• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.259-264
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• 2002

Induction of embryogenic callus from Allium wakegi Araki explants was promoted on medium containing 2,4-D, and production of abnormal embryos from the embryogenic callus increased as 2,4-D concentration was raised. Shoot tip was found to be the best explant source for embryogenic callus formation followed in the order by bulb scale and leaf section. Medium containing 0.09 M sucrose was effective for embryogenic callus production. The regenerants from embryogenic callus on medium containing 2,4-D and BA at different concentrations was consisted of diploids, tetraploids and a few mixaploids of 2n＋4n, and their chromosomal aberration rate ranged from 8.0 to 33.3%. Frequency of chromosomal aberrants was the highest (18.7%) in the regenerants obtained from bulb scale-derived embryogenic callus among others. Plant regeneration rate was high (33.5%) from the shoot tip-derived embryogenic callus and the frequency of chromosomal aberrants was very low (7.0%). The plantlets regenerated on medium containing 0.26 M sucrose resulted in high chromosomal aberrants. The regenerants on medium containing sucrose at 0.09∼0.20 M produced chromosomal aberrants at around 15.2∼16.6%.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.358-360
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• 1998

Series of in vitro experiments in Lilium callosum were conducted to investigate efficient multiplication through finding the optimal cultural environment, and organogenic capability of cultural explants, and then to determine the progressive method for enhancing bulblet growth in Lilium callosum scale culture. Twenty-four hr photoperiod was most effective for the growth of bulblet and the formation of other organs. Optimum light intensity for bulblet growth was 2,500~5,000 Lux. When bulbets were subcultured, growth of bulblets were enhanced by removing excessive leaf blade. Number of bulblets per scale increased as mother scale size increased, whereas diameter of bulblet from the small size mother scale increased. Bulblet formation and development was induced when explants were placed above the medium to be exposed to more light.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.499-502
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• 2000

Five local cultivars of northern type garlics (Allium sativum L.) and one of southern type were collected, and their growth and developmental characteristics and productivity were investigated to select a well adaptable cultivar in Euiseong region. Local cultivars used in this experiment were 'Euiseong', 'Yeochun', 'Danyang', 'Jungsun', and 'Yongin' as northern type and 'Namdo' as southern one. The growth characteristic of local garlic cultivars were differed with their ecotypes and 'Namdo', a southern type cultivar, showed higher growth rate at the early growing stage than northern types. However, no clear differences were observed among northern types. Incidence of bolting was low in 'Jungsun' and 'Yongin', while high in 'Euiseong' and 'Yeochun'. In the case of incomplete bolting, however, an opposite trend was showed, thus, high in 'Jungsun' and low in 'Euiseong' and 'Yeochun'. Secondary growth was remarkably low in 'Euiseong'. Considering yield factors, 'Yeochun' seemed to be most promising northern type cultivar in Euiseong region, which showed highest bulb weight and largest cloves with high growth rate at the maximum growing stage. 'Danyang', 'Jungsun', and 'Yongin' seemed to have relatively low productivity in Euiseong region.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.2
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• pp.151-161
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• 1991

I tried to specify the taxa of Fagaceae in Korea by the character of their pollen grains. The light microscope(LM) and the Scanning electron microscope(SEM) were used to examine the pollen grains of 19 taxa, 5 genera. The result are as follows. 1. The pollen of Fagaceae in Korea could be grouped into four types and 4 subtypes. 1) Fagus type 2) Castanea type 3) Lithocarpus, Castanopsis type 4) Quercus type (1) Cyclobalanopsis subtype (2) Prinus subtype (3) Dentatae subtype (4) Cerris subtype. 2. The morphology of the granula on the pollen of Quercus was closely related to the differantiation of the shape of the cup scales. 1) The uniformity of branching granula on the pollen grain surface corresponds to the morphological features of the concentric arrangement of cup scales. 2) The morphological features of the pollen grain surface intermingled with large or small granula, simple-granula and tuber granula which have small points of circular prominence, corresponded to those of short cup scales. 3) The morphological features of the polllen grain surface intermingled with large or small granula, simple-granula and tuber granula with an apex of amoeba type corresponded to those of Q. dentata Thunb, with thin, fine and long cup scales. 4) The morphological features of the pollen grain surface intermingled with large of small granula of with only simple-granula, corresponded to those of Q. acutissima carr. with thick, fine and long cup scales. 3. The result of cluster analysis by coding the sculpture pattern of the pollen grain surface, the existence and nonexistence of surface perforate, the grain size and granula type were coincident with the system of classification of plants and showed an intimated relationship even under th level of species.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.6
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• pp.49-69
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• 1988

