• Title/Summary/Keyword: 조절마비제

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Comparison of Noncycloplegic Autorefraction, Manifest Refraction and Cycloplegic Autorefraction in School-aged Children (학령기 근시아동에서 비조절마비 자동굴절검사, 검영법, 조절마비 자동굴절검사에 의한 굴절검사값의 비교)

  • Kim, Dae-Young;Lee, Koon-Ja;Baarg, Saang-Bai;Kim, Hyojin
    • Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.123-130
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    • 2010
  • Purpose: The study was conducted to compare the values of auto-refraction, manifest refraction and cycloplegic refraction in school-aged children. Methods: One hundred five myopic school children ranged from 6 to 14 years old (210 eyes, $10.28{\pm}1.59$ years old) were recruited and noncycloplegic auto-refraction (AR) and manifest refraction (MR) were conducted and then underwent cycloplegia and refractive status (CR) again with the auto-refractometer. Results: Refractive powers measured by AR, MR, and CR were highly correlated. However, spherical and cylindrical powers of the subjects measured by AR were measured higher negative power than in CR (p<0.001). From 210 eyes, the discrepancy rate in the spherical and cylindrical powers were 40 eyes (19%) and 19 eyes (9%) of the total subjects, respectively and the differences between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic refractions were higher with the spherical and cylindrical powers increasing. Conclusions: The use of the autorefractometer in children with negative spherical power without cycloplegia may overestimate the actual myopia that subjective refraction is the most important in prescription for the eyeglasses and regression equations would be used to prognose the cycloplegic refraction from the auto-refraction as the basic data for the subjective refraction.

The Effect of cycloplegia in Emmetropia with Use of Cycloplegia (조절마비제로 정시안이 된 눈의 조절마비 효과)

  • Shim, Hyun-Seog;Shim, Moon-Sik;Jang, Seong-Ju
    • Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.201-206
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    • 2006
  • The purpose of this study is observed effect of cycloplegia in emmetropia with use of cycloplegia. We examined the naked visual acuity, mainfest refraction, 105eyes with emmetropia(under SE ${\pm}0.50D$, Cyl ${\pm}1.00D$) after the use of cycloplegia. We used Nidek ARK-700 autorefractometer. Sexual difference of mainfest refraction error showed in male -0.67D, female -0.92D and difference of the CR and the MR male 0.5D, female 0.81D the total mean 0.69D. The naked visual acuity were in male 0.82, female 0.74, total mean 0.77. Age comparison, difference CR and MR were total mean 0.69D and 13 years group 1.1D were the highest. The naked visual acuity were in the highest 10 years group 0.86. Effect of cycloplegia was $0.69D{\pm}0.79$ in emmetropia and visual acuity was $0.77{\pm}0.21$. The optician, it will not be able to use cycloplegia, must pay attention spectacle prescription unnecessary and over correction in condition below -0.75D MR, above 0.77 visual acuity.

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Difference between Manifest Refraction (MR) and Cycloplegic Refraction (CR) with Age and Myopic Value (연령과 근시도에 따른 현성굴절검사와 조절마비굴절검사의 비교)

  • Jeong, Woo-Jae;Kang, Ji-Hun;Jeon, In-Chul
    • Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.85-91
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    • 2013
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate difference between manifest refraction (MR) and cycloplegic refraction (CR) with age and myopic value. Methods: Manifest and cycloplegic refractions were carried out on the patients of 229 myopic patients ($25.3{\pm}11.9$ years old). Results: The average results from a pre- and a postcycloplegic refraction showed a reduction of 0.19 D in myopia, 0.02 D in astigmatism and $1.85^{\circ}$ in astigmatism direction. Change of myopic value was higher in 30~40 age. Total 73 eyes of 229 patients who showed 0.50 diopter (D) in spherical, and a high degree of myopia group showed a higher discrepancy rate. Conclusions: The results found in the comparison of the value of the manifest refraction and cycloplegic refractions showed changes of myopic value was not significant with age of patient, but the group of high degree of myopia showed higher discrepancy rate.

