• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.52
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• pp.277-312
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• 2018

First-order cybernetics during the 1940s and 1950s aimed for control of an observed system, while second-order cybernetics during the mid-1970s aspired to address the mechanism of an observing system. The former pursues an objective, subjectless, approach to a system, whereas the latter prefers a subjective, personal approach to a system. Second-order observation must be noted since a human observer is a living system that has its unique cognition. Maturana and Varela place the autopoiesis of this biological system at the core of second-order cybernetics. They contend that an autpoietic system maintains, transforms and produces itself. Technoscientific recreation of biological autopoiesis opens up to a new step in cybernetics: what I describe as third-order cybernetics. The formation of technoscientific autopoiesis overlaps with the Fourth Industrial Revolution or what Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee call the Second Machine Age. It leads to a radical shift from human centrism to posthumanity whereby humanity is mechanized, and machinery is biologized. In two versions of the novel Demon Seed, American novelist Dean Koontz explores the significance of technoscientific autopoiesis. The 1973 version dramatizes two kinds of observers: the technophobic human observer and the technology-friendly machine observer Proteus. As the story concludes, the former dominates the latter with the result that an anthropocentric position still works. The 1997 version, however, reveals the victory of the techno-friendly narrator Proteus over the anthropocentric narrator. Losing his narrational position, the technophobic human narrator of the story disappears. In the 1997 version, Proteus becomes the subject of desire in luring divorcee Susan. He longs to flaunt his male egomaniac. His achievement of male identity is a sign of technological autopoiesis characteristic of third-order cybernetics. To display self-producing capabilities integral to the autonomy of machinery, Koontz's novel demonstrates that Proteus manipulates Susan's egg to produce a human-machine mixture. Koontz's demon child, problematically enough, implicates the future of eugenics in an era of technological autopoiesis. Proteus creates a crossbreed of humanity and machinery to engineer a perfect body and mind. He fixes incurable or intractable diseases through genetic modifications. Proteus transfers a vast amount of digital information to his offspring's brain, which enables the demon child to achieve state-of-the-art intelligence. His technological editing of human genes and consciousness leads to digital standardization through unanimous spread of the best qualities of humanity. He gathers distinguished human genes and mental status much like collecting luxury brands. Accordingly, Proteus's child-making project ultimately moves towards technologically-controlled eugenics. Pointedly, it disturbs the classical ideal of liberal humanism celebrating a human being as the master of his or her nature.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 2014

Objectives : We aimed to explore the relationship among fatigue and perceived stress, depressive mood in the working population. We also examined associations with demographic and life style factors and investigated the effect of individual coping skills on these associations. Methods : Fatigue Severity Scale(FSS), Perceived Stress Scale(PSS), Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument - Korean version(BEPSI-K), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Stress Coping Skill Questionnaire were administered to 621 civil servants. All of above and other demographic factors are self-administered questionnaire survey and this study is cross sectional. Results : Mean FSS score was 3.04 which was lower than 3.22, the severity cut off score. FSS, PSS, BEPSI-K, BDI were all higher in female. Subjects with active coping skills showed relatively low fatigue, perceived stress, depressive mood than those with passive coping skills. Logistic regression analyses indicated that the PSS, BDI, BEPSI-K in working population increase the risk of fatigue and regular exercise lowers the risk. Conclusions : Adults who were afflicted by stress, experienced depressive mood or were physically inactive were at much higher risk of feeling fatigue. Since no other large data sets are available for fatigue, the results from this study could serve a very useful purpose, to furnish a basis for comparison with future research results based on more complete data.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.336-346
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• 2012

This study was carried out to obtain information related to life styles, nutrition knowledge, and dietary habits according to gender and weight status of college students in Ulsan. The subjects were 324 college students (144 males, 180 females), and they were divided into three groups based on BMI. The average BMI was $21.0kg/m^2$, and the BMI of underweight, normal, and overweight students were 15.4%, 63.0%, and 21.6%, respectively. Among the male students, 0.1% and 34.0%, and among the female subjects, 27.2% and 11.7%, were included in the underweight and overweight groups, respectively. For dietary habits, the rate of skipping breakfast (34.9%) was considerably higher than those skipping lunch and dinner. Overall, the nutrition knowledge score, which was assessed by 15 questions, was somewhat low (44.9/100), yet, it was higher in females than in male students. There were significant differences among gender and weight status in several items of dietary habits such as the speed of eating meals, consuming breakfast on a regular basis, and sleeping hours. 40% of the subjects had appropriate knowledge about high calorie foods with low nutritional value. In the blood analysis of the subjects, males had higher hemoglobin levels than females. Further, more females were included in the risk group of Hb, total cholesterol, and LDL. These results suggest that in order to develop nutrition education programs for college students, differences between gender and weight status, dietary habits, and nutrition knowledge level should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.119-129
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• 2019

