• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.657-664
• /
• 1993

To reveal the immunogenicity of ${\gamma}-irradiated$ E tenella and its progeny, a series of experiments on the effects of Cobalt-to ${\gamma}-irradiation$ was performed. The SPF chickens inoculated with diffenrt doses of inoculum were challenged with $1{\times}10^5$ oocysts of virulent E tenella. The levels of 100 Gy ${\gamma}-irradiation$ from $^{60}Co$ and of inoculum with $1{\times}10^4$ oocysts were recognized as proper as immunogen by comparison of survival rates, body weight gains, blood in feces and lesion scores in the chickens. In these trials of challenge with virulent E tenella after inoculation with $1{\times}10^4$ oocysts of the ${\gamma}-irradiated$ E tenella and its progeny, the survival rates of the chickens challenged with the virulent E tenella after immunization with the 1st and the 3rd progeny groups of ${\gamma}-irradiated$ E tenella oocysts were higher(l00%) than that(87.0%) of the challenged control group. The signs of blood in feces and the lesion scores were seen markedly lower with the ourput of the smaller number of oocysts, i.e. OPG 103,900 and 25,800 in the groups of the 1st and the 3rd progeny, respectively, than those(OPG 1,658,900) of the challenged control group. The body weight gains of the 1st and the 3rd progeny groups, the 1st week and the 2nd week after challenge, were higher (2.6g and 155.4g, 11.6g and 168.9g respectively) than those(-85.8g and 63.6g, respectively) of the challenged control group, and the feed conversion ratios(FCR 3.28 and 2.96) of the 1st and the 3rd progeny groups were lower than that(FCR 5.60) of the groups challenged control group. The anticoccidial indices(70.5 and 93.9) of the groups challenged with the virulent oocysts of E tenella after immunization with the 1st and the 3rd progeny of the ${\gamma}-irradiated$ E tenella were significantly higher than that (ACI -81.9) of the challenged control group. It was thought that the immunogenicity of ${\gamma}-irradiated$ E tenella would be increase according to increase the number of generation passaged in chicken. That might be because of increasing the pathogenicity of ${\gamma}-irradiated$ E tenella according to increase the number of generation passaged in chicken.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.303-311
• /
• 2007

The consumption of artificially crushed sands exceeds more than 30 percent of the domestic sand supply in South Korea, and its rate is still increasing. For the manufacture of crushed sand granites and granitic gneisses are preferred, fine fractions (i.e. sludge, particles finer than 63 microns) are removed by use of flocculation agents, and its amount occupy about 15 wt%. The sludges consist of quartz, feldspars, micas, chlorite/vermiculite, kaolinites, smectites and occasionally calcite. Among the clay minerals micas are usually predominant, and $14{\AA}$ minerals, kaolinites and smectites are rather scarce. Jurassic granites usually contain more kaolinites and smectites than those of Cretaceous to Tertiary granites, probably due to longer geologic ages. On the other hand, sludge from Precambrian gneiss does not contain kaolinites and smectites. Chemical analyses for the granites and their sludges show rather clear differences in most of major chemical components. Except for $SiO_2,\;Na_2O\;and\;K_2O$, all other components represent rather clear increase. Decrease of $SiO_2$ content is attributed to the relative decrease of quartz in the sludges. And the $Na_2O decrease is caused by a relatively stronger weathering property of albite compared to Ca plagioclase. The $K_2O$ content shows rather small differences throughout the whole samples. The increases of $Al_2O_3$ and other major components resulted from weathering processes and most of colored components are also concentrated in the sludges. Particle size analyses reveal that the sludges are categorized as sandy loams in a sand-silt-clay triangular diagram. The sludge is now classified as industrial waste because of its impermeability, and this result was also confirmed by rather higher hydraulic conductivities. For the environmental problems, and accomplishing effective sand manufacture, more fresh rocks with little weathering products must be chosen.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.391-397
• /
• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate commercialization of Kimchi made of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) using pre-fermentation conditions. The pre-fermentation conditions were 0, 18, 24, and 28 h at $20^{\circ}C$, and then the samples were stored at $10^{\circ}C$ to assess changes in quality characteristics. A comparison of the quality characteristics during storage showed that PF24 (pre-fermented cabbage Kimchi during 24 h at $20^{\circ}C$) and PF28 (pre-fermented cabbage Kimchi during 28 h at $20^{\circ}C$) had pH 4.47 and pH 4.23 on the second day of storage, respectively. It was possible to shorten the fermentation time to less than that of PF0 (not pre-fermented cabbage Kimchi at $20^{\circ}C$), by approximately 3 days. Total acidity was 0.26 to 0.29% immediately after making the Kimchi. However, PF0, PF18 (pre-fermented cabbage Kimchi during 18 h at $20^{\circ}C$), PF24 and PF28 became well-fermented when they were stored for 8~14 days, 3~10 days or 2~3 days. The number of lactic acid bacteria increased with the passage of time in all treatment groups regardless of fermentation conditions. However, the longer pre-fermentation time became, the faster the number of lactic acid bacteria increased. Most samples showed similar results late in the storage period; 7.2~7.4 log CFU/mL. PF0 had the greatest volume change 2.1 times increase late in the storage period. The sensory evaluation showed significant differences for flavor, taste, and overall acceptability after a partial storage period. PF28 stored for 2~3 days showed excellent flavor, and PF24 and PF28 stored for 2~3 days showed the highest scores of 6.27 to 6.67. The PF24 and PF28 treated samples were appropriate for commercializing small packed cabbage Kimchi and for alleviating the expansion problem of the packing material. However, because mass commercial production requires a large number of samples to be used at once, the results should be assessed for industrial product development in the future.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.836-848
• /
• 2019

