• Title/Summary/Keyword: 처리율 측정

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Performance Evaluation of Bench-Scale Sulfur-Oxidizing Autotrophic Denitrificaiton Process Using Different Packing Material and Position in Reactor (담체의 종류와 배열에 따른 회분식 황 산화 탈질공정의 고농도 질산성질소를 함유한 인공폐수의 탈질효율 평가)

  • Sim, Dong-Min;Ahn, Ju-Hyeon;Kim, Seoung-Hyun;Gwon, Eun-Mi;Chung, Wook-Jin;Jin, Chang-Suk
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.231-239
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    • 2006
  • In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of using sulfur-$CaCO_3$ complex pellet in the sulfur oxidizing autotrophic denitrification process for synthetic wastewater with high $CaCO_3$ concentration. The sulfur-$CaCO_3$ complex pellet was packed in reactor(R4). Influent ${NO_3}^--N$ loading rate was from 200 to $1,000g/m^3{\cdot}day$. During the operation, average denitrification efficiency of R4 was above 95%. Particularly, the denitrififation rate at $1,000g/m^3{\cdot}day$ loading was 98.96% for R4. High ${NO_3}^--N$ removal efficiency was determined in R4 compared with other reactors. Through $Ca^{2+}$ and alkalinity analyses, we calculated the supplied alkalinity from the packed $CaCO_3$ in the reactor. Sulfur-$CaCO_3$ complex pellet more effectively supplied alkalinity through the dissociation of $CaCO_3$ as compared with other media. Based on these results, sulfur-$CaCO_3$ complex pellet increased the pH buffering capacity while also providing the carbon source to the denitrifying bacteria. Denitrification efficiency of R4 was also higher than other reactors. ESEM pictures of sulfur-$CaCO_3$ complex pellet show higher porosity than that of the granular sulfur. Hence, more denitrifying bacteria attached on the sulfur-$CaCO_3$ complex pellet than on granular sulfur. It can be concluded that the sulfur-$CaCO_3$ complex pellet is a more suitable media for a sulfur oxidizing autotrophic denitrification process as it provides high denitrification efficiency.

THE EFFECT OF SMEAR LAYER TREATMENT ON THE MICROLEAKAGE (Smear layer 처리에 따른 미세누출에 대한 연구)

  • Lee, Jung-Min;Park, Sang-Hyuk;Choi, Gi-Woon
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • v.31 no.5
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    • pp.378-389
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    • 2006
  • The purpose of this study was to compare the sealing ability of root canal obturation with or without the treatment of smear layer. Eighty extracted human teeth with one canal were selected Instrumentation was performed with crown-down technique. After instrumentation, root canals of the NaOCl group and NaOCl-6 group were irrigated with 3% NaOCl. EDTA group and EDTA-6 group were irrigated with 17% EDTA. Then all teeth were obturated using continuous wane obturation technique NaOCl group and EDTA group were immersed in methylene blue solution for 84hours. NaOCl-6 group and EDTA-6 group were immersed in methylene blue solution for 6months. The teeth were sectioned at 1.5 mn (Level 1), 3.0 mm (Level 2) and 4.5 mm (Level 3) from the root apex. The length of dye-penetrated inter-face and the circumferential length of canal at each level were measured using Sigma-Scan Pro 5.0. 1. The mean leakage ratio was decreased cervically. 2. NaOCl group showed higher mean leakage ratio than EDTA group at each level. But there was significant difference at level 1 only (p < 0.05). 3. NaOCl-6 group showed higher mean leakage ratio than EDTA-6 group at each level. But there was significant difference at level 1 only (p < 0.05). 4. NaOCl-6 group showed higher mean leakage ratio than NaOCl group at each level. But there was significant difference at level 1 only (p < 0.05). 5. EDTA-6 group showed higher mean leakage ratio than EDTA group at each level. But there was no significant difference. 6. In NaOCl group and NaOCl-6 group, scanning electron micrographs of tooth sections generally covered with smear layer. In EDTA group and EDTA-6 group, tooth sections showing the penetration of sealers to opened dentinal tubules. The results suggest that removal of smear layer was effective to reduce the apical microleakage of the root canal.

