• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.819-825
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• 2001

Characteristics (salt concentration, weight loss, soluble solid content, moisture content, pH, textural properties) of kakdugi radish cube (2$\times$2$\times$2 cm) were evaluated during salting. Four different radish cultivars harvested in spring were immersed into 5, 10 or 15% brine (radish : brine - 1 : 2) at 15$^{\circ}C$ for 5 hr. The time required to reach the optimum salt concentration (3.0%) was different among cultivars; in 10% brine solution, 5 hr for ‘Bakbong’and ‘9621’, and 4 hr ‘Bagkwang’ and ‘Housebommu’, in 15% brine, 3 hr for ‘Bakbong’and ‘9621’, and 2 hr for ‘Bagkwang’and ‘Housebommu’. While the highest value of weight loss of kakdugi radish cube was observed with ‘Bagkwang’, the lowest, ‘Bakbong’. There was a decrease of pH of kakdugi radish during salting ; while ‘Bakbong’ showed little change in pH, ‘Bakbong’and ‘Housebommu’ showed large decrease of pH. Hardness and fracturability decreased during salting; the highest value of hardness was observed with ‘Bagkwang’, the lowest, ‘Bagkwang’. ‘Bakbong’ has the lowest moisture content, but the highest soluble solid content, while ‘Bagkwang’and ‘Housebommu’ have the highest moisture content, but the lowest soluble solid content. There was a similarity of characteristics of kakdugi radish cube between two cultivars, ‘Bagkwang’and ‘Housebommu’.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.522-528
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• 2005

Effects of packaging and storage temperature on the quality and shelf life of mungbean sprouts(vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) were studied Mungbean sprouts were packaged in polypropylene films(PP) and oriented polypropylene films(OPP) with 200 g, 250 g, and 300 g and stored at $4^{\circ}C,\;8^{\circ}C$ and $12^{\circ}C$, respectively. The deterioration of quality of mungbean sprouts during storage was caused by wilting of hypocotyl, abscission of cotyledon and softening of tissue. Total weight loss never exceeded $1\%$ and no visible signs of shrivelling of mungbean sprouts were observed. At $4^{\circ}C,\;30{\mu}m$ of OPP film per 250 g mungbean sprouts provided the optimal atmosphere composition(i.e. $3\%\;\O_2\;and\;5\%\;CO_2$). A shelf life of 6 days was achieved with these conditions. Hardness of hypocotyl, when deterioration in freshness began, was about 1,027.2 g when considerably deteriorated Hunter b value was 13 in deteriorated hypocotyl, vs. 11 for hypocotyl of fresh mungbean sprouts was accelerated by fluctuating storage temperature by the increment of storage time. It also was found that the optimum shelf life period was estimated to be 6, 2 and 2 days for 4, 8 and $12^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.426-430
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• 1994

To establish the proper size of seedling of A. gigas, different weight of seedlings were used for this study. Agronomic characters including plant height, number of leaf, leaf length, number of inflorescence, fresh weight and rate of bolting of the aerial parts, root length, root diameter, number of lateral root and root weight of the underground parts were determined and correlation coefficients among them were estimated. Growth of A. gigas showed the significant vigor for all the characters of the aerial parts along with increasing of seedling weight, but root weight in yield decreased in proportion to increasing of seedling weight due to lignification of the root tissue. When the smaller seedlings were transplanted, bolting rates decreased to about 16% as compared with the traditional size of seedlings. Correlation coefficients between aerial and root characters in A. gigas were negative, and the characters such as plant height, number of leaf, number of inflorescence and fresh weight per plant showed highly significant correlation with the rate of bolting which is one of the characters having great influence on yield.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2002