This paper aims at providing a critical view over the cybernetics theory especially of first generation on which the artificial intelligence heavily depends nowadays. There has been a commonly accepted thought that the conception of artificial intelligence could not has been possible without being influenced by N. Wiener's cybernetic feedback based information system. Despite the founder of contemporary cybernetics' ethical concerns in order to avoid an increasing entropy phenomena(social violence, economic misery, wars) produced through a negative dynamics of the western modernity regarded as the most advanced form of humanism. In this civilizationally changing atmosphere, the newly born cybernetic technology was thus firmly believed as an antidote to these vices deeply rooted in humanism itself. But cybernetics has been turned out to be a self-organizing, self-controlling mechanical system that entails the possibility of telegraphing human brain (which are transformed into patterns) through the uploading of human brain neurons digitalized by the artificial intelligence embedded into computing technology. On this background emerges posthuman (or posthumanism) movement of which concepts have been theorized mainly by its ardent apostles like N. K. Hayles, Neil Bedington, Laurent Alexandre, Donna J. Haraway. The converging of NBIC Technologies leading to the opening of a much more digitalizing society has served as a catalyst to promote the posthuman representations and different narratives especially in the contemporary visual arts as well as in the study of humanities including philosophy and fictional literature. Once Bruno Latour wrote "Modernity is often defined in terms of humanism, either as a way of saluting the birth of 'man' or as a way of announcing his death. But this habit is itself modern, because it remains asymmetrical. It overlooks the simultaneous birth of 'nonhumaniy' - things, or objects, or beasts, - and the equally strange beginning of a crossed-out God, relegated to the sidelines."4) These highly suggestive ideas enable us to better understand what kind of human beings would emerge following the dazzlingly accelerating advancement of artificial intelligence technology. We wonder whether or not this newly born humankind would become essentially Homo Artificialis as a neuronal man stripping off his biological apparatus. However due to this unprecedented situation humans should deal with enormous challenges involving ethical, metaphysical, existential implications on their life.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.980-985
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the acetic-acid fermentation properties of apple juice (initial alcohol content, apple juice concentration, acetic-acid content, and inoculum size) in flask scale. At the acetic-acid fermentation of apple juice with 3, 5, 7, and 9% initial alcohol content, the maximum acidity after 10-day fermentation was 5.88% when the initial alcohol content was 5%. The acetic-acid fermentation did not proceed normally when the initial alcohol content was 9%. When the initial Brix was $1^{\circ}$, the acidity gradually increased, and the acidity after 12-day acetic-acid fermentation was 4.48%. Above 4% acidity was attained faster when the apple juice concentration was 5 and 10 $^{\circ}Brix$ than when it was 1 and 14 $^{\circ}Brix$. When the initial acidity was 1% or above (0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%), the acetic-acid fermentation proceeded normally. The acetic-acid fermentation also proceeded normally when the inoculum sizes were 10 and 15%, and the acidity after eight-day acetic-acid fermentation was 5.60 and 6.05%, respectively. Therefore, the following were considered the optimal acetic-acid fermentation conditions for apple cider vinegar: 5% initial alcohol content, 5 $^{\circ}Brix$ or above apple juice concentration, 1.0% or above initial acidity, and 10% or above inoculum size. Apple cider vinegar with above 5% acidity can be produced within 48 h under the following acetic-acid fermentation conditions: 7% initial alcohol content, about 1% initial acidity, and 10% inoculum volume at $30^{\circ}C$, 30 rpm, and 1.0 vvm, using 14 $^{\circ}Brix$ apple juice in a mini-jar fermentor as a pre-step for industrial-scale adaptation.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.464-471
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of superheated steam drying on physicochemical and microbial characteristics of Korean traditional actinidia (Actinidia arguta) leaves. Actinidia leaves were dried at steam temperature of $350^{\circ}C$ and oven temperature of $150^{\circ}C$ for 40-200 sec. Moisture content and water activity decreased with increasing the drying time, while color values including L, a, and b values and total color difference (${\Delta}E$) increased as drying time increased. The relationship between moisture content and water activity showed an exponential fit with high correlation vlaue ($R^2=0.9909$). Total phenolics and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity such as DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and FRAP assay of dried actinidia leaves increased with increasing the drying time up to 160 sec, but dramatically decreased at drying of 200 sec. The numbers of total areobic bacteria of leaves was not detected at drying time over 120 sec and coliform of all the samples was not detected. As a results, the superheated steam was an very effective drying method of increase to the nutritional and sanitary quality of dried Korean traditional actinidia leaves.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.7-18
• /
• 2018

