• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.96-105
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• 2011

This study analyzed literary works and references related to Dok-Rak-Dang(獨樂堂) and the attributes of managing the landscape in Dok-Rak-Dang Garden based on the assumption of position and the spatial structure revealed in the site. Hoe-Jae Lee Eon-Jeok(1491-1553), a distinguished scholar of Neo-Confusionism, built Dok-Rak-Dang and managed the surrounding areas during his retirement years. He called the mountains, stream, and rock along and near the Ja-Ge Stream Four Mountains and Five Platforms(四山五臺). Before he named these, they were not considered special. The Four Mountains which are Do-Duk in north, Mu-Hak in south, Hwa-Gae in east, and Ja-Ok in west enclose Dok-Rak-Dang and the surrounding areas. The Five Platforms, Se-Sim, Gwan-Eo, Yeong-Gue, Jing-Sim, and Tak-Yeong, in order from downstream, are places with beautiful scenery in Ja-Ge Stream. The attributes of managing the landscape in Dok-Rak-Dang Garden are the following: One is the spatial integration of what is natural and artificial as the attitude of aesthetic experience in accord with nature. Another is flexible territorialization as the way of organizing spaces in nature from the experiential aspect. The other is place making of personalized nature through a series of processes such as observing, choosing, and naming landscapes in nature. Four Mountains and Five Platforms function as landscape bases and elements to appreciate nature aesthetically. Those attributes are different from the attitude of constructing spaces. Rather, they originate from the traditional view on the appreciation of nature. Above all, place-making in nature was acquired from designed spatial structure and experiential aesthetic appreciation in the space through observing, choosing, and naming landscapes in nature reflecting creator's own ideological and aesthetic thoughts, and it might be explained as one of practical ways of Korean traditional gardening.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.448-455
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• 1999

Background: Recent developments in techniques of video-assisted thoracic surgery(VATS) and endoscopic equipment has expanded the application of video-assisted surgical procedures in the field of thoracic surgery. Especially, it will probably become the treatment of choice of spontaneous pneumothorax(SP). There is, however, a high recurrence rate, high cost, and paucity of long-term results. We report the results of postoperative follow-up and analyze perioperative parameters affected to recurrence, retrospectively. Material and Method: From march 1992 to march 1997, 276 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax underwent 292 VATS procedures. Conversion to open thoracotomy was necessitated in eight patients, and this patients excluded from the study. Result: The sex distribution was 249 males and 31 females. The mean age was 28.1 12.2 years(range, 15 to 69 years). Primary SP was 237cases(83.5%) and secondary SP was 47cases(16.5%). The major underlying lung diseases associated with secondary SP were tuberculosis 27cases(57.4%) and emphysema 8cases (38.3%). Operative indications included Ipsilateral recurrence 123(43.9%), persistent air-leak 53(18.9%), x-ray visible bleb 40(14.3%), tension 30(10.7%), contralateral recurrence 21(7.5%), uncomplicated first episode 8(2.9%), bilateral 3(1.1%), complicated episode 2(0.7%). Blebs were visualized in 247cases(87%) and 244cases(85.9%) performed stapled blebectomy. Early postoperative complications occurred in 33 cases(11.6%): 16 prolonged air-leak more than 5 days(four of them were required a second operation and found missed blebs); 5 bleeding; 5 empyema; 2 atelectasis; 1 wound infection. No deaths occured. The mean operative time was 52.8 23.1 minutes(range, 20 to 165 minutes). The mean d ration of chest tube drainage was 5.0 4.5 days(range, 2 to 37 days). The mean duration ofhospital stay was 8.2 5.5 days (range, 3 to 43days). At a mean follow-up 22.3 18.4 months(range, 1 to 65 months), 12 patients(4.2%) were lost to follow-up. There were 24 recurrences and seven patients underwent second operation and 6 patients(85.7%) were found the missed blebs. 12 perioperative parameters(age, sex, site, underlying disease, extent of collapse, operative indication, size of bleb, number of bleb, location of bleb, bleb management, pleural procedure, prolonged postoperative air-leak) were analyzed statistically to identify significant predictors of recurrence. The significant predictors of recurrence was the underlying disease[17.0%(8/47): 6.8%(16/237), p=0.038], prolonged postoperative air-leakage[37.5%(6/16): 6.7%(18/268), p=0.001], and pleural procedure [11.4%(19/167): 4.3%(5/117), p=0.034]. Blebectomy has less recurrence rate then non-blebectomy [8.2%(20/244) : 10.0%(4/40), p>0. 5]. However, this difference was not statistically significant(p=0.758). Conclusion: We conclude that it is important that we shoud careful finding of bleb during VATS due to reducing of recurrnece, and cases of no bleb identified and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax were indicated of pleurodectomy. VATS is a valid alternative to open procedure for the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax with less pain, shorter hospital stay, more rapid return to work, high patient acceptance, less scar and exellent cosmetics. But, there is high recurrence rate and high cost, and than it is necessary to evaluate of long-term results for recurrence and to observate carefully during VATS.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.302-306
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• 2001

