• School Mathematics
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.397-408
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• 2007

This research intends to look into how mathematically gifted 6th graders (age12) who have not learned conditional probability before solve conditional probability problems. In this research, 9 conditional probability problems were given to 3 gifted students, and their problem solving approaches were analysed through the observation of their problem solving processes and interviews. The approaches the gifted students made in solving conditional probability problems were categorized, and characteristics revealed in their approaches were analysed. As a result of this research, the gifted students' problem solving approaches were classified into three categories and it was confirmed that their approaches depend on the context included in the problem.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.31-57
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• 2006

직설법적 조건문의 이론이 해결해야 할 문제 중 하나는 각자 옳을 것 같지만 모두 참일 수 없는 직설법적 조건문에 관한 세 원리들이 있다는 것이다. 먼저 직설법적 조건문을 진리 함수적으로 분석하는 것은 '주관적 확률'을 고려할 때 이 문제를 해결할 수 없다고 논증할 것이다. 필자는 여기서 직설법적 조건문에 관한 성향적 분석을 제시하고 이 이론이 세 원리들의 문제를 해결한다고 주장한다. 그리고 잘 알려져 있는 직설법적 조건문의 수용 조건 혹은 주장가능성 조건을 제시하는 아담스 논제는 조건부 확률이 두 절대적 확률의 비로 정의된 다면 옳지 않을 것이라고 주장한다. 조건부 확률을 성향적으로 정의할 경우에만 아담스 논제는 옳을 수 있다. 마지막으로 아담스 논제의 주장가능성 조건을 진리 조건으로 제시하는 이론도 논박될 것이다.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.205-220
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• 2013

In this research, in order to investigate the principles for the development of mathematics textbook for decision-making based on storytelling, we conceptualized the educational meaning of decision-making and specified the principles and the methods for the textbook based on decision-making. We illustrated the principles and the methods by the cases from the model textbook for the conditional probability that we have developed. We discussed the implication for the future development and implementation of mathematics textbook for decision-making based on storytelling.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.30 no.1_2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2003

Generalized LR parsing is one of the enhanced LR parsing methods so that it overcome the limit of one-way linear stack of the traditional LR parser using graph-structured stack, and it has been playing an important role of a firm starting point to generate other variations for NL parsing equipped with various mechanisms. In this paper, we propose a conditional Action Model that can solve the problems of conventional probabilistic GLR methods. Previous probabilistic GLR parsers have used relatively limited contextual information for disambiguation due to the high complexity of internal GLR stack. Our proposed model uses Surface Phrasal Types representing the structural characteristics of the parse for its additional contextual information, so that more specified structural preferences can be reflected into the parser. Experimental results show that our GLR parser with the proposed Conditional Action Model outperforms the previous methods by about 6-7% without any lexical information, and our model can utilize the rich stack information for syntactic disambiguation of probabilistic LR parser.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 2003

The purposes of this study were to investigate the correlation between the cognitive level and the probabilistic thinking level and to analyze the effects of the probability activities in Thinking Science (TS) program on the development of probabilistic thinking. The 219 7th grade students were sampled in the middle school and were divided into an experimental group and a control group. The probability activities in TS program were implemented to the experimental group, while only normal curriculum was conducted in the control group. The results of this study showed that most of 7th grade students were in the concrete operational stage and used both subjective and quantitative strategy simultaneously in probability problem solving. It was also found that the higher the cognitive level of the students, the higher the probabilistic thinking level of them. The sample space and the probability of an event in the constructs of probability were first developed as compared to the probability comparisons and the conditional probability. The probability activities encouraged the students to use quantitative strategy in probability problem solving and to recognize probability of an event. Especially, the effectiveness was relatively higher for the students in the mid concrete operational stage than those in any other stage.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.105-114
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• 2009

Messages exchanged among vehicles must be authenticated in order to provide collision avoidance and cooperative driving services in VANET. However, digitally signing the messages can violate the privacy of users. Therefore, we require authentication systems that can provide conditional anonymity. Recently, Zhang et al. proposed conditionally anonymous authentication system for VANET using tamper-resistant hardware. In their system, vehicles can generate identity-based public keys by themselves and use them to sign messages. Moreover, they use batch verification to effectively verify signed messages. In this paper, we provide amelioration to Zhang et al.'s system in the following respects. First, we use a more efficient probabilistic signature scheme. Second, unlike Zhang et al., we use a security proven batch verification scheme. We also provide effective solutions for key revocation and anonymity revocation problems.

