in this building would be ascribed to the preference of this species to pines owing to its superior quality before the late Chosun Dynasty.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to examine the species of wooden members used in the Youngsanjeon Hall of the Sucknamsa temple in Anseong, Korea. Ninety-five wood samples from pillars, head-penetrating ties, beams, corner rafter, rafter, floor board and other wood members were identified. Seven species identified were hard pine, exotic pine, Zelkova serrata, Ginkgo biloba, Diospyros, Quercus(Cerrus) and Pyrus spp. In the case of pillars, eight were hard pines and the others Zelkova and Pyrus. Species of angle rafter were Ginkgo biloba and Zelkova. and those of beams were one hard pine and one Zelkova. Two purlin samples were Quercus(Cerrus) and rafters were hard pines except one Ginkgo and one exotic pine. Roof-filling timbers were identified as Zelkova and Diospyros spp. The other samples of roof-filling timbers were all identified as hard pines. The use of Ginkgo and several hardwoods in addition to hard pines may indicate supply of local logs near the Sucknamsa temple.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.393-404
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• 2014

This research proposes a method to draw a number of components for roof frame in 3D datum. It is based on the analysis of the roof curvature and their geometric relationship in the traditional wooden buildings. Correlations between the components that generate a roof surface is defined with functional formula. The design system which automatically generates 3D datum for the components is implemented by reflecting the structural mechanics for them. The suggested system provides a control function to easily draw a traditional house. In this system, the components engaged in forming a roof surface are not only automatically generated but also simply modified according to the user's request. It would improves design efficiency and ensure a various roof surface design. Furthermore it makes possible systematic drawing and standardized industrial processing. Consequently, the proposed method is expected to contribute to the popularization of traditional house constructing.