Development of Analysis Method of Caffeine and Content Survey in Commercial Foods by HPLC (HPLC를 이용한 카페인의 분석법 개발 및 시판 식품중 함유량 조사)

  • Kim, Hee-Yun;Lee, Young-Ja;Hong, Ki-Hyoung;Lee, Chul-Won;Kim, Kil-Saeng;Ha, Sang-Chul
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.31 no.6
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    • pp.1471-1476
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    • 1999
  • A simple and practical method for determination of caffeine in foods was developed. The analysis of caffeine was performed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography using a ${\mu}-Bondapak\;C_{18}$ column at isocratic condition with methanol-acetic acid-water(20 : 1 : 79) on UV detector at 280 nm. The clean-up and extraction of caffeine in samples were based on a simple pretreatment using a Sep-Pak $C_{18}$ cartridge. Recovery rates obtained with this method for cider, candy, cookie, milk, ice cream and persimmon leaf tea were 99.23%, 99.50%, 99.17%, 99.37%, 98.93% and 99.10% respectively. And the detection limit of caffeine was $0.1\;{\mu}g/mL$. With this method, the range of caffeine contents extracted from coffee, green tea, black tea, Oolong tea(tea bag), soft drinks, ice cream, milk and commercial confectionery were $3.38{\sim}37.50\;mg/g,\;16.30{\sim}26.10\;mg/g,\;10.80{\sim}16.65\;mg/g,\;11.25\;mg/g,\;0.06{\sim}0.11\;mg/g,\;0.04{\sim}0.44\;mg/g,\;0.04{\sim}0.39\;mg/g\;and\;0.10{\sim}1.80\;mg/g$, respectively. But caffeine was not detected in the other tea such as Acanthopanax sessiliflorum tea, Angelica gigas tea, Angelica tea, Arrow root tea, Duchu'ng tea, Dunggulle tea, Ganoerma lucidum tea, Ginger tea powder, Persimmon leaf tea, Ssanghwa tea and Cocoa mix powder.

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Effect of Antibody Titer on Xenograft Survival in Pig-To-Dog Heterotopic Cardiac Xenotransplantation -Opening of Xenotrasplantation Era- (돼지\longrightarrow개 이소이종심장 이식모델에시 생존에 미치는 항체 역가의 영향 -이종이식시대의 개막-)

  • 이정렬;김희경;김지연;최대영;이재형;위현초;강희정;김영태;강병철
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.37 no.5
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    • pp.391-400
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    • 2004
  • Xenotransplantation in discordant species results in immediate and irreversible hyperacute rejection due to natural antibodies, IgM. With this, antibody depletion is one option to reduce hyperacute rejection, we investigated the effect of PCPP (postcentrifugal plasmapheresis) on the depletion of natural antibodies and the effect of antibody titer on xenograft survival. Material and Method: Outbred swines (n=4) weighing 10∼20 kg were used as donors and mongrel dogs (n=4) weighing 25∼30 kg were used as recipients. Recipient canines underwent plasmapheresis (COBE TPE Laboratories, Lakewood. CO, USA). Pre-transplantation PCPP was peformed on day -2 and day 0. There were three groups (Group 0: no PCPP, Group 1: 1 pla sma-volume (PV) at day -2 and 2 PV at day 0, Group 2: 2 PV at day -2 and 2 PV at day 0). A swine heart was heterotopically transplanted into a recipient's abdominal infrarenal aorta and inferior vena cava. Mean percent depletion of total IgM and IgG in plasma of the recipients was calculated. Serum albumin, electrolyte, complement activity and coagulation factors were measured. Histopathologic examination of heart specimens was performed. Result: Mean percent depletion of IgM and IgG were 95.7$\pm$1.2%, 80.5$\pm$2.4% in the group 2 at the end of PCPP. The percent depletion of serum albumin concentration was decreased from 2.8 to 1.4 g/㎗ in the group 1 and 3.0 to 1.5 g/㎗ in the group 2. Complement hemolytic activity was decreased in group 1 and 2, but returned to normal level within 24 hours. Complement hemolytic activity was reduced to 10% of pre-PCPP level in group 2. Serum fibrinogen decreased to 20% or less and was recovered within 24 hours in group 2. Antithrombin III decreased but less than fibrinogen. PT and aPTT were sometimes but not always prolonged during plasmapheresis. After plasmapheresis, PT and aPTT were prolonged beyond the measurable level. D-dimer was not found during PCPP, but appeared and maintained from 10 minutes after trasplantation. Graft Survival time was 5 min in group 0, and it was 90$\pm$0 min in the group 2. Histopathologic changes were more typically characterized by edema, hemorrhages, thrombosis in all groups at the end of experiment. Conclusion: PCPP effectively removed immuoglobulins and reduced the titer of natural antibodies, as a result, significantly prololonged swine heart xenograft survival.

