• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-27
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• 2016

The characteristics of the rock cleavage inherent in Jurassic granite from Geochang were analysed. The phases of distribution of microcrack spacings were derived from the enlarged photomicrographs(${\times}6.7$) of the thin section. The evaluation for the six directions of rock cleavages was performed using nine parameters such as (1) frequency of microcrack spacing(N), (2) frequency ratio(${\leq}1mm$ and 4 mm >) to total spacing frequency(N:191), (3) spacing ratio(${\leq}1mm$) to total spacing(118.49 mm), (4) mean spacing($S_{mean}$), (5) difference value($S_{mean}-S_{median}$) between mean spacing and median spacing($S_{median}$), (6) density of spacing, (7) median spacing, (8) reduction ratio of spacing frequency to length frequency and (9) magnitude of exponent(${\lambda}$ and b) related to the distribution type of diagram. Especially the close dependence between the above spacing parameters and the parameters from the spacing-cumulative frequency diagrams was derived. The results of correlation analysis between the values of parameters for three rock cleavages and those for three planes are as follows. The values of (I) parameters(1, 2 and 3), (II) parameters(4, 5 and 6), (III) parameter(7), (IV) parameter(8) and (V) parameter(9) show the various orders of H(hardway, H1+H2) < G(grain, G1+G2) < R(rift, R1+R2), R < G < H, R < H < G, G < H < R and H < G < R, respectively. On the contrary, the values of the above four groups(I~IV) of parameters for three planes show reverse orders. This type of correlation analysis is useful for discriminating three quarrying planes. Six spacing-cumulative frequency diagrams were arranged in increasing order on the value of main parameter($S_{mean}-S_{median}$). These diagrams show an order of R2 < R1 < G2 < G1 < H2 < H1 from the related chart. In other words, the above six diagrams can be summarized in order of rift(R1+R2) < grain(G1+G2) < hardway(H1+H2). These results indicate a relative magnitude of rock cleavage related to microcrack spacing. Especially, the above main parameter could provide advanced information for prediction the order of arrangement among the diagrams.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.61-78
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• 2019

When calculating gains from transfers of assets inherited or donated, the value recognized at the market price as of the date of inheritance or acquisition is recognized as the actual transaction value at the time of acquisition. However, Precedents for the appeal for review by the NTS, the request for adjudgment by the Tax Tribunal(TT) and the request of examination by the Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea(BAI) and the cases of the lawsuit have not shown a consistent results on how much such a the actual transaction value will be measured. This study investigates the operating state of the current tax appeal system using the statistical data of the TT, NTS, and BAI and cases of the lawsuit from 2008 to 2017, and suggests the Improvement of Capital Gains Tax Act on the transfer of inherited and donated property. As a result, total number of requested cases has diminished because cases of the pre-assessment review and the reconsideration appeal by the NTS have decreased steadily over the past decade, while the cases of the lawsuit and the administrative trials(the request for adjudgment by the TT, the appeal for review by the NTS, and the request of examination by the BAI) have been steadily increasing. Also This study found that more than 40% of the complainants proceeded with the cases of the lawsuit proceedings in disagreement with the disposition of tax dissatisfaction under the administrative trials. In addition, Even though the retrospective appraisal price is not recognized as the market price due to the strict interpretation of the tax regulations, it can be seen that it is interpreted as a more expanded concept in the application of the market price than the government office or the tax judge. Therefore, according to the precedents of the cases lawsuit, it is necessary to establish a regulation on the recognition of retroactive appraisal value.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1105-1112
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to examine the metabolic adjustment of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27, LDH) isozymes to the environmental temperature in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). This study included three groups of bluegill collected in April (group Ⅰ), May (group Ⅱ), and September (group Ⅲ). The LDH activities of skeletal muscle, heart, and brain tissues were higher in group Ⅲ than in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ. The citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7, CS) activity was higher in skeletal muscle but lower in heart and brain tissues of group Ⅱ as compared to group Ⅰ. In contrast, the CS activity was lower in skeletal muscle and higher in heart and brain tissues in group Ⅲ than in group Ⅱ. Furthermore, the LDH/CS activity ratio was higher in the skeletal muscle and brain in group Ⅲ than in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ. Accordingly, anaerobic metabolism was increased in group Ⅲ. LDH A₄, A₂B₂, and B₄ isozymes were expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and brain tissues. The LDH C hybrid was detected in brain tissue. The LDH A₄ isozyme was successfully purified by affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of the purified LDH A₄ isozyme was 136 kDa and its optimal pH for enzymatic activity was 8.0. The K_m^PYR values of LDH in skeletal muscle were 0.161-0.227 mM using pyruvate as a substrate. These kinetic properties of LDH in skeletal muscle are consistent with the fact that bluegill is a cold-adapted species. These results may be useful for predicting the habitat use of this fish.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.1235-1247
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• 2013

