Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/JBE.2019.24.5.836

An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Human/Posthuman Discourses Emerging From Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence Technology  

Kim, Dong-Yoon (Department of Cultural Contents, University of KonKuk)
Publication Information
Journal of Broadcast Engineering / v.24, no.5, 2019 , pp. 836-848 More about this Journal
Abstract
This paper aims at providing a critical view over the cybernetics theory especially of first generation on which the artificial intelligence heavily depends nowadays. There has been a commonly accepted thought that the conception of artificial intelligence could not has been possible without being influenced by N. Wiener's cybernetic feedback based information system. Despite the founder of contemporary cybernetics' ethical concerns in order to avoid an increasing entropy phenomena(social violence, economic misery, wars) produced through a negative dynamics of the western modernity regarded as the most advanced form of humanism. In this civilizationally changing atmosphere, the newly born cybernetic technology was thus firmly believed as an antidote to these vices deeply rooted in humanism itself. But cybernetics has been turned out to be a self-organizing, self-controlling mechanical system that entails the possibility of telegraphing human brain (which are transformed into patterns) through the uploading of human brain neurons digitalized by the artificial intelligence embedded into computing technology. On this background emerges posthuman (or posthumanism) movement of which concepts have been theorized mainly by its ardent apostles like N. K. Hayles, Neil Bedington, Laurent Alexandre, Donna J. Haraway. The converging of NBIC Technologies leading to the opening of a much more digitalizing society has served as a catalyst to promote the posthuman representations and different narratives especially in the contemporary visual arts as well as in the study of humanities including philosophy and fictional literature. Once Bruno Latour wrote "Modernity is often defined in terms of humanism, either as a way of saluting the birth of 'man' or as a way of announcing his death. But this habit is itself modern, because it remains asymmetrical. It overlooks the simultaneous birth of 'nonhumaniy' - things, or objects, or beasts, - and the equally strange beginning of a crossed-out God, relegated to the sidelines."4) These highly suggestive ideas enable us to better understand what kind of human beings would emerge following the dazzlingly accelerating advancement of artificial intelligence technology. We wonder whether or not this newly born humankind would become essentially Homo Artificialis as a neuronal man stripping off his biological apparatus. However due to this unprecedented situation humans should deal with enormous challenges involving ethical, metaphysical, existential implications on their life.
Keywords
The 4th Industrial Revolution; Cybernetics; Wiener; Hayles; Artificial Intelligence; Posthuman; Hannah Aredt;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Elaine Despres, Helene Machinal, Posthumain, Presse universitaire de Rennes, 2014, p. 13.
2 Concernig a more detailed argumantation on 'cognitivism' we can refer to Jean Gabriel Ganascia' work: Les sciences cognitives(Le Pommier, 2006. p. 9-30).
3 Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, Harvard University Press, 1993. p. 13
4 Nobert Wiener, Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, MIT, 1973.
5 Jean-Pierre Dupuy, On the Origins of Cognitive Science, The Mechanization of the Mind(OCS로 약칭함), Translated by M.B. DeBoise, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2009 p. 4-7.
6 Jean-Pierre Dupuy, On the Origins of Cognitive Science, The Mechanization of the Mind(we will shorten it into OCS), Translated by M.B. DeBoise, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2009 p. 4. Jean-Pierre Dupuy's original work was published in French: Aux origines des scinces cognitives'(La Decouverte, 1999, We will shorten it into OSC)
7 J.-P. Dupuy, scienctists of cybernetics did not want an epistemological disruption from classical science when they thought deeply of how to make good use of the new concepts provided by cybernetics. Aux origines des scinces cognitives(OSC), La Decouverte, 1999, p. 127.
8 Roger Pol Droit, Monique Atlan, Humain, p. 159.
9 Nobert Wiener, The Human Use of Human Beings, Cybernetic and Society, Doubleday Anchor Books, 1950, p. 15.
10 Nobert Wiener, The Human Use of Human Beings, Cybernetic and Society, Doubleday Anchor Books, 1950, p.16.
11 Concerning the concept of entropy, I refer you to Jean Staune's transdisciplinary study. Jean Staune, Les Cles du futur, Plon, 2015, p.75.
12 Nobert Wiener, The Human Use of Human Beings, Cybernetic and Society, Doubleday Anchor Books, 1950, p. 96-97.
13 Elaine Despres, Helene Machinal (sous la direction de) Post Humains, Frontieres, evolutions, hybridites, Presse universitaire de Rennes, 2014, p. 14.
