• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.42-52
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• 2008

This paper categorized the functions of and investigated the characteristics of planting in Pyeonghwa Park near the Seoul World Cup Stadium as a preliminary study for improving tree planting in the park. The functions of planting were deduced based on related theoretical studies and an analysis of the intention of design and environmental factors. The characteristics of planting were analyzed after drawing the distribution and stratification of dominant planting species and setting samples by function. The functions of planting were classified into natural landscape planting, buffer planting, and shade planting. For dominant planting species, pine trees and elm-like trees have been widely observed while various species in addition to pine trees in natural landscape planting areas have been introduced in terms of the function of planting. These trees that were randomly planted before the park was developed have been obstacles in the formation of natural landscapes. For buffer planting and topographical correction, tall trees were planted. However, it seems that comprehensive complementary measures should be taken on the under-story planting.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.106-127
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• 2010

Although multi-layer planting methods are more widely used as a method for clustered planting and environmental programs such as plant remediation, difficulties have been faced in applying those to planting design. This study develops a basic planting model that can be applied to multi-layer planting in basis on an analysis of forest structures in the Seoul area. An optimal number of clusters was determined through the ISA (Indicator Species Analysis), and 7 basic clusters were found through a cluster analysis by using PC ORD 4.0 software specifically developed for ecological analysis. The 7 basic clusters include the following communities: the Quercus acutissima Community, Sorbus alnifolia-Quercus mongolica Community, Pinus rigida-Pinus densifiora Community, Rododendron mucronulatum var. mucronulatum-Quercus mongolica Community, Juniperus rigida-Quercus mongolica Community, Rododendron mucronulatum var. mucronulatum-Pinus densiflora Community, and Rododendron sclippenbachii-Quercus mongolica Community. The study also selected 57 species with at least a 10% frequency among the plant species existing in the Seoul area and suggested both a companion species and available similar alternative species by conducting an additional interspecific association analysis. This study may help to enhance usefulness of the model in architectural planting design. In addition, the two results named above were synthesized to develop a multi-layer planting model that can be utilized in landscape planting design by selecting similar alternative species through the interspecific association analysis, which includes 7 clusters of natural plants. The multi-layer planting model can be widely applied to design planting because the model has an average target cover range based on the average value of a transformed likelihood.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze historical records of what the trees had been planted like by establishment and management of the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty so that it could be utilized for historical records to manage the trees in the Royal Tombs. The research method was to analyze the related keywords for 40 trees out of 42 trees in the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty reffering to "The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮王朝實錄)," and "Neungji(陵誌)". There are two types of planting called Jeongsik(定植) Bosik(補植) in the Royal Tombs. Jeongsik(定植) is a planting method by Salleungdogam(山陵都監), the office in charge of construction of the royal tomb when they were building the royal tomb. Every tree additionally planted after building up the royal tomb was called Bosik(補植). The types of tree planting the composition and management of the royal tombs of Joseon are as follows. First, the first planting for landscaping was carried out during the process of building the province. Second, after the formation of Shanung, all the plants were planted by Wangmyung as additional plants. Third, due to the deforestation in the late Joseon period, additional plants were planted in the fertile plains. Fourth, trees were damaged due to natural disasters, and trees were planted together with the construction of the botanical gardens. Fifth, in the 22nd year of King Jeongjo, all the royal families' graves were regularly planted. This study aims to investigate the history of forest landscape management for the restoration of the royal tombs of Joseon.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.182-182
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• 2011

