• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.823-828
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• 2006

We established the optimal conditions for the hot water extraction of Camellia japonica compounds based on the yield, the stability (observed by peak changes on an HPLC chromatogram), and the 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity of the extracts. The extracts were prepared at $90^{\circ}C$ using six solution volumes (ranging from 100 mL to 600 mL), and four different extraction times (10, 30, 60, and 120 min). The results showed that increasing of the extraction volume elevated the radical-scavenging activity of the extracts; however, changes in volume had minimal affects on their yields and their stabilities. An increase in extraction time improved the compound yield; however, it reduced their stability and increased the deterioration of their radical-scavenging activity. Based on our results, we propose the following conditions to be optimal for the hot water extraction of dried C. japonica leaves: a water volume (mL) that is 60 times the weight (g) of the sample at a temperature of $90^{\circ}C$ for 30 min.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.267-280
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• 2015

The study was conducted to evaluate effects of time and degree of defoliation on growth of 'Wonhwang' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees managing with low pesticides as well as regrowth of cuttings in vitro. Treatments included degree of defoliation (20% and 60%) with time of defoliation (Early-Aug, End-Aug, and Early-Sep); Early-Aug (20%), Early-Aug (60%), End-Aug (20%), End-Aug (60%), Early-Sep (20%), Early-Sep (60%), and No defoliation. No defoliation and Early-Sep (20%) defoliation increased growth of water sprouts and new shoots, which were improved by delayed defoliation or 20% of defoliation. Total-C, total-N, B, and free sugar contents increased in No defoliation-shoots but decreased in End-Aug (60%)-shoots. Delayed defoliation increased total-C, total-N, and free sugar in shoots, with high contents of C, K, Ca, Mg, and B observed for 20% of defoliation-trees. Fruit yield and weight or fruit length increased in No defoliation, End-Aug (20%) defoliation, and Early-Sep (20%) defoliation, but reduced in End-Aug (60%). Fruit soluble solids content reduced in defoliation in August. Time of defoliation did not affect the fruit yield and fruit quality, while degree of defoliation influenced yield and fruit weight and length. Defoliation at End-Aug (60%) mostly increased the leakage rates of the stem cuttings at $-18^{\circ}C$ and $-21^{\circ}C$ in vitro and reduced the germination rates at $-24^{\circ}C$ and $-27^{\circ}C$. Under comparison of time and degree of defoliation, the Early-Sep defoliation increased germination rates of the stem cuttings at $-27^{\circ}C$ in vitro, and 60% of defoliation decreased the germination rates compared to the 20% of defoliation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2013

The effects of chlorine dioxide gas ($ClO_2$) treatments between high-concentration-short-time and low-concentration-long-time on maintaining the quality of cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv 'unicorn') were investigated. Tomatoes were treated with 5 ppm for 10 min and 10 ppm for 3 min as high-concentration-short-time $ClO_2$ gas treatment conditions and 1 ppm for once a day interval in terms of low-concentration-long-time $ClO_2$ gas treatment condition, respectively. After $ClO_2$ gas treatments, tomatoes were storage at 5 and $23^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. Weight loss, changes in tomato color, firmness, soluble solids content, pH, growth of total microorganism, and decay rate were evaluated. On day 7, tomatoes treated with chlorine dioxide gas showed low values of respiratory rate, total microbial growth, and decay rate compared to those of tomato without chlorine dioxide gas treatment. Additionally, tomatoes treated the chlorine dioxide were kept the values of firmness and soluble solids content during storage. However, chlorine dioxide gas treatment on tomatoes had no direct effect on weight loss, pH, and color. Results showed that both $ClO_2$ concentration and treatment time played the important roles for keeping the quality of tomatoes during storage. Tomatoes with chlorine dioxide gas treatment of low-concentration-long-time had more effective values of firmness, the total microbial growth, and decay rate than those with two chlorine dioxide gas treatments of high-concentration-short-time. Results suggest the potential use of chlorine dioxide gas treatment of low-concentration-long-time as an highly effective method for keeping the freshness of cherry tomato.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.655-665
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• 2014

The effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on kohlrabi (Brassica olerace L. gongulodes group)'s quality and antioxidant molecule during storage was examined to determine the optimal film package for maintaining freshness. To extend shelf life, MAP was tested using PE $50{\mu}m$ and oriented polypropylene (OPP) films with oxygen transmission rate (OTR) at 3,000, 10,000, $15,000mL/m^2/day/atm$. The OPP film packaging with modified oxygen transmission rate showed a delay in a weight loss and extended storage period. The package with OTR 3000 attained the desired gas composition of $O_2$ 3.2-6.7 kPa and $CO_2$ 13.1-19.8 kPa, in storage at room temperature. Kohlrabi stored in this package showed the lowest weight loss and the highest visual quality. Deterioration and off-odor were developed more rapidly in PE $50{\mu}m$ towards the end of the storage at room temperature. However, there are no differences among OTR films in visual quality and off-odor until 60 days at cold storage. Vitamin C content of kohlrabi was reduced rapidly in OTR 15000 with high transmission rate and showed less loss in PE $50{\mu}m$ and OTR 3000 in both room temperatures and cold storage. Results revealed that an OPP film with OTR 3000 extended the shelf life of kohlrabi in storage with maintained quality and vitamin C.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2003

