• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.203-207
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• 1989

Anesthesiologists are usually responsible for the major works in pain clinics and are often called for many sophisticated nerve blocks in the management of acute or chronic intractable pain. It is, therefore, not uncommon for the anesthesiologists to meet some unexpected and unusual complications during his or her performance. We experienced a case of a pneumothorax following a thoracic intrathecal alcohol block. There was an unusual and yet unexplainable cephalad spread of alcohol following an injection through the 4th sacral foramen, and a shearing off of the catheter by a Tuohy epidural needle following the epidural catheterization. All these three cases are herein presented.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.173.1-173.1
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• 2012

천리안 위성 원격측정명령계 RF부는 위성 장착 이후 발사 전까지 여러 단계의 위성체레벨 기능시험을 거치며 요구 성능을 만족하는지를 충분히 확인하였다. 위성 발사후부터 정상궤도 진입 후에 발사전 원격측정명령계 RF가 원하는 요구 기능 및 성능을 만족하고 있는지를 확인하는 궤도운용시험이 수행되었다. 본 논문은 원격측정명령계 RF부의 궤도운용시험 계획에 따라 수행하여 얻어진 시험 결과에 대한 분석에 대한 것이다. 먼저 발사 후 LEOP 동안 원격명령이 정상적으로 수신되고 수행되는지 확인하였다. 그 이후 원격명령이 언락되는 수신 파워 임계(Threshold) 입력 레벨 확인을 확인하였으며 원격측정 다운링크 주파수 변이가 요구범위에 있는지 확인하였으며, 수신신호 스펙트럼 측정을 통해 TM EIRP를 추정한 결과 링크 버짓 마진 대비 추가적인 마진이 있음을 확인하였으며 또한 TM 송신 신호 변조지수가 추정범위 안에 있는지를 확인하였다. 그리고 레인징 시험을 통해 수신기 및 레인징 기능이 정상적으로 동작하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이 궤도운용시험 결과는 후속 정지궤도복합위성 원격측정명령계 RF부 궤도운용시험을 위한 비교 자료로 활용될 것이다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.8 s.265
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• pp.579-587
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• 2006

Background: Preoperative risk analysis for Fontan candidates is still less than optimal in that patients with apparently low risks may have poor surgical outcome; prolonged pleural drainage, protein losing enteropathy, pulmonary thromboembolism and death. We hypothesized that low pulmonary vascular compliance (PVC) is a risk factor for prolonged pleural effusion drainage after the Fontan operation. Material and Method: A retrospective review of 96 consecutive patients who underwent the Extracardiac Fontan procedures (median age: 3.9 years) was performed. Fontan risk score (FRS) was calculated from 12 categorized preoperative anatomic and physiologic variables. PVC $(mm^2/m^2{\cdot}mmHg)$ was defined as pulmonary artery index $(mm^2/m^2)$ divided by total pulmonary resistance $(W.U{\cdot}/m^2)$ and pulmonary blood flow $(L/min/m^2)$ based on the electrical circuit analogue of the pulmonary circulation. Chest tube indwelling time was log-transformed (log indwelling time, LIT) to fit normal distribution, and the relationship between preoperative predictors and LIT was analyzed by multiple linear regression. Result: Preoperative PVC, chest tube indwelling time and LIT ranged from 6 to 94.8 $mm^2/mmHg/m^2$ (median: 24.8), 3 to 268 days (median: 20 days), and 1.1 to 5.6 (mean: 2.9, standard deviation: 0.8), respectively. FRS, PVC, cardiopulmonary bypass time (CPB) and central venous pressure at postoperative 12 hours were correlated with LIT by univariable analyses. By multiple linear regression, PVC (p=0.0018) and CPB (p=0.0024) independently predicted LIT, explaining 21.7% of the variation. The regression equation was LIT=2.74-0.0158 PVC+0.00658 CPB. Conclusion: Low pulmonary vascular compliance is an important risk factor for prolonged pleural effusion drainage after the extracardiac Fontan procedure.

• Clean Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

To confirm the applicability of the water gas shift reaction for the production of high purity hydrogen for petroleum cokes, an unutilized low grade resource, Cu/ZnO/MgO/Al₂O₃ (CZMA), catalyst was prepared using the co-precipitation method. The prepared catalyst was analyzed using BET and H₂-TPR. Catalyst reactivity tests were compared and analyzed in two cases: a single LTS reaction from syngas containing a high concentration of CO, and an LTS reaction immediately after the syngas passed through a HTS reaction without condensation of steam. Reaction characteristics in accordance with steam/CO ratio, flow rate, and temperature were confirmed under both conditions. When the converted low concentration of CO and steam were immediately injected into the LTS, the CO conversion was rather low in most conditions despite the presence of large amounts of steam. In addition, because the influence of the steam/CO ratio, temperature, and flow rate was significant, additional analysis was required to determine the optimal operating conditions. Meanwhile, carbon deposition or activity degradation of the catalyst did not appear under high CO concentration, and high CO conversion was exhibited in most cases. In conclusion, it was confirmed that when the Cu/ZnO/MgO/Al₂O₃ catalyst and the appropriate operating conditions were applied to the syngas composition containing a high concentration of CO, the high concentration of CO could be converted in sufficient amounts into CO₂ by applying a single LTS reaction.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.729-735
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• 2008