• School Mathematics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.241-255
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to analyze teachers' understanding on generating random number in Monte Carlo simulation and to provide educational implications in school practice. The results showed that the 70% of the teachers selected wrong ideas from three types for random-number as strategies for problem solving a probability problem and also they make some errors to justify their opinion. The first kind of the errors was that the probability of a point or boundary was equal to the value of the probability density function in the continuous probability distribution. The second kind of the errors was that the teachers failed to recognize that the sample space has been changed by conditional probability. The third kind of the errors was that when two random variables X, Y are independence of each other, then only, joint probability distribution is satisfied $P(X=x,\;Y=y)=p(X=x){\times}P(Y=y{\mid}X=x)$.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.927-934
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose an effective method for recognizing daily human activities from a stream of three dimensional body poses, which can be obtained by using Kinect-like RGB-D sensors. The body pose data provided by Kinect SDK or OpenNI may suffer from both the view variance problem and the scale variance problem, since they are represented in the 3D Cartesian coordinate system, the origin of which is located on the center of Kinect. In order to resolve the problem and get the view-invariant and scale-invariant features, we transform the pose data into the spherical coordinate system of which the origin is placed on the center of the subject's hip, and then perform on them the scale normalization using the length of the subject's arm. In order to represent effectively complex internal structures of high-level daily activities, we utilize Hidden state Conditional Random Field (HCRF), which is one of probabilistic graphical models. Through various experiments using two different datasets, KAD-70 and CAD-60, we showed the high performance of our method and the implementation system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.166-169
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• 2003

유전자에 대한 정보를 획득하는 기술적인 문제가 해결되면서, 질병 진단을 위한 새로운 접근 방법으로 혈액 속에 있는 모든 단백질(proteome)의 구성을 분석하는 프로테오믹스(proteomics)에 대한 연구가 최근 들어 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 본 논문은 암 진단을 위하여 혈액 중의 단백질의 구성을 측정한 2차원 전기영동 (2D electrophoresis) 젤 데이터를 해석하는 새로운 방법을 제시하였다. 우선 측정된 많은 단백질 스팟(spot) 중에서 T-statistics 방법으로 단백질 스팟들을 선택하였다. 선택된 단백질 스팟들로 이루어진 암 환자와 정상인 두 샘플들의 확률 분포를 각 집단에 따로 적용된 PCA 영역에서 계산하였다. 최종적으로 조건부 확률의 차이에 근거한 베이즈 분류(Bayes classification) 이론을 적용하여 암 진단을 하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.278-293
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• 2019

The joint distribution of wave height and period has been maltreated despite of its great engineering value due to the absence of any analytical model for wave period, and as a result, no consensus has been reached about the effect of nonlinearity on these joint distribution. On the other hand, there was a great deal of efforts to study the effects of non-linearity on the wave height distribution over the last decades, and big strides has been made. However, these achievements has not been extended to the joint distribution of wave height and period. In this rationale, we first express the joint distribution of wave height and period as the product of the marginal distribution of wave heights with the conditional distribution of associated periods, and proceed to derive the joint distribution of wave heights and periods utilizing the models of Longuet-Higgins (1975, 1983), and Cavanie et al. (1976) for conditional distribution of wave periods, and height distribution derived in this study. The verification was carried out using numerically simulated data based on the Wallops spectrum, and the nonlinear wave data obtained via the numerical simulation of random waves approaching toward the uniform beach of 1:15 slope. It turns out that the joint distribution based on the height distribution for finite banded nonlinear waves, and Cavanie et al.'s model (1976) is most promising.