In this study, soy-powder yogurt (SPY) with enhanced levels of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and isoflavone aglycone was produced from sprouting high-protein soybeans (HPSs). The fermented steam-HPS sprouts (0 to 4 cm) were fermented (72 h) with Lactobacillus brevis, and the total free amino acids (FAAs) of the formed mixtures were determined to be 79.53, 489.93, 877.55, 780.53, and 979.97 mg/100 mL in the fermented HPS (FHPS), and the fermented steam-HPS with 0 cm (FSHPS-0), 1 cm (FSHPS-1), 2 cm (FSHPS-2), and 4 cm sprouting lengths (FSHPS-4), respectively. The levels of glutamic acid (GA) and GABA were observed to be the highest, 100.31 and 101.60 mg/100 mL, respectively, in the unfermented HPS (UFSHPS-1, 1 cm) and FSHPS-1 sprouts, respectively. Moreover, the total contents of the isoflavone glycoside form decreased proportionally to the increasing total levels of isoflavone aglycones after fermentation in FSHPS-0, FSHPS-1, FSHPS-2, and FSHPS-4. The levels of isoflavone aglycones were detected as 350.34, 289.15, 361.61, 445.05, and $491.25{\mu}g/g$ in FHPS, FSHPS-0, FSHPS-1, FSHPS-2, and FSHPS-4, respectively. While FSHPS-1 exhibited the highest DPPH (63.28%) and ABTS (73.28%) radical scavenging activities, FSHPS-4 contained the highest isoflavone aglycone ratio (81.63%). All in all, the FSHPS-1 mixture prepared in this study exhibited high GABA content and functional prosperity, thereby making it suitable for potential applications in the soy-dairy industry.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.332-340
• /
• 2021