This study was conducted to compare ozone sensitivity among Betula sp. by measuring visible foliar injuries and growth responses. Four Betula sp.(B. costata, B. davurica, B. platyphylla var.japonica and B. ermani) grown in the greenhouse, were transplanted in the plastic pots. One-year-old seedlings of four Betula sp. exposed to relatively high ozone concentration(100 ppb) for 8 h day$^{-1}$ for 5 weeks in fumigation chamber. We measured visible injuries, leaf numbers and leaf areas at the end of experiments, and growth effects were evaluated by measuring the relative growth rate(RGR) of height and diameter and the dry weights of leaf, stem and root once a week. Four Betula species showed the significant differences for growth responses by the ozone treatment. Growths of three species, except for B. ermani, were significantly reduced by the $O_3$ exposure. B. costata with leaf senescence at the early growing stage and B. davurica indicated highest visible foliar injury rate may be the sensitive species at the 100 ppb ozone concentration. Although the growth rate of B. ermani was reduced by 100 ppb ozone exposure at the early growing stage, B. ermani may be a tolerance species that recover the growth rate with the adaptation for the high ozone concentration.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.182-182
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• 2003

1.연구목적 : Cr $O_3$은 금속 도금용, 페인트 둥에 많이 사용되며 독성이 강하여 그동안 근로자 건강장해 및 직업병 사례가 많이 발생하였다. 그러나 산화크롬의 흡입에 의한 연구자료는 매우 부족하다. 이에 흡입챔버를 이용 Rats에 흡입노출을 통하여 유해성을 평가하고 각 장기에 흡수되는 크롬의 농도평가와 회복기간에 따라 각 장기별로 흡수된 크롬의 소실속도 둥을 연구하였으며 더불어 회복기간과 제거율의 상관관계 및 체내 반감기 등을 연구하였다. 2. 연구방법 : Cr $O_3$를 폐내 침착율 및 흡수율이 높은 0.5～5$\mu\textrm{m}$ 크기의 aerosol형태로 SD Rats 수컷에 전신폭로 하였다. 노출농도는 0.00, 0.20, 0.50, 1.25mg/㎥(Cr)으로 하여 1일 6시간, 주 5일, 13주간 반복 노출하였고 회복군은 시험물질 종료일을 기준으로 2주, 8주 경과 후 조직장기와 전혈, 혈장 및 적혈구내, 뇨 중 각각의 크롬농도를 분석하였으며 혈액 및 혈액 생화학적 검사도 병행하였다 3. 연구결과 : 혈액검사에서 0.20, 0.50 mg/㎥ 농도군 실험동물의 RBC와 HGB, HCT 둥은 감소의 경향을 보였으나 농도 의존적이지는 않았다. 신장의 절대중량은 대조군에 비해 유의하게 (p<0.05) 감소하고 폐장의 경우는 대조군에 비해 유의한(p<0.05) 절대중량 증가를 보였다 시험물질 노출 후 혈액 중 전혈, 혈장, 적혈구의 회복기간(x)별 크롬농도(y)의 소실속도 상관계수 (노출농도 0.50mg/㎥군의 경우)는 y = 66.51 $e^{0.057}$x/, y = 67.2 $e^{0.101}$x/, y = 70.01 $e^{0.030}$x/, 반감기는 12.0, 6.86, 23.0 일이고 폐장, 간장, 신장의 회복기간(x)별 크롬농도(y)의 소실속도 상관계수 (노출농도 0.50 mg/㎥군의 경우)는 y = 1808 $e^{0.004}$93x/, y = 12.02 $e^{0.029}$7x/, y = 67.61 $e^{0.029}$2x/ 반감기는 140.6, 23.3, 23.7 일로 평가되었다. 4. 고찰 : 실험동물의 전혈, 혈청, 뇨에서의 크롬농도와 시험물질 노출농도는 밀접한 상관을 가졌으나 농도에 정비례하지는 않았다. 뇨 중 흡수된 크롬의 경우 회복기간 초기 (12시간 내)에 대부분 배설이 일어나는 것으로 나타났다. 폐장이 간장, 신장 등 다른 장기에 비해 높은 축적량을 보였으며 축적된 크롬농도가 높을수록 크롬의 소실속도는 현저히 저하하는 경향을 보였다. 노출농도가 높을수록 각 장기조직 내 크롬의 소실속도 (clearance)는 크게 감소경향이 있었으며 이는 체내 과부하시 자정작용이 감소하는 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구 결과 SD rat를 이용 반복흡입노출의 경우 생체의 무유해영향농도 (NOAEL)는 0.2mg/㎥이하이며 발암물질을 감안하여 안전계수를 100으로 할 경우 사람에 대한 NOAEL은 0.002mg/㎥이하로 판단되었다. 특히 호흡기와 폐장에 강한 유해성을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다. 것으로 확인되었다.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.565-568
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• 2004