The possibility of biomaterials prepared from natural polymer as a skin substitute was evaluated by measuring biocompatibility. Biodegradable films were prepared by solution blend method in the weight ratio of chitosan for the purpose of useful biomaterials. These films were inserted in the back of rat and their biodegradability was investigated by the film weight and hematology as a function of time for the biotransformation. The result of rat test showed that medium, high viscosity chitosan induced some suspects of inbiocompatibililty in the tissue by foreign body reaction 48 and 72 hours after implantation. Also, we prepared the official burn ointment which is made by low viscosity chitosan. This burn ointment was covered on the skin wound of artificial burn and their effect of healing was investigated by the evaluation of the naked eye and hematological change as a function of time. The result of rats test showed that burn ointments made from chitosan was effective reduction of inflammation than negative group.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 1997

Apoptosis is an important event in the anticancer drug therapy. p53 was demonstrated to serve a key component to lead tumor cell death by inducing apoptosis. However, recent study showed the presence of p53 independent apoptotic pathway (Gaftenhaus et al., 1996). We were curious to know it apoptosis induced by adriamycin, a genotoxic anticancer agent, involved p53 gene mutation. Thus this study investigated the p53 gene mutation status among HeLa cell population during apoptosis induced by adriamycin. Under our experimental condition, 12 hour treatment of 1 ${\mu}m$ adriamycin caused apoptosis which was monitored by DNA fragmentation assay. In order to see the p53 gene mutation status, exons of 5, 7 and 8 of p53 gene, where previously reported p53 mutation hot spots reside, were amplified by PCR and nucleotide sequence change was scanned. However, no nucleotide change was observed among apoptotic HeLa cell population. Therefore this study demonstrated that adriamycin induced apoptosis without causing p53 gene damage.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.207-212
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• 1994

The census of Amphibia fauna in Tokyusan National Park was carried out during April 10, 1993 and August 8 - August 9, 1993 at the areas of construction field of golf course in Muju Resort and the Chibong. There were 6 species of 5 genera on the 4 families, 2 orders of Amphibia in Tokyusan National Park including Hynobius leechii. Onychodactylus fischeri, and Bufo bufo gargarizans which were announced the specific wild animals with the object of conserving by The Ministry of Environment. At the area of construction field of golf course in Muju Resort, there were 5 species of Amphibia observed as Hynobius leechii, Bombina orientalis, Bufo bufo gargarizans, Rana nigromaculata, and Rana dybowskii. Onychodactylus fischeri and Rana dyhowskii were observed at the Chibong area. The Chibong inwhich was observed 9 relatively large number of individuals of Onychodactylus fischeri was revealed as an environmentally sound habitat to Onychodactylus fischeri. Whereas in the construction field of golf course, there were intended to diminishing species and population size rapidly by progress with construction works. Therefore the large construction works such as golf couse and ski slopes which were concerning to deteriorate the natural environment should be restrain in National Park for animal diversity conservative.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.237-240
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• 2008