With the recent reinforcement of emission standards, it is necessary to make efforts to reduce NOx from air pollutant-emitting workplaces. The NOx reduction method mainly used in industrial facilities is selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and the most commercial SCR catalyst is the ceramic honeycomb catalyst. This study was carried out to reduce the NOx emitted from steel plants by applying De-NOx catalyst coated on metallic monolith. The De-NOx catalyst was synthesized through the optimized coating technique, and the coated catalyst was uniformly and strongly adhered onto the surface of the metallic monolith according to the air jet erosion and bending test. Due to the good thermal conductivity of metallic monolith, the De-NOx catalyst coated on metallic monolith showed good De-NOx efficiency at low temperatures (200 ~ 250 ℃). In addition, the optimal amount of catalyst coating on the metallic monolith surface was confirmed for the design of an economical catalyst. Based on these results, the De-NOx catalyst of commercial grade size was tested in a semi-pilot De-NOx performance facility under a simulated gas similar to the exhaust gas emitted from a steel plant. Even at a low temperature (200 ℃), it showed excellent performance satisfying the emission standard (less than 60 ppm). Therefore, the De-NOx catalyst coated metallic monolith has good physical and chemical properties and showed a good De-NOx efficiency even with the minimum amount of catalyst. Additionally, it was possible to compact and downsize the SCR reactor through the application of a high-density cell. Therefore, we suggest that the proposed De-NOx catalyst coated metallic monolith may be a good alternative De-NOx catalyst for industrial uses such as steel plants, thermal power plants, incineration plants ships, and construction machinery.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.325-331
• /
• 2019

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most popular green leafy vegetables, and it contains various beneficial components including polyphenolic compounds and has been known to possess various biological functions such as anti-microbial, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we prepared ethanol extract of dried lettuce (DLE) and investigated its anti-inflammatory activity. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of DLE, nitric oxide (NO) production was measured in LPS-activated mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. DLE significantly suppressed NO production in these cells without affecting cell viabilities while resveratrol was used as a positive control. DLE dramatically decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as iNOS and COX-2 at the mRNA and protein levels and reduced the expression of several cytokines including $IL-1{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-1F6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, CSF2 and CXCL10. In addition, DLE suppressed phosphorylation of MAPKs and the nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 indicating DLE shows its anti-inflammatory activity via regulating MAPKs pathway and $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathways. And also, DLE reduced the production of reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner. DLE increased HO-1 protein expression, and also increased the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Overall, our results suggest that lettuce down-regulate various pro-inflammatory genes and have its anti-inflammatory activity via regulating MAPKs, $NF-{\kappa}B$, and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.400-408
• /
• 2018

Biodiversity has continued to degrade in the $21^{st}$ century due to global warming occasioned by destruction of the environment around the world.. The Nagoya protocol places Korea in a unique position to effectively develop and protect its domestic genetic resources. Microalgae under study in this research contains large amount of antioxidant substances such as beta carotene and astaxanthin, that can be used as biological resource owing to the large amounts of biomass that can be secured through photosynthesis. However, it is difficult to preserve it since cryopreservation method used for long-term preservation is yet to be developed. A basic study for long term cryopreservation was carried out on Nizschia frustulum and Nitzschia amabilis which belong to marine diatoms. As cryoprotectants (CPAs), glycerol, DMSO, and methanol which penetrate into cells were prepared at 5%, 10%, and 15% concentrations each, in case of methanol, it was tested at concentrations of 5%, 10% and 12% by its nature. Two kinds of microalgae, N. frustulum and N. amabilis, were diluted with $10^2$, $10^3$ and $10^4cells\;ml^{-1}$, respectively. The highest survival rate was shown at12% concentration of methanol, and the figures were $6.94{\pm}0.31%$ in N. frustulum and $8.85{\pm}0.16%$ in N. amabilis. As a result of 3 weeks cultivation of thawed microalgae after freezing, the result is shows that N. frustulum increased about 10 times faster and N. amabilis increased about 12 times the original concentration.