The leaf aqueous extracts from five gymnosperms plant were investigated for allelopathy with five Hibiscus syriacus varieties. The leaf aqueous extract of Pinus rigida had the highest total phenolic compound of 2.21mg/L, whereas the soil under Pinus koraiensis canopy had the highest total phenolic compound of 1.38mg/L. Fourteen phenolic compounds were isolated from five gymnosperm plants by HPLC. Among them, phenolic compounds were the highest in P. rigida (320.56 g/mg) with the primary compound 5-sulfosalicylic acid (312.55 g/mg). The correlation between leaf total phenolic compound and pH was not significant, while the total phenolic compound of the leaf extract changed soil pH. The relative seed germination of H. syriacus varieties showed 25% was threshold concentration. The germination rates of varieties were similar to the control group or showed slight stimulation to treatment of P. koraiensis extract. H. syriacus Cambanha was similar to the control group or showed stimulation in all treated groups. H. syriacus Seohohyang showed stimulation in both root and shoot growth compared to the control group. In other varieties except Seohohyang, shoot growth was similar to the control group, while root growth was stimulated in all treated groups. The extracts of tested gymnosperms showed significantly more stimulation to transplanted Seohohyang seedlings, whereas others were similar to control or inhibited in the greenhouse. The dry weight of Seohohyang was greater in all treated groups than the control group, while other varieties were inhibited. All gymnosperm extracts stimulated the chlorophyll contents of Seohohyang and H. syriacus Koyoro but other varieties were not significantly affected. Accordingly, it is suggested that Seohohyang seems the most desirable when planted within these five gymnosperms.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.57-73
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• 1996

These studies were consist of two sub-experiment. In order to study the effect of Banhahubaktang on the Cell-cytotoxicity In vitro. We had put through MTT Assay. In order to investigate the effects of Banhahubaktang on the ICR mice which had Abdominal tumor induced by Sarcoma-180 cell line, C57BL/6 mice which had pulmonary melanoma induced by B16 cell line. After Sarcoma-180 cell line and B16 cell line were transplanted, the extract of Banhahubaktang was orally administered to the mice to observe the extension of survival time of the mice, inhibition of solid tumor, inhibition of pulmonary melanoma metastasis. productivity of Interleukin-2, NK-Activity. The results were summarized as follows: 1. On the MTT assay, in case of $100{\mu}g/ml$ and $10{\mu}g/ml$ of Banhahubaktang concentration were inhibited cell viability significantly. But $1{\mu}g/ml$ of Banhahubaktang was tended to inhibit cell viability with no significance. 2. In the effect of life extension, Banhahubaktang treated group appeared to survive longer than the control group, but which were not significant. 3. In the effect of inhibit solid tumor, Banhahubaktang treated group appeared to decrease than the control group, but which were not significant. 4. In the effect of inhibit melanoma pulmonary metastasis. Banhahubaktang treated group appeared to inhibit than the control group significantly. 5. In the productivity of Interleukin-2, on 7 and 14 day, Banhahubaktang treated group increased than control group, which were significant. But on 21 day, test group and control group were much in common. 6. In the NK-Activity, Banhahubaktang treated group and control group were much in common.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.2634-2648
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• 1972

The aim of this Study is to bring Light on the effect of irrigation water temperature to the growth and harvest of Paddy rice in Various water Sources. 1. This research was completed in the writer's home nursery garden Located in Chungyoung-Ri, Hoeng sung-Myun, Hoengusung-Konn, Kangwan-Do. 2. The variety of Paddy rice was the IR667. 3. Practice was done by the treatment I .e river water, reservoir, tube well cold and tuke well warm with 3 riplications each. 4. The Paddy was transplanted in a pot 0.9 meter height and 1 meter Square without hottom filled with paddy soil to a planting depth 0.5 meter. The pot was laid underground and Covered with a film of polyethylene to keep of the rain. 5. The method of Cultivation was that used by the Filed Crops Experiment Station of the Office of Rural Development. 6. Atmospheric temperature was recorded every day of the growing period. The precipitation and Sun light was quoted by the KF-46 of Hoengsung. 7. The Soils in the test plots was relatively fortile, being Similar to ordinary paddy soils. 8. The charactor of irrigation water of surface and underground was both normal. 9. During the period of growth the average temperature of the underground water as $14.2^{\circ}C$ and that of the Surface was $24.1^{\circ}$. 10. The most useful water for the rice growing was that of river and reservoir while underground water was found to be generally injurious to the paddy growth because of low temperature. 11. In the case of underground water, there proved to be such harmful effects as reduction of culm length, rate of mature grain, panicle Length and grain weight and delay of tillering time, and heading time. Reading Therefore the writer conduded that the harvest of rice irrigated with underground water Showed a reduction of 15.8% compered with the rice irrigated by surface water.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.1017-1024
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• 2011