A Study on Usefulness of Static Retinoscopy in Eyes Opened for Hyperopic School-aged Children (양안개방상태에서 학령기 원시안 아동의 정적 검영법의 유용성 고찰)

  • Chun, Young-Yun;Park, Seong-Jong;Song, Woo-Jin;Lee, Seok-Ju
    • Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.293-298
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    • 2012
  • Purpose: We compared static retinoscopy in eyes opened with cycloplegic refraction depending on the hyperopia for school-aged children. Methods: There were 59 eyes (30 patients) who were divided into 3 groups - the mild hyperopia (+0.25 D ~ +1.00 D), moderate hyperopia (+1.25 D ~ +2.00 D) and high hyperopia (+2.25 D or more). They all had 0.8 visual acuity or more. Autorefraction and retinoscopy were performed prior to cycloplegic refraction, and then copmared with manifest refraction and cycloplegic refraction. Results: Hyperopia measured with static retinoscopy tends to be measured higher than manifest refraction for school-aged children. Changes of spherical power was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Changes of astigmatism was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The difference between cycloplegic refraction and static retinoscopy was not significant for hyperopic school-aged children. The use of retinoscopy was limited for opticians because of legal constraints. The usage of static retinoscopy in eyes opened for optician should be generalized under the conditions not using the cycloplegic.

Study on the Analysis of Cycloplegic Autorefraction Value in Infancy (소아기의 조절마비 굴절검사값 분석에 관한 연구)

  • Jung, Mi-Boon;Lee, Ki-Seok;Kim, Tae-Hun;Sung, A-Young
    • Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.275-280
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    • 2006
  • For this study, we analysed the difference of values between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic autorefraction in primary school children. We classified the elementary school one, two, three grade (8~10age) 79children(158eyes) who did not have strabismus or amblyopia. They were examined by using the Autorefractor in domestic market before and after cycloplegic. Discrepancies beyond 0.50D in spherical and cylindrical power and 20 degree in cylindrical axis were regarded as significant. The percentages of discrepancy were greater in spherical power between noncydoplegic and cycloplegic autorefraction(p<0.05). The percentages of discrepancy were not greater in cylindrical power between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic autorefraction. The percentages of discrepancy were greater in cylindrical axis between noncydoplegic and cycloplegic autorefraction(p<0.05). In conclusion, for the primary school children who did not wear glasses, the prediction table of this study will be helpful to reduce the test error in visual acuity and refractive error tests.

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Comparison between Manifest Refraction and Cycloplegic Refractin for the First-time Spectacle Wearers (최초 안경착용자의 현성굴절검사(MR)와 조절마비굴절검사(CR)의 비교)

  • Kim, Hye-Ran;Choi, Sun-Mi
    • Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.145-149
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    • 2008
  • Purpose: To study the difference between refractive errors obtained from manifest refraction (MR) and cycloplegic refraction (CR) in first-time spectacle wearers. To study the difference between manifest refractive errors and cycloplegic refractive errors in first-time spectacle wearers. Methods: From January 2002 to December 2002, manifest and cycloplegic refractions were carried out on the patients who visited an ophthalmology clinic for a spectacle prescription for the first-time. The patients were 509 male and 499 female patients aged between from 3 to 15 years old. Results: The cycloplegic refraction showed a less myopia and a more hyperopia compared with the non-cycloplegic refraction. The differences were more in female patients. The CR showed a less myopic and a more hyperopic refractive errors than the MR. The differences were more in female patients. The average results from a pre- and a post-cycloplegic refraction showed a reduction of -0.22D in male, and -0.20D in female for the myopic group. For the myopic group, the myopic refractive errors by MR were -0.22D in male and -0.20D in female higher than the refractive errors by CR. Hyperopic group showed an increase of +0.37D in male, and +0.56D in female. For hyperopic group the hypropic refractive errors by CR were +0.37D in male and +0.56D in female higher than the refractive errors by CR. This difference between the results of a preand a post-cycloplegic refraction was more if the patients were younger. This difference between refractive errors by MR and by CR showed the younger the more and the proportions of pseudo-myopia and or latent hyperopia were also higher with younger patents age. The amounts of with-the-rule astigmatism and the oblique astigmatism were increased for the post-cycloplegic refraction in the CR refraction. Simple astigmatism reduced, but there was no difference found in the amount of astigmatism. The prevalence of simple astigmatism reduced, but there was no difference in the amount of astigmatism. Conclusions: The difference between manifest refraction and cycloplegic refraction was more in younger group. The difference of refrative error between by MR and CR increases with ageing decrease. Pseudo-myopia and latent hyperopia was also found in the younger group. Simple astigmatism reduced after cycloplegic refraction, there was no difference found in the amount of astigmatism. The prevalence of simple astigmatism reduced, but there was no difference in the amount of astigmatism.