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive and psychological characteristics of patients who visited psychiatric outpatient clinic with military service suitability issues. Methods : Since January, 2017 to September, 2018, patients were recruited from the department of psychiatry of university hospital. Participants were diagnosed using DSM-5 criteria by board certified psychiatrists. And each of participants tested with K-WAIS-IV, K-SCL-95 by clinical psychologist. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. Results : The results indicated 24.6% of the patients have significantly low level of intellectual functioning. and 10.8% of the patients have borderline level of intellectual functioning, and 26.3% of them were below average. The results of psychological characteristics showed patients have cautious and potentially dangerous level of depression, anxiety, agoraphobia, and suicidal idea. And PTSD subscale's mean score was above problematic level. Next, we divided patients into two groups based on question of whether the patient is eligible to serve in the military service or not arises from recruitment process or army training center. But two group didn't differ significantly. And for further analyses, we also divided patients into two groups based on if they got single psychiatric diagnosis or more than one psychiatric diagnosis. Conclusions : The results indicated that group which has coexisting psychiatric disorders were more depressed, had higher level of anger and aggression, and had more serious levels of suicidal ideas than single psychiatric diagnosis group. The implications and limitations were discussed along with some suggestions for the future studies.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.179-198
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• 2021

Purpose: This study examined general characteristics, health status, accessibility to medical services, health-related quality of life, dietary behavior, and energy and nutrient intakes of the elderly at different levels of food security utilizing data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018). Methods: The elderly subjects (1,721 males and 2,271 females) were divided into 3 groups (secure, mildly insecure, moderately/severely insecure) according to their food security levels. Health and nutrient status was determined using energy intake, nutrient density, the prevalence of insufficient nutrient intake, dietary behavior, and health status. Results: The elderly with food insecurities had a lower self-evaluated health status and a higher prevalence of physician-diagnosed chronic diseases such as arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis for males, and hypertension, stroke, arthritis, and osteoarthritis for females. The associated financial burden was the major reason for not accessing medical services in the food insecure group. Furthermore, the food insecure group had a higher risk of impaired health-related quality of life compared to the secure group. The proportion of subjects with an energy intake below the estimated energy requirement was higher in the food insecure group and a significantly higher prevalence of insufficient intake was observed for all the nutrients (proteins, vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, and iron) assessed in this study compared to the food secure group. Conclusion: This study suggests that food insecurity poses a challenge to the health and nutritional status of the elderly population in Korea and needs proper management. It would be helpful to develop food and nutrition assistance programs to ensure the food stability of the elderly population and assure quality to address gaps in their nutrient intake.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.255-263
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• 2009

Purpose: An osseous defect in the glenoid and humeral head is closely associated with recurrence of anterior shoulder instability. The purpose of this article is to describe the open surgical techniques and introduce our experiences with anterior instability with a significant osseous defect. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the articles that have focused on and/or mentioned the affect of osseous defects on anterior shoulder instability. The open surgical techniques and its related pearls are summarized in this review. Results: Accurate evaluation for the size and location of the osseous defect is critical for preventing recurrence after restoration of the anterior capsulolabral structure. The glenoid bone restoration techniques include the coracoids transfer (the Bristow procedure and the Latarjet procedure) and a structural iliac bone graft. Rotational humeral osteotomy and an osteoarticular allograft could be used for repairing a significant posterosuperior humeral defect (Hill-Sachs lesion). Shoulder arthroplasty may be tried for treating a humeral bone defect, but more study on this is needed. Conclusion: Open surgical restoration decreases the risk of recurrence anterior shoulder instability that is combined with a significant osseous defect. Arthroscopic surgery currently has limitations for treating an osseous defect, but it will become useful in proportion to the development of arthroscopic instruments and techniques in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.815-815
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• 2012