Background: This study was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of performing additional tetracycline pleurodesis during the thoracoscopic treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Material and Method: Between March 2004 and December 2007, 91 cases of primary spontaneous pneumothorax were treated by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. The thoracoscopic procedures included resection of the blebs and mechanical pleurodesis by scrubbing the parietal pleura. For 27 cases (Tetracycline group, group I), 20 mg/kg tetracycline was instilled into the pleural space through a trocar before closing the chest. The control group (group II) consisted of 64 cases of primary spontaneous pneumothorax for which the same thoracoscopic procedures alone were performed during the same study period. Result: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the demographic data, the operative findings and the operation time. The percentage of cases that needed intravenous analgesics and the duration of intravenous analgesics were comparable in both groups. There was no significant difference in the duration of air leaks and complications between the two groups. The patients treated with tetracycline pleurodesis had a longer period of postoperative chest drainage (4.2 days vs 3.5 days, respectively, p=0.03) and hospitalization (5.0 days vs 4.0 days, respectively, p=0.006). During the follow up period, the ipsilateral recurrence rate was much lower for the patients who were treated with tetracycline pleurodesis (0% vs 10.9%, respectively, p=0.099), and freedom from recurrence tended to be more favorable for group I (p=0.077), although this was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Additional tetracycline pleurodesis during thoracoscopic treatment for primary spontaneous pneumothorax caused prolongation of chest drainage and a prolonged hospital stay. However, further investigations are needed because tetracycline pleurodesis can be performed safely without serious complications and it showed a distinct tendency to reduce the rate of recurrence.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.272-276
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• 2017

This is the first report of Cantherhines pardalis (Tetraodontiformes: Monacanthidae) from Korea. A single specimen (105.4 mm in SL) was collected from the coastal waters of Busan by gill net on 20 June, 2012. This species is characterized by having the following morphological traits: II, 34 dorsal fin rays; 31 anal fin rays; 13 pectoral fin rays; caudal peduncle without large spines; spine row on the lateral side of first dorsal spine distinct; posterior end of pelvic with encasing scales distinctly more protruding than ventral flap. This species is similar to C. dumerilii except for the number of spines on caudal peduncle (none in C. pardalis vs. two pairs in C. dumerilii). Based on morphological and molecular approaches, the specimen was identified as C. pardalis. We add C. pardalis to Korean fish fauna and propose the new Korean names "Yuk-gak-mu-nui-jwi-chi" for the species.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.103-110
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• 2018

The long-term flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with an iron based-shape memory alloys (Fe-SMAs) by a near-surface mounted (NSM) method was evaluated. The pre-strained values of 2% and 4% and introduced prestressing force by an activation of a shape memory effect of the Fe-SMA strengthening material were considered as experimental variables. Deflections at the center of the RC beams were measured for six months after the 1 tonf concrete weight was loaded on the beam. Experimental results show that the deflections decreased because of the increased flexural stiffness of beams strengthened with the Fe-SMA strips. On the contrary, with increased pre-strained values, the deflection increased due to stiffness reduction of the strengthening material. It was confirmed that the specimens incorporating the prestressed force showed the deflection reduction of about 30%, compared to the ones without the prestressed force.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.407-412
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• 2011

Free and bound aroma compounds in green and fermented teas treated with microbial-fermentation were analyzed using headspace-solid phase microextraction gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. Aldehydes and ketones in green tea decreased during microbial fermentation, whereas linalool and geraniol increased in the fermented tea. After enzyme treatment, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol increased significantly following enzymatic hydrolysis of both green and fermented teas. In addition, benzaldehyde, 3-hexenyl acetate, and geraniol also increased in green tea with enzyme treatment. Bound aroma compounds in the green and fermented teas increased at different levels of added enzyme. We demonstrated the enhancement of both green and fermented teas by enzyme treatment, which can lead to improvement in the flavor qualities of green and fermented teas.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.10C no.4
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• pp.413-422
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• 2003

An active network is a new generation network based on a software-intensive network architecture in which applications are able to inject new strategies or code into the infrastructure for their immediate needs. Therefore, the secure active node architecture is needed to give the capability defending an active node against threats that may be more dynamic and powerful than those in traditional networks. In this paper, a security enforcement engine is proposed to secure active networks. We implemented an operating engine with security, authentication and a authorization modules. Using this engine, it is possible that active networks are protected from threats of the malicious active node.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.164-175
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop the 'Kkondae Scale' and verify its validity. For this purpose, three constructive concepts (attribution error, cognitive rigidity, and one-way communication) were derived through expert interviews, prior research and literature analysis, and 15 preliminary questions were selected. In addition, a preliminary scale was developed by modifying or adding items to conform to each constructive concept through expert content validity evaluation. Next, as a result of the exploratory factor analysis of about 250 adults, a three-factor structure model was derived. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis on the preliminary scale for about 401 adults, it was confirmed that the fit of the three-factor structure was good. As a result of convergence and discriminatory validity analysis, it was confirmed that the developed scale was a valid tool to measure Kkondae by showing appropriate correlations with listening attitude, empathy, acceptance of others, and intellectual humility. Finally, based on the results of this study, the significance, limitations, and future research direction of the study were discussed.