This study is to evaluate the climate change impact on future storage behavior of Chungju dam($2,750{\times}10^6m^3$) and the regulation dam($30{\times}10^6m^3$) using SWAT(Soil Water Assessment Tool) model. Using 9 years data (2002~2010), the SWAT was calibrated and validated for streamflow at three locations with 0.73 average Nash-Sutcliffe model Efficiency (NSE) and for two reservoir water levels with 0.86 NSE respectively. For future evaluation, the HadCM3 of GCMs (General Circulation Models) data by scenarios of SRES (Special Report on Emission Scenarios) A2 and B1 of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) were adopted. The monthly temperature and precipitation data (2007~2099) were spatially corrected using 30 years (1977~2006, baseline period) of ground measured data through bias-correction, and temporally downscaled by Change Factor (CF) statistical method. For two periods; 2040s (2031~2050), 2080s (2071~2099), the future annual temperature were predicted to change $+0.9^{\circ}C$ in 2040s and $+4.0^{\circ}C$ in 2080s, and annual precipitation increased 9.6% in 2040s and 20.7% in 2080s respectively. The future watershed evapotranspiration increased up to 15.3% and the soil moisture decreased maximum 2.8% compared to baseline (2002~2010) condition. Under the future dam release condition of 9 years average (2002~2010) for each dam, the yearly dam inflow increased maximum 21.1% for most period except autumn. By the decrease of dam inflow in future autumn, the future dam storage could not recover to the full water level at the end of the year by the present dam release pattern. For the future flood and drought years, the temporal variation of dam storage became more unstable as it needs careful downward and upward management of dam storage respectively. Thus it is necessary to adjust the dam release pattern for climate change adaptation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.161-169
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• 2012

The RCP 8.5 scenario based temperature outlook (12.5 km resolution) was combined with high-definition gridded temperature maps (30 m grid spacing) across the Korean Peninsula in order to reclassify the cold hardiness zone for winter barley, a promising grain crop in the future under warmer winter conditions. Reference maps for the January minimum and mean temperature were prepared by applying the watershed-specific geospatial climate prediction schemes to the synoptic observations from 1981 to 2010 across North and South Korea. Decadal changes in the January minimum and mean temperatures projected by a regional version of RCP8.5 climate change scenario were prepared for the 2011-2100 period at 12.5 km grid spacing and were subsequently added to the reference maps, producing the 30 m resolution temperature surfaces for 9 decades from 2011 to 2100. A criterion for threshold temperature to grow winter barley safely in Korea was applied to the future temperature surfaces and the resulting maps were used to predict the production potential of 3 cultivar groups for the 9 future decades under the projected temperature conditions. By 2020s, hulled barley cultivars could be grown safely at the southern part of North Korea as well as the mountainous Gangwon province. Furthermore, most of South Korean rice paddies will be safe for growing naked barley after harvesting rice. Also, dual cropping systems such as 'winter-barley after rice' could be possible at most of the North Korean rice paddies by 2040s. Additional grain production in North Korea could increase up to 4 million tons per year if dual cropping systems can be fully operated, i.e., winter barley after rice at all lowlands and winter barley after maize or potato at all uplands.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2014

