Browse > Article

Comparison of Noncycloplegic Autorefraction, Manifest Refraction and Cycloplegic Autorefraction in School-aged Children  

Kim, Dae-Young (Zio optical)
Lee, Koon-Ja (Department of Optometry, Eulji University)
Baarg, Saang-Bai (Department of Nano-opitcal Engineering, Korea Polytechnic University)
Kim, Hyojin (Department of Visual Optics, Baekseok University)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society / v.15, no.2, 2010 , pp. 123-130 More about this Journal
Abstract
Purpose: The study was conducted to compare the values of auto-refraction, manifest refraction and cycloplegic refraction in school-aged children. Methods: One hundred five myopic school children ranged from 6 to 14 years old (210 eyes, $10.28{\pm}1.59$ years old) were recruited and noncycloplegic auto-refraction (AR) and manifest refraction (MR) were conducted and then underwent cycloplegia and refractive status (CR) again with the auto-refractometer. Results: Refractive powers measured by AR, MR, and CR were highly correlated. However, spherical and cylindrical powers of the subjects measured by AR were measured higher negative power than in CR (p<0.001). From 210 eyes, the discrepancy rate in the spherical and cylindrical powers were 40 eyes (19%) and 19 eyes (9%) of the total subjects, respectively and the differences between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic refractions were higher with the spherical and cylindrical powers increasing. Conclusions: The use of the autorefractometer in children with negative spherical power without cycloplegia may overestimate the actual myopia that subjective refraction is the most important in prescription for the eyeglasses and regression equations would be used to prognose the cycloplegic refraction from the auto-refraction as the basic data for the subjective refraction.
Keywords
Myopia; Noncycloplegic autorefraction; Retinoscopy; Cycloplegic autorefraction;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 한국갤럽조사연구소, "2005 전국 안경사용율 조사보고서", (2006).
2 김승영, 민병무, "소아 근시 발생연령에 따른 근시 진행", 대한안과학회지, 39(4):99-105(1998).
3 Duane T. D., and Jaeger E. A., "Automated clinical refraction: in Clinical Ophthalmology", 2nd ed., Harper & Low, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 5-8(1983).
4 David B Henson. "Optometric Instrumentation", 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann. London, UK, pp. 157-184(1996).
5 마기중, 이명하, "자동굴절검사(Topcon KR-7100P)의 신뢰도 및 정확도", 한국보건통계학회지, 22(1):92-102(1997).
6 Gwiazda J., and Weber C., "Comparison of spherical equivalent refraction and astigmatism measured with three different models of autorefractors", Optom. Vis. Sci., 81(1):56-61(2004).   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Elliott M., Simpson T., Richter D., and Fonn D., "Repeat-ability and accuracy of automated refraction: a comparison of the Nikon MRK-8000, the Nidek AR-1000, and subjec¬tive refraction", Optom. Vis. Sci., 74(6):434-438(1997).   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Chat S. W., and Edwards M. H., "Clinical evaluation of the Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor in children", Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt., 21(2):87-100(2001).   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Helveston E. M., Pachtman M. A., Cadera W., Ellis F. D., Emmerson M., and Weber J. C., "Clinical evaluation of the Nidek AR autorefractor", J. Pediatr, Ophthalmol. Strabismus, 21(3):227-230(1984).
10 Mallen E. A., Wolffsohn J. S., Gilmartin B., and Tsujimura S., "Clinical evaluation of the Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor in adults", Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt., 21(2):101-107(2001).   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Jorge J., Aueiros A., Almeida J. B., and Parafita M. A., "Retinoscopy/autorefraction: which is the best starting point for a noncycloplegic refraction?", Optom. Vis. Sci., 82(1):64-68(2005).
12 Wong E. K. Jr., Patella V. M., and Pratt M. V., "Clinical evaluation of Humphrey automatic refractor", Arch. Ophthalmol., 102(6):870-875(1984).   DOI   ScienceOn
13 김용식, 안효숙, 진용한, "자동굴절검사기의 정확도에 대한 연구", 대한안과학회지, 36(12):2207-2212(1995).