In order to develop a cropping system that can produce garlic in the period of short supply from March to April, effects of low temperature treatment of seed bulbs and planting dates, starting date of low temperature treatment, days of low temperature treatment on plant growth, maturity and yield were studied in Southern strain, 'Namhae' and in Northern strain, 'Euiseong' of garlic (Allium sativum). The results obtained were as follows. In Sorthern strain, sprouting was significantly enhanced by low temperature treatment only in Sep. 14, and Sep. 29 plantings. Days to sprout were least in 30 days of low temperature treatment of Sep. 14 planting and in 45 days treatment of Sep. 29 planting. When considering on the beginning date of low temperature treatment, a marked difference was observed between treatments started before July 31 and after Aug. 15. Sprouting was most enhanced in 45 days low temperature treatment of Aug. 15 and Aug. 30 plantings. In Northern strain, sprouting was en hanced by low temperature treatment in planting from Sep. 29 to Nov. 13 and low temperature treatment for 60 days was most effective. Effect of low temperature treatment on early plant growth was observed in Sep. 14 and Sep. 29 plantings, but the effect on plant growth at intermediate stage or thereafter was observed in up to Oct. 29 plantings. Optimun days for low temperature treatment on growth enhancement was 45 and 60 days in Southern strain and 60 days in Northern strain in each planting dates. In Southern strain, the longer the low temperature treatment and the later the planting date the less the number of leaves developed. In Northern strain, normal leaves were not developed in plantings from Sep. 14 to Nov. 13. In Southern strain, clove differentiation and bulbing were earlist in 45 and 60 days treatment of Sep. 14, Sep. 29, and Oct. 14 planting initiated on July 31 and Aug. 15. In Northern strain, clove differentiation and bulbing were earlist in 60 days treatment of Oct. 14 planting initiated on Aug. 15 and Aug. 30. In treatment initiated later than above, longer the low temperature treatment the earlier the clove differentiation and bulbing in both Southern and Northern strains. The earlier the initiation date and the longer of low temperature treatment, the earlier bolting in southern strain. In Northern strain, bolting was most enhanced in 45 and 60 days of low temperature treatment initiated on Aug. 15 and Aug. 30. The longer the low temperature treatment in plantings thereafter, the earlier the bolting. The earlier the planting date garlic bulbs. Harvest date was earliest in 45 and 60 days low temperature treatment started from July 31 to Aug. 30 in Southern strain, and it was in 60 and 90 days low temperature treatment initiated from July 31 to Aug. 30 in Northern strain. Bulb weight was heaviest in 45 days low temperature treatment of Oct. 14 planting and next was in 45 days treatment of Sep. 29 planting in Southern strain. In Northern strain, bulb weight was heaviest in 60 days treatment of Oct. 14 planting and next was in 45 days treatment of Oct. 14 planting. When considered in the aspect of the beginning date of low temperature treatment, bulb weight was heaviest in 45 days treatment started on Aug. 30 in Southern strain and in 60 days treatment started on Aug. 15 in Northern strain. A high negative correlation between days to harvest and plant height on January 12, and a high positive correlation between days to harvest and days clove differentiation were observed. This indicates that enhanced plant growth and clove differentiation induced by low temperature treatment advanced the harvest date. A high negative correlation between bulb weight and days to clove differentiation, days to harvest suggests that the enhanced clove differentiation result and in heavier bulb weight. From the above results, it suggested that early crop of garlic can be harvested by planting at the period of Sep. 29 to Oct. 14 after 45 days of low temperature treatment of seed bulbs of Southern strain. Then harvest date can be shortened by 30 days compared to control and garlic can be harvested in early April.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.17
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• pp.21-29
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• 1999