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Comparison of Autorefraction and Refraction with iTrace for Elementary School Children (초등학생의 자동안굴절계와 iTrace로 측정한 굴절검사 값의 비교)

  • Kim, Hyojin;Lee, Koon-Ja;Kim, Sam-Yi;Kim, Se-Rom
    • Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.99-104
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    • 2010
  • Purpose: Difference of refraction result from the method of autorefraction and iTrace were investigaged for the children of elementary school in Asan City. In iTrace method. exclusion of accommodation without cycloplegia was used. Methods: Manifest refractive stale of 42 eyes of 12~13 years old were measured using autorefractor and iTrace. Refractions of far (more than 5 m) and ncar (30 cm) vision were measured using iTrace. All data showed that the spherical equivalent were classified as being in the group 1 (-0.50D < ~ < +1.00D) and 2 (below -0.50D) according 10 refractive errors. Results: Mean spherical equivalent using autorefractor and iTrace (far and near vision) were -1.08D, -0.29D and -2.34D, respectively (p<0.01). Compared with the far vision using iTrace, autorefraction was measured the myopia with -0.50D ~ -1.00D in 52.4% of total eyes. Autorefraction also statistical significant were measured a more myopia than the far vision using iTrace in group I and 2. Conclusions: The difference of refractive errors between autorefraction and iTrace, objective refraction were measured with far vision of more than 5 m were -0.79D. Autoreftaction showed statistically decreased refraction errors than iTrace with far vision.

A Test of Visual Acuity to Kindergarten's Children (유치원 원아의 시력측정)

  • Kang, H.S.;Seo, Y.W.;Kang, I.S.
    • Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.53-56
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    • 1996
  • In testing visual acuity of kindergarten's children, single Landolt's ring in chart projector was used under proper intensity of illumination. According to the result of 218 eyes' test, 0.6 V.A. forms 8.5 % at the age of 3, 0.7 V.A. forms 84.7 % at the age of 4, and 1.0 V.A. forms 6.8 % at the age of 5. However, children's visual acuity has been gradually developed with their growth. None of emmetropia can be found through the test. All of the children have ametropic eyes.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF RLN ANASTOMOSIS REMOVAL ON PHONATION (반회신경 문합과 후윤상피열근 절제가 발성기능에 미치는 영향에 대한 실험적 연구)