Korean wheat semolina (FS: fine semolina) with similar characteristics to durum wheat semolina was substituted at rates of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% in pasta dough and the physical and cooking characteristics were investigated for making optimal pasta. Water absorption of the dough increased with the 10, 20, and 30% substitution ratio of FS. Development times were high with >30% substituted FS. This result positively influenced an increase in production and the preparation of the fresh noodle pasta. Furthermore, soft textured fresh noodles could be made due to the decrease in stability and increased weakness of the >30% substituted FS. The amylograph gelatinization characteristics of Korean wheat semolina exhibited an increase of gelatinization temperature and decrease of maximum viscosity when compared with durum wheat. The handling property of the dough showed more than 4 points in all sample groups. Weight and volume decreased and turbidity and cooking loss increased according to the increasing amount of substituted FS. However, samples with ${\leq}$ 30% FS substitution ratio had similar volumes and cooking losses when compared to the control. The L- and a-values increased and the b-value of color decreased as more FS was added. In a texture analysis, the hardness of the cooking noodles showed a low value with the >30% substituted FS. Springiness, gumminess, and chewiness exhibited a high value. In the results of a sensory evaluation, overall acceptability was high score with more than 7 points for the 30% added FS. The preferences for pasta colors were divided into white, which is similar to the Korean traditional noodle, and yellow, which is similar to durum wheat. Flavor and taste were not affected by substituting with FS. Low hardness and high chewiness was the most preferred noodle. These results suggest that >30% substituted FS was suitable for increasing quality and organoleptic qualities of Korean wheat pasta.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate changes in biochemical composition of rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, enriched with the commercial enrichments (Enhance, Advantage, Algamac-2000, DHA-Selco and Advantage ＋ Chlorella) at various durations of enrichment (0, 6, 12 and 24 hr) to improve the growth and survival of marine fish larvae. Total lipid content of rotifers enriched with various enrichments tended to increase with an increase in durations of enrichment up to 6 hr, but after that, was not significantly affected by enrichment materials. However, total protein content of rotifers enriched groups except for Advantage＋Chlorella decreased with the increase in duration of enrichment. The highest protein/lipid ratio showed 2.7 in rotifer enriched with the Advantage ＋Chlorella. The phospholipid/lipid ratio of rotifer enriched with the Enhance, Advantage and Advantage＋Chlorella groups was significantly higher than that of enriched rotifer with the Algamac-2000 and DHA-Selco groups. The highest DHA level, 2.5%, of rotifer enriched for 24 hr was obtained in the Advantage, but was not significantly different among other groups, except for Algamac-2000. No significant difference in DHA level of rotifer enriched with the DHA-Selco, Algamac-2000 and Advantage＋Chlorella groups was observed between l2h and 24hr of enrichment. The DHA/EPA ratio in the enriched rotifers varied among enrichment material groups, ranged from a high level of 11.1：1 in the Advantage＋Chlorella group to a low level of 4.1：1 in DHA-Selco group. The results from this study indicate that rotifers enriched with Enhance, Advantage and Advantage＋Chlorella seemed to be effective to improve nutritional value of rotifer for marine fish larvae because phospholipid, DHAJEPA and protein/lipid ratios of rotifer enriched with Enhance, Advantage＋Chlorella were higher than those of rotifer enriched with either DHA-Selco or Algamac-2000. Especially, supplementation of the Chlorella to these enrichments would appear to be effective for improvement of fish larval performance because of no reduction of protein level in rotifer, which is critical for growth of fish larvae.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Vita2000 on growth performances and immune response in broiler chickens. One-day-old male chicks were fed diets containing 0, 0.5 and 1% Vita2000 (with or without antibiotics) for 5 wks. There were no significant differences in daily weight gain among the treatments, but feed intake in 1% Vita2000 groups (T3 and T4) were significantly lower than control (P<0.05). The relative abdominal fat weight and the level of crude fat in leg meat on groups fed diets containing 1% Vita2000 (T3 and T4) were significantly decreased as compared to those of control (P<0.05). The content of cholesterol in leg meat was not affect by dietary treatment. The intestinal total microbes, Coli form, Lactic acid bacteria and Salmonella spp. from bird fed 1% Vita2000 diets was significantly reduced compared to those of control. The production of IB antibody in chicks fed diet containing 0.5% Vita2000 was significantly higher than that of control groups. The overall results indicate that dietary Vita2000 may be a valuable alternative to antibiotics for optimizing growth performances, particularly for reducing the abdominal fat of broiler chicks.