To investigate the effect of soy protein film packaging on the quality of beef, the rate of weight loss, pH, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and microbial (total bacterial count) Salmonella spp., E. coli changes were determined during storage. Beef samples were packaged with soy protein film containing rosemary extract and then stored at $4^{\circ}C$. Soy protein film was effective on prevention of weight loss, compared with the control, regardless of addition of rosemary extract. Change in pH of soy protein films containing the rosemary extract (RPF) was less during storage, compared with the control. Packaging of beef products with RPF inhibited lipid oxidation by $86\%$ at day 8 of storage, compared to the control. RPF packaging also affected the microbial growth, resulting in retardation of total bacteria by more than 1 log cycle. These results indicate that storage of beef packaged with RPF should be appropriate in terms of quality as well as shelf-life.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 2006

The effects of packaging treatments with either low density polyethylene (LDPE) or polypropylene (PP) films on the quality of leaf lettuce were evaluated. It was also stored within a plastic bag (LDPE and PP films) with 4 pelf orated holes (6mm diameter). Changes in weight loss, color difference, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, water content, and general appearance (shape of lettuce) ware investigated Total weight of leaf lettuce packaged within non-pelf orated films decreased slowly over the storage periods at 5 and $20^{\circ}C$. The weight loss of leaf lettuce showed no significant difference between non-pelf orated and perforated films at $20^{\circ}C$. General appearance in leaf lettuce stored at $20^{\circ}C$ was not significantly affected by packaging treatments with LDPE and PP films. The shelf life of non-packaged leaf lettuce at $5^{\circ}C$ was 8 days, whereas packaging treatments with LDPE and PP films showed freshness in leaf lettuce for 30 days of storage. Total chlorophyll and water contents of leaf lettuce packaged within pelf orated and non-pelf orated films decreased gradually during storage. However, no remarkable changes in color difference, levels of chlorophyll and anthocyanin, and water contents were observed in leaf lettuce packaged within perforated and non-pelf orated films. In this experiment, leaf lettuce packaged within LDPE or PP films without any punching holes at $5^{\circ}C$ was the most desirable for extending the quality. These results suggest that non-pelf orated packaging treatment in combination with low storage temperature could be effective in prolonging the shelf life of leaf lettuce

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 1991

Changes in fruit quality and some components of Unshiu orange(Citrus Unshiu Marc. Hayashi) stored at $2^{\circ}C$ in air or a controlled atmosphere(CA, $O_2$ 10%, $CO_2$ 2%) for 111 days were studied. The incidence of rot fruits was higher in air(12.7%) than in CA condition(3.9%). The appearance of the fruits was better in CA condition than in air. There was no significant difference in the weight loss of whole fruits between both storage conditions. The ratio of the flesh weight In whole fruits under CA condition was slightly lower than those in air until 62 days of storage, while it showed no rapid decrease in the later period of storage. Under both storage conditions, the Brix in the flesh increased in the early Period of storage and then decreased slowly, while the free acid contents decreased gradually during storage. In comparison with the fruits stored in air, those under CA condition showed lower total sugar content. The sugar in the flesh of the fruits is composed of sucrose, fructose and glucose. The content of total sugar as well as each sugar showed no distinct difference under both storage conditions. In the flesh of the fruits, citric acid comprised about 90% of the organic acid and malic acid the second abundant acid. During storage, the contents of citric, malic and oxalic acid decreased. Significant difference in the decreasing rate of total organic acid between both stnrage conditions was not found. From the above results, it might be considered that CA could be applied lot the storage of Unshiu orange grown on Cheju