Inhibitory Effects of Cinnamon, Clove and Lemongrass Essential Oils against Biofilm Formation by Food Poisoning Bacteria (식중독 미생물의 biofilm 형성에 대한 계피, 정향 및 레몬그래스 정유의 억제 효과)

  • Kim, Hyeong-Eun;Kim, Yong-Suk
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.36 no.5
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    • pp.430-439
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    • 2021
  • Essential oils with excellent antibacterial activity were used to study the inhibitory effect against the six types of food poisoning biofilms formed on the surfaces of polyethylene (PE) and stainless steel (SS) that are widely used for food processing instruments and containers. The antibacterial activity of 20 kinds of essential oils was tested using the disk diffusion method. The result showed the degree of antibacterial activity in the following order: cinnamon> clove> lemongrass> peppermint> pine needle (highest to lowest). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of cinnamon and clove oil were in the range of 0.63-1.25 mg/mL and 1.25-2.50 mg/mL, respectively. The MIC and MBC of lemongrass oil were 1.25-2.50 mg/mL and 2.50-5.00 mg/mL, respectively, showing slightly less antibacterial activity. Although the preventive effect of three types of essential oils on the biofilm formation differed slightly depending on food poisoning bacteria, PE, and SS, it was found that the precoating of 0.5% cinnamon, clove, and lemongrass oil on the PE and SS affects the formation of biofilm. Increased essential oil concentration significantly inhibited the biofilm formation for all food poisoning bacteria (P<0.05), and biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus were not formed when treated with 0.5% cinnamon and clove oil. The elimination effect of food poisoning bacteria biofilms formed on the surfaces of PE and SS differed depending on the type of food poisoning bacteria. Still, the biofilm elimination effect increased as the essential oil concentration increased, and the biofilm elimination rate of clove oil was generally high. Therefore, this study found that the cinnamon and clove essential oils (0.5%) are suitable natural materials that effectively prevent, inhibit, and remove the biofilms formed by the food poisoning bacteria on the surfaces of polyethylene and stainless steel.

Anti-oxidative and Anti-cancer Activities of Ethanol Extract of Litsea populifolia (인체 폐암 세포주 A549에서 Litsea populifolia 추출물의 항산화 및 항암활성 분석)

  • Jin, Soojung;Oh, You Na;Jeong, Hyun Young;Yun, Hee Jung;Park, Jung-ha;Kwon, Hyun Ju;Kim, Byung Woo
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.29 no.6
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    • pp.679-687
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    • 2019
  • Litsea populifolia, a plant species of the Lauraceae family, is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas of Asia. The phylogenetic relationships and botanical characteristics of L. populifolia have been reported; however, its anti-oxidative and anti-cancer activities remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the anti-oxidative and anti-cancer effects of ethanol extracts of L. populifolia (EELP) together with the molecular mechanism of its anti-cancer activity in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. EELP showed significant anti-oxidative effects with a 50% inhibitory concentration at $11.71{\mu}g/ml$, which was measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. EELP exhibited cytotoxic activity and induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas EELP did not have the cytotoxic effect on the normal human lung cell line IMR90. Treatment with EELP also resulted in a decreased expression of G1/S transition-related molecules-including cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, CDK6, cyclin D1, and cyclin E-both for the transcription and translation levels. EELP-induced G1 arrest was associated with the phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), p53, cell division cycle 25 homolog A (CDC25A), and the reduction of CDC25A expression in A549 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that EELP may exert an anti-cancer effect by cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase through both p53-dependent and p53-independent (ATM/CHK2/CDC25A/CDK2) pathways in A549 cells.