14 김민섭, 장혜란, "소아에서 조절마비전과 하에 시행한 자동굴절검사의 연령별 분석", 대한안과학회지, 39(4):728­-734(1998).
15 Choong Y. F., Chen A. H., and Goh P. P., "A comparison of autorefraction and subjective refraction with and without cycloplegia in primary school children", Am. J. Ophthalrnol., 142(1):68-74(2006).   DOI   ScienceOn
16 정지웅, 김용은 백혜정, "소아에서 자동굴절검사와 수동 굴절검사의 연령대별 비교", 대한안과학회지, 46(11):1931-1935(2005).
17 Milder B., "Tropicamide as a cycloplegic agent", Arch. Ophthalmol., 4(5):341-343(1961).
18 Wong E. K. Jr., Patella V. M., and Pratt M. V., "Clinical evaluation of Humphrey automatic refractor", Arch. Ophthalmol., 102(9):870-875(1984).   DOI
19 Keech P. M., "The effect of cycloplegia on the detemiantion of refractive error by the ophthalmetron", Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt., 56(3):228-230(1979).   DOI
20 최문정, 백승희, 공상묵, "소아에서 조절마비 전과 후에 시행한 자동굴절검사와 검사자에 의한 굴절검사의 비교", 대한안과학회지, 46(5):837-846(2005).
21 Kinge B., Midelfart A., and Jacobsen G, "Clinical evaluation of the Allergan Humphrey 500 autorefractor and the Nidek AR-1000 autorefractor", Br. J. Ophthalmol., 80(1):35-39(1996).   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Gallagher J. T., and Citek K. A., "Badal optical stimyulator for the Canon AutoRef R-I optometer", Optom. Vis. Sci., 72(4):276-278(1995).   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Bannon R. E., "A new automated subjective optometor", Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt., 54(6):433-438(1977).   DOI
24 Woo G. C., and Woodruff M. E., "Subjective refraction system: comparison with phoropter measures", Am. J. Optom. Physiol, Opt., 55(7):591-596(1978).   DOI
25 Rotsos T., Grigoriou D., Kokkolak A., and Manios N., "A comparison of manifest refractions, cycloplegic refractions and retinoscopy on the RMA-3000 autorefractometer in children aged 3-15 years", Clinical Ophthalmology, 3(6):429-431 (2009).
26 정지원, 김태훈, 성아영, "조절마비제를 사용한 자동굴절 검사법과 검영법의 비교", 대한시과학회지, 9(3):283-­289(2007).
27 Funarunart P., Tengtrisom S., Sangsupawanich P., and Siangyai P., "Accuracy of noncycloplegic refraction in primary school children in southern Thailand", J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 92(6):806-811(2009).
28 Charman W. N., Jennings J. A., and Whitefoot H., "The refraction of the eye in relation to spherical aberration and pupil size", Br. J. Physiol Opt., 32(2):78-93(1978).
29 박현준, 윤동호, "정상인에서 산동과 인위적 근시유발 시 망막 광역치의 변화의 정량분석", 대한안과학회지, 36(6):967-975(1995).
30 Whatham A., Zimmermann F., Martinez A., Delgado S., de la Jara P. L., Sankaridurg P., and Ho A., "Influence of accommodationon off-axis refractive errors in myopic eyes", J. Vis., 9(3):1-13(2009).   DOI
31 Perrigin D. M., Perrigin J., and Grosvenor T., "A clinical evaluation of the American optical SR III subjective refractor", Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt., 58(7):581-589(1981).   DOI
32 Iuomo J. D., Grant W. D., and Noel L. P., "Clinical comparision of the Welch Allyn SureSight handheld autorefractor versus cycloplegic autorefraction and retinoscopic refraction", J. AAPOS., 8(2):123-127(2004).   DOI   ScienceOn