This study was carried out to determine the promising method for the production of mother bulbs using garlic bulbs at the experimental field of Ange high school, Eusung in Korea from 1996 to 1998. The bulbs and bulbils were taken from a local cultivar 'Eusung' garlic. The growth of bulbil and yield potential were compared with different harvesting times and cultivation methods of bulbil. The harvesting time of bulbils which were capable of producing the mother bulbs was ranged from 15 days to 30 days after the emergence of flower stalks. The best results based on the yield and number of bulbs were obtained from the bulbils sampled at the just before garlic harvesting, 30 days after flower-stalk emergence. The mulching with transparent polyethylene(PE) film in bulbil cultivation was more effective for the plant growth and bulb formation than that with black PE film. The PE mulching from 30 days after seeding of bulbils to 30 days (late-April) before bulb harvesting was the moot effective for the increase of bulb yield. In the cultivation of garlic bulbils, application of lime (150 kg/10a) and compost (3,000 kg/10a) without any chemical fertilizers produced more bulbs in comparison with the standard level of fertilizer (N - $P_2O_5$ - $K_2O$ - compost - lime = 24.8 - 8.0 - 19.2 - 3,000 - 150 kg/10a). It was determined that the involucre seeding and assemble seeding of bulbils was effective and labour-saving methods for the production of mother bulbs from garlic bulbils. Input of labour force for the involucre seeding was decreased up to 61% as compared with the conventional drill seeding of bulbils. Mean yield from the cultivation of bulbil-derived single cloves was remarkably increased up to 95% in comparison with that of the common cloves. The larger size of single clove produced more yields, and the optimum planting density of single clove was $20{\times}10cm$. The cloves differentiated directly from bulbil showed to have higher yield potential than that from common cloves.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of combination of air temperature and soil water contents on growth, physiological disorder rate, and yield of garlic. This experiments has been carried out in the typical plastic house (one side open and other side installed ventilation fans) which was maintained gradient air temperature (maximum different value of air temperature : $6^{\circ}C$). The excessive irrigation (EI) set at $0.34m^3/m^3$ soil moisture contents. The significant differences found in the growth parameters of garlics as affected by air temperature and soil moisture conditions. The plant height of garlic with combination of ambient $(A)+6^{\circ}C$ and optimal irrigation (OI; set at $0.22m^3/m^3$ soil moisture contents) treatments represented 47.4 cm/plant, which was the highest among all the tested treatments. The leaf length and width showed the greatest, which were 16.1 and 2.4 cm/plant, respectively, in $A+6^{\circ}C-OI$. The physiological disorder ratio was higher as 12.9% at $A+6^{\circ}C-OI$ and was not occurred at ambient temperature with EI compared with OI treatment. The bulb and clove weight were dramatically decreased at $A+6^{\circ}C$ temperature treatment. The yields were decreased by 51% in OI at $A+6^{\circ}C$ and $A+3^{\circ}C$ temperature treatment. Those results indicated that yields were decreased and ratio of physiological disorders was increased by high temperature treatments.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.103-106
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• 1997

In order to establish a micropropagation system of Naricissus, the ability of bulblet regeneration among propagation materials was compared, and the adequate growth regulators and concentrations for each cultivar were investigated. The inorganic components were also assayed in the parts of propagation materials. In propagation materials, scape with based plates showed hightest rate of bulblet formation and rapid growth of formed bulblets in vitro, comparing to other parts of it. In comparing of varieties, 'Dutch Master' and 'Golden Harvest' showed a high ability for bulblet regeneration. The ability of bulblet regeneration was most favorable in the medium, supplemented with 5.0 mg/L BA and 2.5 mg/L NAA in 'Dutch Master', and 5.0 mg/L BA and 1.0mg/L NAA in 'Golden Harvest', respectively. In inorganic component analysis of propagation materials, the White part of scape contained 1.18 mg/L$P_2O_5$, 2.57 me Ca, 0.94 me Mg and 3.20 mg/L total N. It showed higher levels in concentration of inorganic components as compared to those of the other part of scape. In addition, leaves and yellow part of scape contained significantly high levels of Ca and Mg while scales bulb showed considerably low levels in all inorganic compounds.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.19 no.2 s.43
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• pp.91-95
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• 1980

The experiment was conducted to culture callus tissue induced from foliage leaf of garlic bulb for the production of virus-free stocks and for the reduction of expenses for seeds, The following results were reached. 1. Linsmaier-Skoog basal medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) $10^{-5}M$ and benzyladenine $10^{-5}M$ showed the most effective for the induction for the induction of garlic callus. 2. The growth rate of callus was the highest in Linsmaier-Skoog basal medium containing kinetin $10^{-6}M\;and\;2,4-D\;10^{-6}M$ 3. The results of periodical assay of virus concentration in callus tissues showed that virus was almost eliminated by repeated transfer of translucent and soft tissue for eight generations. 4. When virus-free garlic callus tissues were transfered to Murashige-Skoog basal medium containing kinetin $10^{-5}M$ and naphthaleneacetic acid $5\times10^{-6}M$, the tissues were redifferentiated and formed plantlet.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-34
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• 1974