  • 김영모;이영구;이정식;이준열;김광문;김기령;홍원표;최홍식
    • Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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    • 1991.06a
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    • pp.11-12
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    • 1991
  • 편측 성대마비의 음성개선을 위하여 현재까지 알려진 치료방법은 teflon 또는 silicone 주입술, 외과적 성대 내전술, 갑상연골 성형술, 신경재식술, 등이 있으며, 근래까지는 Teflon 또는 Gelform 주입술이 제일 효과적인 방법이라 알려져 있으나, 이는 음의 높낮이 조절능력의 한계가 있고, 신경재식술의 결과 역시 만족스럽지 못한 경우가 많다. 따라서 저자는 발성기능의 생리학적인 측면에서, 보다 효과적인 음성개선의 방법을 찾기 위하여, 사람의 후두와 비교적 유사한 특성을 가진 개를 사용하여 실험을 하였다. 반회신경을 절단하여 편측 성대 마비를 유발한 뒤, 동측의 유일한 외전근인 후윤상피열근을 절제후 절단된 신경을 문합하여, 성대의 외전근 작용의 소실과, 발성시에 주로 작용하는 내전근만의 작용을 유도하여, 공동운동의 차단과, 내전운동의 향상을 기대하였다. 본 실험에 앞서, 임의적으로 신경을 자극시킬 수 있는 신경자극기와, 주위조직으로부터 신경만을 분리하여 자극할 수 있는 전극을 개발하여 사용하였으며, 또한 성대의 발성음을 임의대로 유발시킬 수 있는 생체 내 후두발성 모형(in vivo laryngeal phonation model)을 Moore(1987, 1988)등이 발표한 모형을 토대로 자체 개발하여 사용하였다. 실험은 13마리의 개를, 반회신경 절단군(3 마리), 반회신경 절단 및 후윤상피 열근 절제군(3 마리), 후윤상피열근 절제군(3 마리), 반회신경 문합 및 후윤상피 열근 절제군(4 마리)등으로 나누어 실험하였으며, 3 개월 후, 현수후두경, 후두 내시경, videolaryngoscopy, 신경자극 검사 등으로 성대의 내전운동 및 위치 변화의 관찰, 발성음의 음향분석 및 갑상피열근의 형태학적 변화를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 반회신경 절단군과 반회 신경 절단 및 후윤상피열근 절제군은, 수술후 3 개월에 성대의 움직임이나 각도의 변화가 없었으며, 음향분석 결과 발성음이 아닌 잡음만이 포착되었다. 즉, 절단된 신경의 문합 없이 후윤상피열근 절제 만으로는 음성개선은 기대할 수 없었다. 2. 후윤상피열근 절제군에서는 수술 후 3 개월에 정상적인 성대의 내전운동이 관찰되었으며, 음향분석상 기본주파수 동요율 및 발성음의 강도는 약간의 증가를 보였다. 즉, 반회신경이 절단되지 않은 상태에서 후윤상피 열근 만을 절제하면, 발성음의 변화는 거의 없었다. 3. 반회신경을 절단후 문합하고 후윤상피열근을 절제한군 에서는 수술후 3 개월에, 성대의 정상적인 내전운동을 보였고, 음향분석상 수술직후에는 잡음만이 포착되었으나, 3 개월 후에는 잡음이 아닌 발성음을 들을 수 있었으며, 이 발성음의 기본주파수 및 강도는 수술전보다 감소되어 있었으나, 기본주파수 동요율은 증가되어 있었다. 즉 이 술식으로 인한 뚜렷한 발성음의 향상이 있었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어, 편측 신경 절단으로 인한 성대마비시, 절단된 신경을 봉합하고 성대의 유일한 외전근인 후윤상피열근을 절제하면, 공동운동의 차단과, 내향운동의 향상으로, 음성개선에 효과적이라고 사료되었으며, 이 방법이 편측 성대마비 환자의 효과적인 음성개선의 치료방법의 하나로 응용될 수 있으리라 생각된다.

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A test of Visual Acuity and Refractive error to Kindergarten's Children (유치원 어린이 나안시력과 굴절이상 측정)

  • Kang, I.S.
    • Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.87-92
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    • 1998
  • Unaided visual acuity was tested by ACP-7 TOPCON chart projector on 376 kindergarteners and objective refraction error was measured by NIDEK ARK-700A auto-refractokeratometer on 554 eyes aged 3 to 5. The results were as follows ; The average unaided visual acuity of children aged 3 was 0.82, aged 4 was 0.90 and aged 5 was 0.92 respectively theerfore children s visual acuity has been gradually developed with their age. The kind of refractive error was 1% for hyperopia, 14% for hyperopic astigmatism, 3% for myopia, 50% for myopic astigmatism, 18% for mixed astigmatism and 14% for emmetropia respectively.

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