우리나라의 경우 1조원 이상 피해를 입힌 자연재해가 '98년 이후 집중적으로 발생하는 등 최근 급격한 도시화 산업화 및 범지구적인 이상기후 현상으로 자연재해로 인한 피해가 점차 대형화 다양화되는 추세이다. 그에 따른 국내 재해관리 및 사전예방의 중요성은 그 동안 여러 차례 기획사업 및 재정계획을 통해 제시된 바 있으나, 대부분 추진계획 수립에 그치고 실질적인 예산 편성시에는 충분히 반연되지 못한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 우리나라의 재해예방투자사업의 규모와 구체적 계획에 대하여 살펴보고자 한다. 재해사전예방 분야의 기존 투자계획으로는 "제1차 국가안전관리 5개년 기본계획"과 "2005-2009 국가재정운용계획", "수해방지대책 백서" 등이 있었으며 그 중 "제1차 국가안전관리 5개년 기본계획"은 정부역사상 처음으로 시행하는 중 장기 국가재난관리정책으로, 풍수해대책, 설해대책 등의 자연재해를 비롯하여 총 17개의 재난유형별 재난관리대책을 포괄하고 있으며, 11개 부처 및 시도에 대해 27개 사업, 36조 8천억원을 투자하는 계획을 제시하였다. 가장 최근에는 2010년 8월에 국무총리실 주도 재난관리 개선 민관합동 TF팀을 구성하여 기후변화 및 기상이변에 선제적 대응 및 기존 방재체계에 대한 근본 패러다임 전환을 통한 선진적 방재시스템 구축을 추진하기 위하여 기후변화대응 재난관리 개선 종합대책을 마련하였다. 일선 경험이 많은 민간전문가 주도로 철저히 현장 중심의 문제점과 대안을 검토하고 대책을 준비함으로서 기존의 재난관리대책 구축방법과 차별성을 띄었다고 할 수 있다. 이번 재난관리 개선 종합대책에서는 5개 시 도의 현장조사와 기존대책을 분석하고, 전문가 의견 등을 검토하여 도시유역종합치수계획, 소하천 및 사방댐 정비, 소규모 시설 정비 등 26건을 포함한 '99년부터 3회에 걸쳐 추진한 재해관련 범정부 종합대책을 검토하여 필요성이 있으나 추진이 미흡했던 과제는 포함시켰다. 또한 기후변화 대응에 필요한 신규과제 및 재해취약요인이 드러난 도시방재를 위한 개선과제를 집중 검토하도록 하였다. 다수부처 관련 쟁점과제에 대해서는 주관부처를 정하거나 민간 전문가가 참여하는 조정회의 및 세미나, 공청회를 통해 보완 검토하였다. 그 결과로서 2011년 전년대비 재해예방 관련 사업에 대한 국고 투자규모는 도시침수방지 17%, 수자원 관리 25%, 항만 정비 17%, 산사태 예방 24%, 농업기반시설 정비 20%, 위험지 정비 19%, 재난 예측 및 대응시스템 개선 16% 증가하여 투자계획이 수립되었으며 전체적으로는 약 21% 증가된 투자계획이 수립되었다.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.43-53
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• 2015

More than 70 percent of the Korean territory consists of mountain area so development of mountain district is essential to urbanize continuously. Thus, technological developments for risk factors and standards and manuals must be needed to prevent mountain disaster. Risk Management Manual should be made and operated in government legislation related to national disaster, but there is still no Emergency Management Standard Manual and Emergency Response-Practical Manual to prevent mountain disaster. This study suggests the improvement plans that are legislated but not established cleary in the field of disaster in urban area. The main items are like as 1) adaptable standard and practical manual to prevent mountain disaster in urban area, 2) reinforcement between managing department and interagency vertically and horizontally in central and local government organization, 3) Personal SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) not EOP (Emergency Operation Plan), 4) considering 13 items selected by Ministry of Public Safety and Security, 5) schematization with personal action plan, 6) check list to do in the event of mountain disaster, and 7) regular practice per quarter.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2013

In medical research, multivariate analysis, especially multiple regression analysis, is used to analyze the influence of multiple variables on the result. Multiple regression analysis should include variables in the model and the problem of multi-collinearity as there are many variables as well as the basic assumption of regression analysis. The multiple regression model is expressed as the coefficient of determination, $R^2$ and the influence of independent variables on result as a regression coefficient, ${\beta}$. Multiple regression analysis can be divided into multiple linear regression analysis, multiple logistic regression analysis, and Cox regression analysis according to the type of dependent variables (continuous variable, categorical variable (binary logit), and state variable, respectively), and the influence of variables on the result is evaluated by regression coefficient${\beta}$, odds ratio, and hazard ratio, respectively. The knowledge of multivariate analysis enables clinicians to analyze the result accurately and to design the further research efficiently.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1411-1444
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• 2018

The shared economy has been growing rapidly in recent years, creating an innovative economic paradigm based on the growing interest in sustainable development in the environmental aspect, the development of ICT technology, and the spread of mobile, Internet and smart environments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors influencing of the shared economy on the intention of domestic consumers using shared economy services. Also we would like to find out if personal orientation on sustainable development actually have a valid impact on perceived values and intentions of using Shared Economy services. The result of the study shows that the factors affecting the intention to use Shared Economy service were perceived usefulness, subjective norm, perceived risk, and sustainable orientation which are characteristics of Shared Economy service. In addition the result of the indirect effect study Find that the individual felt the emotional value through the perceived usefulness and have the greatest influence on intention to use. Therefore, it implies that the marketing strategy of the Shared Economy service should take into consideration the elements that can feel emotional value through usability. In the future, We research on domestic success and failure cases of Shared Economy services and robust verification of influential factors could be continue.