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1976

One of the most common needle leaf species used in planting in Korea is korean pine (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is one of the test species for suitability. The relation of nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine was studied at the Kwang Nung Nursery, Central Branch Station of Forest Research Institute, and about 40km north of Seoul. Nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine, which ranged from 36 to 324 trees per square meters and of 1-1 jack pine, which ranged from 25 to 169 trees per square meters, had a marked effect on caliper, height, dry weight and percent and amount of plantable stock. The soil physical and chemical properties is silt plus clay, 50.55 percent; organic matter, 2.09 percent; total nitrogen, 0.13 percent; available phosphorus, 253.25 ppm; exchangeable potash, 0.46 m.e/100g; and pH, 5.58. As the density of the nursery seedling stand of 2-1 korean pine increases, the average tree height increases (Fig. 1A), but in 1-1 jack pine density do not affect to increase or decrease the average tree height. As the density of nursery bed increases, the average stem caliper (at 2cm above ground line) and dry weight decrease (Fig. 1B), but the decreasing rate is more seriously in 1-1 jack pine than 2-1 korean pine (Fig.5). As increasing the density of nursery bed, the T/R ratio of trees of the test species increase. Also the dry weight of leaf, stem and root parts are decreasing in proportion to the increase of stand density, but the drop rate of jack pine is more rapid than korean pine (table. 1) The patent facts of difference of growth characteristics between 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine were studied. These facts should be used to select the scale of stand density at the nursery bed or the plantable site. Korean pine is demanded high density, on the other hand in jack pine low density are more suitable to manage the stand density. Stands of comparatively low density had the greatest percentage of high-quality stock, and the stands of high density had less than the high quality trees of low density. An important criterion of the best density is percent and number of high-quality trees produced per square meter of bed area. Stem caliper and stem height of seedling is used in most public nurseries to sort seedling into plantable grades. The stock grade standard has set at 4.5mm caliper and 16cm height of 2-1 korean pine as the minimum desired stem caliper and height. By the result studies, the plantable stock grade standards of 2-1 korean pine used at stem height 16cm and stem caliper 4.5mm from public nurseries should be reformed to stem height 18cm and stem caliper 4.0mm by the growth characteristics and the tree distribution of stem height and caliper of relation to density. For the 2-1 korean pine, best density should be about 160 to 200 trees per square meter according to soil fertility. For the 1-1 jack pine, the suitable standard of plantable stock should be at stem height 25cm and caliper 6mm (at 2cm above ground line) and best density was about 100 to 120 trees.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1024-1030
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• 2010

The focus of the study was to maximize the output data for Korean cuisine. This study evaluated the nutritional retention factor for different cuts of Korean beef (Hanwoo beef) subjected to various cooking methods. Five cuts (short rib, sirloin, chuck roll, tenderloin, and fore shank) of Korean Hanwoo beef were prepared and used in this experiment. Two different cooking methods (dry-heat cooking and moisture-heat cooking) were applied to each cut. The sodium contents of dry-heat cooked short rib (86.44), sirloin (76.81), tenderloin (86.65), and fore shank (85.89) decreased. Potassium contents of dryheat cooked sirloin (94.99), chuck roll (89.19), and fore shank (92.66) decreased. Calcium contents of dry-heat cooked sirloin (61.49), chuck roll (73.97), and fore shank (91.46) decreased. Iron contents of dry-heat cooked chuck roll (79.71), and tenderloin (90.79) decreased. Phosphorus contents of dry-heat cooked sirloin (87.87), and tenderloin (99.88) decreased. Mineral contents of all cuts cooked by moisture-heat decreased. Finally, the nutritional retention factor represents output data of each cooking method with yield % of each item.