2010년 9월 21일 오전부터 서울과 인천 등 수도권 지역에 최대 200mm가 넘는 집중호우가 내렸다. 이로 인해 도림천에서는 하천 복원 공사가 한창이었으나, 공사가 진행된 지점에서 자연형하천 공법의 훼손이 심각하게 발생하였다. 본 연구에서는 집중호우로 인한 자연형하천 공법의 훼손 현황을 현지조사를 통해 살펴보고, 이의 원인을 검토, 분석하여 복구대책 수립에 지침이 되도록 하였다. 자연형하천 공법의 훼손은 주로 하천의 수리적인 안정성을 고려하지 않고 설치함으로써 인위적으로 흐름에 지장을 초래하기 때문에 발생하였다. 흐름의 유속을 고려하지 않는 수생식물 식재, 하도 내에 설치된 진입계단, 전망데크, 불투수성의 자전거길 및 저수호안공의 훼손은 추후 흐름의 유속과 와류 등을 고려한 수리적인 안정성 확보가 중요함을 시사하였다. 한편, 저수호안에 식재한 갯버들+자연석 호안공은 이번 호우에도 어느 정도 대응 가능하였음을 감안할 때, 흐름의 유속이 빠르다고 하여 자연석 호안공을 시멘트로 메워 식생을 도입하지 않았던 공법에 대한 재검토가 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2017

In this study, in order to examine the change of soil animals by vegetation restoration types, experimental sites with biotope restoration method, forest topsoil paving method, small diameter trees planting method and multi-layer community planting method were applied and the control site was selected. The naturalness of soil animals was analysed by studying the change of soil animals. It was confirmed that the control site has a high level of the naturalness of soil animals as it includes a mixture of fauna sensitive and insensitive to environment distributed widely over the site. The experimental site with biotope restoration method showed a similar level of the naturalness of soil animals as the control site. Furthermore, the naturalness of soil animals in the experimental sites with small diameter trees planting method and multi-layer community planting method also showed a progressive restoration although the level of the naturalness of soil animals is lower than the experimental site with the biotope restoration method. Therefore, it is confirmed that the experimental site with biotope restoration method shows a faster recovery of soil animal than other sites. This is because this method uses the portion of topsoil and subsoil that were dug from the intact forest during transplantation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.19-25
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• 2023

This study aimed to analyze the current status of planted trees in Seoul Forest and propose improvement plans to improve the naturalness in the park. A comprehensive survey of the trees in the park was conducted, and the data gathered was used to build a list of planting trees suitable for an urban park. The analysis of the characteristics of landscape trees in Seoul Forest by type was about the presence or absence of leaves, and they were classified into deciduous trees, evergreen trees, deciduous shrubs, and evergreen shrubs, and herbaceous plants such as groundcover plants separately classified. The study found that Seoul Forest had 57 species of native and naturalized trees, with 27 deciduous trees, 35 deciduous shrubs, 15 evergreen trees, and 98 evergreen shrubs. The park also had 472 species of herbaceous plants, totaling 320,000. The majority of planted trees in Seoul Forest were native species, comprising 59% of the total planted trees, while naturalized species made up 41%. Furthermore, the ratio of deciduous trees to evergreen trees was 81% to 19%, with deciduous trees being the dominant species. The evergreen trees showed a similar trend, with a total of 23 species, including 15 native and 8 foreign species, accounting for 65% of native species. In addition, the study identified six common deciduous shrubs, including Forsythia koreana, orbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila, Deutzia parviflora, Rhododendron lateritium, and Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora, which are frequently planted in areas with abundant water. The study also revealed that among the 10 evergreen shrub species, 9 were native and 1 was foreign. The study aimed to classify the species planted in Seoul Forest into native and foreign species and to provide a data-driven plan to encourage the planting of native species. This study offers valuable insights into planting planning and design for urban parks, which is essential for enhancing naturalness, as most studies have primarily focused on usage patterns and satisfaction in urban parks. By promoting the planting of native species, the naturalness of Seoul Forest can be improved.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2015

Most landscape areas in apartment complex have been changing. Increasing the area of underground parking lots have an effect on apartment's circumstance. Natural ground was decreased so that the most space in apartment complex were converted into an artificial ground. To suggest the soil quality management, this study examined the actual situation about the soil quality of planting ground such as the quality standard as artificial soil, the difference of natural ground, and the difference of soil quality according to the work classification. As a result, the soil quality of the apartment complex with a large underground parking lot had low quality of soil. Soil physical properties were relatively fine but soil chemical properties needed the quality control. The soil quality of natural ground and artificial ground was not statistically significant and the soil quality by the work classification also had no statistical significance. Therefore, we established improvements about standards of the chemical properties for quality management, the soil quality in the natural ground and applying the equivalent standard according to the work classification.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.10-12
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• 2020