14 Nobert Wiener, The human use of the human being: Cybernetics and Society, Houghton Company, 1954, p. 21.
15 Jean-Pierre Changeux, 1983, p. 45.
16 Elaine Dspres p. 40
17 Nobert Wiener, The human use of the human being: Cybernetics and Society, Houghton Company, 1954, p. 17-18.
18 Nobert Wiener, The human use of the human being: Cybernetics and Society, Houghton Company.
19 P. Breton, L'Utopie de la communication: le mythe du village planetaire, La Decouverte, 1997, p. 11-12. A brief introduction to P. Breton's theory is ma de by Elaine Despres, Helene Machinal (sous la direction de) in PostHumains, Frontieres. evolutions, hybridites, Presse universitaire de Rennes, 2014, p. 13,
20 Dubitious about what is called Moore's law, G. Berry presents a different but interesting point of view. Pourquoi et comment le monde devient numerique, Fayard, 2000. Penser, modeliser, maitriser le calcul informatique, Fayard, 2009. I also refer you to Roger-Pol Droit, Monique Atlan's work, Humain, p. 398.
21 Nobert Wiener, The Human Use of Human Beings, Cybernetic and Society, Doubleday Anchor Books, 1950, p. 96.
22 God and Golem, Inc., 1964, p. 32.
23 God and Golem, Inc., p. 32. E. Despres, Helene Machinal, Posthumain, p.34
24 God and Golem, Inc. p. 32. E. Despres, Helene Machinal, Post-Humains, Frontieres, evolutions, hybridites, p.35
25 E. Despres, Helene Machinal, PostHumains, Frontieres, evolutions, hybridites, p.35
26 Jean-Pierre Changeux, L'homme neuronal, 1983, p. 125,
27 How We became Posthuman, The University of Chcago Press, 1999,
28 Jean Pierre Changeux, L'Homme neuronal, Pluriel, 2012, p. 51.
29 Jean Pierre Changeux, 2012, p. 51.
30 Elaine Despres, Helene Machinal (sous ls direction de) PostHumains, Frontieres, evolutions, hybridites, Presse universitaire de Rennes, 2014, p. 16, 주19.
31 N. K. Hayles, 1999, p. 2-3.
32 N. K. Hayles, 1999, p. 3.
33 N. K. Hayles 1999, p. 7.
34 N. K Hayles, How we become Posthumans, p.18.
35 N. K. Hayles, 1999, p. 7.
36 N. K. Hayles, 1999, p.12.
37 Teleological Mechanisms, Conference held by the New York Academy of Sciences, October 21-22, 1946, p. 203. It's recitation can be found in Jean-Pierre Dupuy, OSC p.121.
38 Teleological Mechanisms, Conference held by the New York Academy of Sciences, October 21-22, 1946, p. 203. It's recitation can be found in Jean-Pierre Dupuy, OSC p.2
39 " Donna J. Haraway, Manifestly Haraway: The Cyboirg Manifesto, The University of Minnesota Press, 2016, p. 5-7.
40 Roger-Pol Droit, Monique Atlan, Humain, p. 190.
41 Jean Pierre Dupuy OSC, 154.
42 Du mode d'existence des objets techniques(MEOT), Aubier, 2001, p. 187-190, . The emphasis is mine.
43 Roger-Pol Droit, Monique Atelan, Humain, p. 190-191.
44 J -P. Dupuy, Aux origines des sciences cognitives, La Decouverte, 2005. p. 44-45.
45 Jean-Pierre Dupuy, On the Origins of Cognitive Science, The Mechanization of the Mind, Translated by M.B. DeBoise, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2009, p. x.
46 Jean-Pierre Dupuy, On the Origins of Cognitive Science, The Mechanization ogf the Mind, Translated by M.B. DeBoise, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2009, p. x-xi.
47 Roger-Pol Droit, Monique Atlan, Humain, ChampsEssais, 2012, p. 189.
48 J -P. Dupuy, Aux origines des sciences cognitives, La Decouverte, 2005., p. 189.
49 Partie sixieme, Discours de la methode, 1991, p.133.
50 Nobert Wiener, God and Golem, Inc.: A Comment on Certain Points where Cybernetics Impinges on religion, MIT Press, 1964, p. 12-13. Jean-Pierre Dupuy, OCS xv.
51 Günther Anders, Die Antiquiertheit der Menchen, 1956, Munich Beck, 2 Vols, I: 21-97, Jean Pierre Dupuy, On the Origins of Cognitive Science, p. xiv.
52 Allen Buchanan, Dan W. Brock, Norman Daniels, & Daniel Wikler, From Cance to Choice, Genetics & Justice, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
53 Hannah Arendt, La condition de l'homme moderne, Calman Levy, 1983, p. 41.
54 John von Neumann, Symposium Hixon, Caltech, Califonia, 1948 September. 재인용Roger Pol Droit, Monique Atlan, Humain, p. 690.
55 Hannah Arendt, La condition de l'homme moderne, Calman Levy, p. 34-35.
56 Humberto Maturana R. and Franciso J. Varela, Autopoesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living, Dordrecht, D. Riedel. 1980.
57 Paul Ricoeur Preface, in La condition de l'homme moderne, Calman Levy, p. 17-19.
58 Margret Wertheim, The Pearly Gates of Cyberspace: A History of Space from Dante to the Internet, Doubleday, 1999.
59 Allen Buchanan, Beyond Humanity, Oxford, University Press, 2011.