Effects of Artificial CO2 Release in Soil on Chlorophyll Content and Growth of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis Seedlings (토양 내 인위적인 이산화탄소 누출에 따른 소나무와 굴참나무 묘목의 엽록소 함량과 생장 반응)

  • Kim, Hyun-Jun;Han, Seung Hyun;Kim, Seongjun;Chang, Hanna;Son, Yowhan
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.107 no.4
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    • pp.351-360
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    • 2018
  • This study was conducted to analyze the responses of chlorophyll contents and growth of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis seedlings on distance from the well and $CO_2$ flux after the artificial $CO_2$ release. From June 1 to 30, 2016, $CO_2$ gas was injected at the rate of $6L\;min^{-1}$ at the study site in Eumseong. Chlorophyll content was analyzed in the middle of July, 2016, and root collar diameter (RCD), height (H), and biomass were measured in May and December, 2016 after planting 2-year-old P. densiflora and 1-year-old Q. variabilis seedlings in May, 2015. The chlorophyll content of P. densiflora seedlings did not show a significant correlation with $CO_2$ flux, whereas the chlorophyll content of Q. variabilis seedlings showed a significant negative correlation with increasing $CO_2$ flux (P<0.05). The RCD and H growth rates of both species showed the significant difference in the distance from the well of the $CO_2$ anthropogenic release treatment. In particular, the RCD and H growth rate of P. densiflora seedlings and the RCD growth rate of Q. variabilis seedlings increased significantly as the seedlings were closer to the well, but the H growth rate of Q. variabilis seedlings decreased significantly. In addition, as the $CO_2$ concentration in the ground increases, ${\Delta}R/S$ ratio increases in both species, suggesting that the high $CO_2$ concentration in the soil promotes carbon distribution relative to the root part. The results of this study can be used as data necessary to monitor the $CO_2$ leakage and physiological and growth responses of both species to leakage of stored $CO_2$ in the future.

The Implementation of a HACCP System through u-HACCP Application and the Verification of Microbial Quality Improvement in a Small Size Restaurant (소규모 외식업체용 IP-USN을 활용한 HACCP 시스템 적용 및 유효성 검증)

  • Lim, Tae-Hyeon;Choi, Jung-Hwa;Kang, Young-Jae;Kwak, Tong-Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.42 no.3
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    • pp.464-477
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    • 2013
  • There is a great need to develop a training program proven to change behavior and improve knowledge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate employee hygiene knowledge, hygiene practice, and cleanliness, before and after HACCP system implementation at one small-size restaurant. The efficiency of the system was analyzed using time-temperature control after implementation of u-HACCP$^{(R)}$. The employee hygiene knowledge and practices showed a significant improvement (p<0.05) after HACCP system implementation. In non-heating processes, such as seasoned lettuce, controlling the sanitation of the cooking facility and the chlorination of raw ingredients were identified as the significant CCP. Sanitizing was an important CCP because total bacteria were reduced 2~4 log CFU/g after implementation of HACCP. In bean sprouts, microbial levels decreased from 4.20 logCFU/g to 3.26 logCFU/g. There were significant correlations between hygiene knowledge, practice, and microbiological contamination. First, personnel hygiene had a significant correlation with 'total food hygiene knowledge' scores (p<0.05). Second, total food hygiene practice scores had a significant correlation (p<0.05) with improved microbiological qualities of lettuce salad. Third, concerning the assessment of microbiological quality after 1 month, there were significant (p<0.05) improvements in times of heating, and the washing and division process. On the other hand, after 2 months, microbiological was maintained, although only two categories (division process and kitchen floor) were improved. This study also investigated time-temperature control by using ubiquitous sensor networks (USN) consisting of an ubi reader (CCP thermometer), an ubi manager (tablet PC), and application software (HACCP monitoring system). The result of the temperature control before and after USN showed better thermal management (accuracy, efficiency, consistency of time control). Based on the results, strict time-temperature control could be an effective method to prevent foodborne illness.