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.123-138
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• 2004

This study was to investigate the planting arrangement of ornamental trees and shrubs that leads to an appropriate, type of templescape. Temples sampled for this study were Woljonsa, Sineunsa, Sinreugsa and Mitasa which fall all under the category of the level land. The results obtained were as follows : Open space of Daewoongjeon in all temples, a main Sanctuary among temple buildings, where Buddha is enshrined in, we could not find any kinds of trees/shrubs to be planted. But tere were Acer mono, Acer planmatum, Crataegus pinnatifidam Raododendron poukhanense, Texus cuspidata and Buxus mincrophylla to be planted, before Jeokkwangjeon, in which Buddha is exceptionally enshrined. In Geugragjeon of both temples of Sinheunsa and Sinreugsa, and Elysium building and Muryangsujeon of Woljeongsa temple, an immeasurable bliss building, in which an Amitabha is enshrined. was Taxus cuspidata planted numerously found. Particularly, Josadang, Muryangsujeon and Samsungkag of Woljeongsa temple commonly had Sciadopiys verticillata, which is known as one of Japanese-favorite trees. Syinga oblata Lindaley was also observed at Jeokkwangjeon of Woljeongsa temple and Keungnakjon of Sinheungsa temple, and Vidurnun opulus var. calvesvens, a symbolic flower tree imaging Buddha's head, was planted in Myungboojeon of Sinheungsa temple and Keugnakjeon of Sinreugsa temple. Juniperus chinensis which could be observed in both temples Sinheunsa and Sinreugsa was well arranged enough to be easily captured by human's eyes. In terms of templescape that might be considered in templescape, the correlation between trees/shrubs and temple buildings was thoroughly discussed. And, with the results obtained through precise studies, we presented here in this paper newly designed model of templescape in level land buddhist temples which is possibly applied for planting and arrangement of trees or/and shrubs.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.321-337
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• 2002

This study was carried out to draw up the planting plan of bridge type ecological corridor for animals migration at Hakgogae(ridge) destroyed by road construction in Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. It was conducted with two steps, survey and planting master plan. We surveyed the structure of topography, plant community, and animal habitat. We also selected the target species migrate ecological corridor and suggested a concept of each planting area, the planting species, and the planting density based on the analyzed data and finally drew up the planting plan. The structure of topography was a steep slope due to the mountain ridge destruction so the bridge type ecological corridor was could be applied in this study and we supposed that the animals migrate along the both edge of corridor. As the results of analyzed plant community structure in two sides, the dominant woody species, Quercus serrata and Q. variabilis were distributed on the bottom and the belly of a mountain, while Pinus densiflora community was distributed on the mountain ridge as edaphic climax. The similarity between Q. serrata -Q. mongolica -Q. variabilis community on the West of survey site and Q. serrata -Q. mongolica community on the East of survey site was high in 71.0 percentages. As the results of surveying birds and some mammalia, seven species and fifty-seven individuals of birds were founded in survey area, and two species and two individuals of rodents were founded. We selected birds and some mammals for the migration species that supposed to migrate ecological corridor in drawing up the planting plan. And then we divided the planting areas into bird corridor and habitat, and mammals corridor, also suggested the planting areas in detail as follows: community planting area of shrub at slope adjacent to the bridge exit as a buffer zone, screen planting area, community planting area of herb at steep slope connected with mountain areas, inducement planting area of the animals, community planting area for bird migration, community planting area for mammals migration, and community planting area for bird habitat. We selected the planting woody species which were the constancy ratio based on the analyzed data of plant community around mountain areas was high, and suggested the planting master plan each space.