The author intended to investigate external and internal changes in the cone structure, changes in water content, sugar, fat and protein during the period of seed maturation which bears a proper germinability. The experimental results can be summarized as in the following. 1. Male flowers 1) Pollen-mother cells occur as a mass from late in April to early in May, and form pollen tetrads through meiosis early and middle of May. Pollen with simple nucleus reach maturity late in May. 2) Stamen number of a male flower is almost same as the scale number of cone and is 69-102 stamens. One stamen includes 5800-7300 pollen. 3) The shape is round and elliptical, both of a pollen has air-sac with $80-91{\mu}$ in length, and has cuticlar exine and cellulose intine. 4) Pollen germinate in 68 hours at $25^{\circ}C$ with distilled water of pH 6.0, 2% sugar and 0.8% agar. 2. Female flowers 1) Ovuliferous scales grow rapidly in late April, and differentiation of ovules begins early in May. Embryo-sac-mother cells produce pollen tetrads through meiosis in the middle of May, and flower in late May. 2) The pollinated female flowers show repeated divisions of embryo-sac nucleus, and a great number of free nuclei form a mass for overwintering. Morphogenesis of isolation in the mass structure takes place from the middle of March, and that forms albuminous bodies of aivealus in early May. 3. Formation of pollinators and embryos. 1) Archegonia produce archegonial initial cells in the middle and late April, and pollinators are produced in the late April and late in early May. 2) After pollination, Oespore nuclei are seen to divide in the late May forming a layer of suspensor from the diaphragm in early June and in the middle of June. Thus this happens to show 4 pro-embryos. The organ of embryos begins to differentiate 1 pro-embryo and reachs perfect maturation in late August. 4. The growth of cones 1) In the year of flowering, strobiles grow during the period from the middle of June to the middle of July, and do not grow after the middle of August. Strobiles grow 1.6 times more in length 3.3 times short in diameter and about 22 times more weight than those of female flower in the year of flowering. 2) The cones at the adult stage grow 7 times longer in diameter, 12-15 times shorter diameter than those of strobiles after flowering. 3) Cone has 96-133 scales with the ratio of scale to be 69-80% and the length of cone is 11-13cm. Diameter is 5-8cm with 160-190g weight, and the seed number of it is 90-150 having empty seed ratio of 8-15%. 5. Formation of seed-coats 1) The layers of outer seed-coat become most for the width of $703{\mu}$ in the middle of July. At the adult stage of seed, it becomes $550-580{\mu}$ in size by decreasing moisture content. Then a horny and the cortical tissue of outer coats become differentiated. 2) The outer seed-coat of mature seeds forms epidermal cells of 3-4 layers and the stone cells of 16-21 layers. The interior part of it becomes parenchyma layer of 1 or 2 rows. 3) Inner seed-coat is formed 2 months earlier than the outer seed-coat in the middle of May, having the most width of inner seed-coat $667{\mu}$. At the adult stage it loses to $80-90{\mu}$. 6. Change in moisture content After pollination moisture content becomes gradually increased at the top in the early June and becomes markedly decreased in the middle of August. At the adult stage it shows 43~48% in cone, 23~25% in the outer seed-coat, 32~37% in the inner seed-coat, 23~26% in the inner seed-coat and endosperm and embryo, 21~24% in the embryo and endosperm, 36~40% in the embryos. 7. The content compositions of seed 1) Fat contents become gradually increased after the early May, at the adult stage it occupies 65~85% more fat than walnut and palm. Embryo includes 78.8% fat, and 57.0% fat in endosperm. 2) Sugar content after pollination becomes greatly increased as in the case of reducing sugar, while non-reducing sugar becomes increased in the early June. 3) Crude protein content becomes gradually increased after the early May, and at the adult stage it becomes 48.8%. Endosperm is made up with more protein than embryo. 8. The test of germination The collected optimum period of Pinus koraiensis seeds at an adequate maturity was collected in the early September, and used for the germination test of reduction-method and embryo culture. Seeds were taken at the interval of 7 days from the middle of July to the middle of September for the germination test at germination apparatus.