The Study on Usefulness of LEAP Collimator in Lung Ventilation SPECT (Lung Ventilation SPECT에서 LEAP Collimator의 유용성에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Jung Soo;Kim, Soo Mee;Kim, Jin Eui;Lee, Jae Sung;Lee, Dong Soo
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.18-24
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    • 2012
  • Purpose : Although lung ventilation SPECT (LV-SPECT) has a good sensitivity in detection of deep lung lesions, it is difficult to apply the LV-SPECT to patients having breathing problems due to limited examination time. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of LEAP collimator, which provides high detection sensitivity and tolerable resolution, for the LV-SPECT in terms of diagnostic accuracy and examination time. Materials and Methods : Four volunteers inhaled Technegas (370 MBq) and the lung ventilation planar scan (LVPS, 300 counts/view (cpv)) with LEHR collimator was performed using Siemens E.cam scanner as a reference test. LV-SPECT scans were performed with three collimators, LEHR, LEUHR, and LEAP, in low (7 kcpv) and high (70 kcpv) counting modes. The count ratios of left (LT) and right (RT) lung segments were calculated on the geometric mean view of anterior and posterior images for LVPS and on the summed coronal images of LV-SPECT, respectively. Comparing to LVPS, the usefulness of three different collimators for LV-SPECT was evaluated through statistical analysis (paired t-test), on count ratios of lung segments. Results : The average LT:RT ratio in LVPS was 47:53. For LV-SPECT, there were negligible difference of the LT:RT ratios (48:52 on average) among three different collimators in low and high counting modes. Comparing to standard LVPS with LEHR, all LV-SPECTs with different collimators resulted in similar diagnostic accuracy through paired t-test (p>0.05). The scan time in LVPS (6 views) was 17.3 min. For LV-SPECT (128 views) in low counting mode, it took 18.7 (LEUHR), 15.0 (LEHR), and 12.3 min (LEAP), respectively. Conclusion : Comparing to standard LVPS, the LV-SPECT with LEAP in low counting mode provided the comparable diagnostic accuracy in addition to shortened scan time.

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Studies for Antibiotic Free Chicken Production Using Water Extracts from Artemisia capillaris and Camellia sinensis (인진쑥 및 녹차 추출물을 이용한 무항생제 닭고기 생산 연구)

  • Kim, Dong-Wook;Kim, Ji-Hyuk;Kang, Geun-Ho;Kang, Hwan-Ku;Park, Sung-Bok;Park, Jae-Hong;Bang, Han-Tae;Kim, Min-Ji;Na, Jae-Cheon;Chae, Hyun-Suk;Choi, Hee-Chul;Suh, Ok-Suk;Kim, Sang-Ho;Kang, Chang-Won
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.30 no.6
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    • pp.975-988
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    • 2010
  • Two experiments were conducted to determine whether water extracts from Artemisia capillaries (A. capillaries) and Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) could be used as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler feed. The experiment 1 was verified their chemical composition, extracts yields, total phenolic compounds concentration, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, and chicken splenocytes proliferation through in vitro test. The extract yields of A. capillaries and C. sinensis were 26.5 and 16.8%, respectively. Total phenolic compounds concentrations of them expressed as gallic acid equivalent were 15.28 and 26.74 mg/mL, respectively. Electron donating abilities of them expressed as $SC_{50}$ showing 50% DPPH radical scavenging were 0.30 and 0.06 mg, respectively. Bacterial inhibitory rates of them against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella Typhimurium were ranged from 42.1 to 52.3% and from 21.6 to 33.7%, respectively. And, these extracts increased proliferation of chicken splenocytes. Especially, A. capillaris was more excellent than Echinacea and Concanavalin A known as T-cell stimulator. The experiment 2 was investigated their effects on growth performance, relative organ weight, cecal microflora, blood biochemical parameters, and splenic cytokines mRNA expression in broiler chicks. Four hundred eighty 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided in to 4 treatment groups with 4 replicates of 30 birds in each group: NC (control, no antibiotics), PC (avilamycin, 10 ppm; salinomycin, 60 ppm), AC (A. capillaries, 100 ppm), and CS (C. sinensis, 100 ppm); treatments were administered through water supplementation. Final body weight was significantly higher in all treated groups than in NC (p<0.05). Cecal Salmonella numbers were significantly or somewhat decreased in all treated groups than in NC (p<0.05). The relative weights and lengths of the small intestine were more significantly decreased in the PC and AC groups than in the other groups. Cecal Salmonella numbers were significantly or somewhat decreased in all treated groups than in the NC group (p<0.05). The contents of total cholesterol, aspatate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase in blood serum were more significantly decreased in all treated groups than in NC (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggested the possibility that these extracts could serve as alternatives for antibiotic growth promoters.