본 연구의 목적은 인공신경망 기법을 이용하여 2006년 전국을 대상으로 구축된 국토환경성평가지도의 환경 생태적항목에 대한 각 항목별 가중치를 결정하는 것이다. 기본 분석 도구로 지리정보시스템(GIS)가 사용되었다. 국토환경성평가지도의 환경 생태적항목은 다양성(생태자연도), 자연성(임상도, 녹지자연도, 생태자연도), 풍부도(생태계변화관찰 지역도), 희귀성(생태자연도), 허약성(수치지형도, 토지피복도), 군집구조의 안정성(임상도)등이 활용되어 구축되었다. 본 연구는 기 구축되어 사용되고 있는 국토환경성평가 지도의 환경 생태적항목을 공간 데이터베이스를 이용하고, 인공신경망 기법을 적용하여 각 평가항목간의 상대적 가중치를 구하였다. 인공신경망의 훈련 지역은 환경 생태적항목중 환경성이 높은 1등급 지역 및 환경성이 낮은 5등급 지역을 추출하였다. 그 결과 50번의 가중치를 산정하였을 경우 허약성이 다른 항목들에 비해 1.58배 정도 높은 상대적 가중치를 나타냈다. 이러한 가중치는 국토환경성평가지도 환경 생태적 항목의 취약성도를 작성하는데 활용될 수 있다.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.20-28
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• 2014

The issues of generation, delivery, and processing of information which have been treated importantly in information design field have evolved along with the evolution of the humankind. In the modern society, the vast amount of, complex, and artificial forms of information such as big-data is accounted for the majority and claims of interest focusing on how to effectively design those kinds of information are being increased. This study explored the visualization methods applied with the natural objects as motives as one of the ways for users to easily get their perception and cognition to the information. Nature has long influenced on the human figural activities. The natural objects take the optimum visual shapes and provide the diverse inspiration and emotion to the designers in the various design fields such as product design, architecture design, and so on. Through the literature studies, we suggested the compositional principles of natural objects and the principles for observing and analysing natural objects as a principle to use the natural objects for information design domain. We, also, suggested the information design approach model which is inspired the natural objects by linking those two kinds of principles to the information design's visual realization factors and explored the possibilities of utilizing of the approach model by the case studies.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.377-386
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• 2022

In addition to anthropogenic origins, fluorine (F) is naturally enriched in rocks due to geological events, such as magma dissemination, hydrothermal alteration, mineralization, and fault activities. Generally, it has been well known that F is chiefly enriched in the region of igneous and metamorphic rocks, and biotite granite was mostly distributed in the study area. The F enrichment mechanism was not sufficiently elucidated in the previous studies, and the study on a fault zone was conducted to reveal it more precisely. The mineral composition of the fault zone was identical to that of the Eulwangsan biotite granite (EBG), but they were quantitatively different between the two areas. Compared with the EBG, the fault zone showed relatively higher contents of quartz and F-bearing minerals (fluorite, sericite) but lower contents of plagioclase and alkali feldspar. This difference was likely due to hydrothermal mineral alterations. The results of microscopic observations supported this, and the generation of F-bearing minerals by hydrothermal alterations was recognized in most samples. Accordingly, it might be interpreted that the mineralogical and petrological differences observed in the same-age biotite granite widely distributed in the Yongyudo was caused by the hydrothermal alterations due to small-scale geological events.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.605-610
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• 2004

Having the Seorak mountain National Park as an object of study, this research grasps the problems of the present environmental observatories through the awareness investigations of visitors towards the function of environmental observatories made by the evironmental education. In order to achieve this, a questionaire has been conducted for 26 days, starting from the 25th October 2002, directed towards 100 visitors to the Seorak mountain National Park about the maps and degree of satisfaction of the usage ofthe environment observatory and explanation program. The results of the analysis show that general satisfaction on the environmental observatories are valued very negatively. This informs us that the present environmental observatories under the environment education are not fullfilling entirely their functions. Supporting itself upon the basis of the visitors' questionaire, this research has attempted the resolution of the present problems having as an object of study the scenery and cultural resources present in the Seorak mountain National Park, and proposing an entertaining environmental education of the environment observatory's constitution.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.252-258
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• 1991

Majority of the eyes with subfoveal neovascular membrane lose the central vision. We observed two patients who regained significant central vision as the result of the involution of subfoveal neovascularization. On follow-up fundus examination, the subretinal lesions revealed grayish neovascular membranes stained with fluorescein, but did not show the fluid leakage. And subretinal hemorrhage and subretinal fluid were gradually resolved. We assumed that functioning retinal pigment epithelium within the macula and young age were the important factors of the spontaneous improvement of visual outcome.