Purpose : In the case of treating pancreatic cancer, the importance is put on the spread of dose. Changes take place in duodenum in accordance with respiration. Thus, in this paper, I am going to trace the positioning of duodenum and the changes in bulks of body per dose by scanning the patients' Kilovoltage Cone-Beam CT using the hospital equipped CT-on rail System. Materials and Methods : Seeing three patients, I have acquired KVCBCT by using CT-on rail System and spotted the change in positioning at duodenum after comparing with the preliminary image of treatment plan by using SYNGO Software. Then, I followed the change in the bulk of duodenum and analyzed the changes in bulks of body on the same dose by transmitting the acquired KVCBCT into Pinnacle, a treatment plan system. Results : The changes in the positioning shall be as set forth like this: 1.2cm, 1.0cm in Left-Right Direction, 0cm, 0.8cm in Craniocaudal Direction, 0.1cm, and 1.0cm in Anterior-Posterior Direction. Patient number one showed that his bulks in body had increased by maximum 460%, minimum 120%, the bulks in patient number two had increased bymaximum 490%, minimum 160%, and the bulks of patient number three had increased by maximum 150%. But Minimum volume decreased 30%. Patient number one showed only a little bit of change at first when compared with the preliminary treatment plan. However, the dose increased the bulks in the patient's body: $V_{10}$ 118%, $V_{20}$ 117%, $V_{30}$ 400%, and $V_{40}$ 480% Conclusion : In treating patients with radiation therapy using 3D-CRT, the dose amount penetrated into duodenum needs to be minimized by planning appropriate treatment beforehand. In order to establish an appropriate treatment plan it is required to comprehend the changes at positioning of the duodenum by respiration and predict the changes in the bulks of duodenum by setting precise Planning Target Volume.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.746-752
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• 2005

In this study, the effect of reaction parameters including reaction temperature, time, and pressure on sludge degradation and conversion to intermediates such as organic acids were investigated at low critical wet air oxidation(LC-WAO) conditions. Degradation pathways and a modified kinetic model in LC-WAO were proposed and the kinetics model predictions were compared with experimental data under various conditions. Results in the batch experiments showed that reaction temperature directly affected the thermal hydrolysis reaction rather than oxidation reaction. The efficiencies of sludge degradation and organic acid formation increased with the increase of the reaction temperature and time. The removal of SS at $180^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$, $220^{\circ}C$ and $240^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperatures and 10 min of reaction time were 52.6%, 68.3%, 72.6%, and 74.4%, respectively, indicating that most organic suspended solids were liquified at early stage of reaction. At $180^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$, $220^{\circ}C$ and $240^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperatures and 40 min of reaction time, the amounts of organic acids formed from 1 g of sludge were 93.5 mg/g SS, 116.4 mg/g SS, 113.6 mg/g SS, and 123.8 mg/g SS, respectively, and the amounts of acetic acid from 1 g of sludge were 24.5 mg/g SS, 65.5 mg/g SS, 88.1 mg/g SS, and 121.5 mg/g SS, respectively. This suggested that the formation of sludge to organic acids as well as the conversion of organic acids to acetic acid increased with reaction temperature. Based on the experimental results, a modified kinetic model was suggested for the liquefaction reaction of sludge and the formation of organic acids. The kinetic model predicted an increase in kinetic parameters $k_1$ (liquefaction of organic compounds), $k_2$ (formation of organic acids to intermediate), $k_3$ (final degradation of intermediate), and $k_4$ (final degradation of organic acids) with reaction temperature. This indicated that the liquefaction of organic solid materials and the formation of organic acids increase according to reaction temperature. The calculated activation energy for reaction kinetic constants were 20.7 kJ/mol, 12.3 kJ/mol, 28.4 kJ/mol, and 54.4 kJ/mol, respectively, leading to a conclusion that not thermal hydrolysis but oxidation reaction is the rate-limiting step.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.385-392
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• 2011

Although monoculture methods have been remarkably useful due to their simplicity, they have serious limitation because of the different types of cells communication with each other in many physiological situations. We demonstrated levels of markers of endothelial dysfunction such as tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) and interleukin-1$\beta$ (IL-1$\beta$) as well as stimulation of receptor of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) on monoand co-culture system such as only monocyte (THP-1) cultivation system, only endothelial cell (HUVEC) cultivation system, and co-cultivation system of THP-1 and HUVEC. The mRNA levels of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$ on HUVEC increased by the co-culture with monocyte after 4 hr at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ glyceraldehyde-AGE. The secreted protein contents into medium of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$ increased after 8 hr approximately 2~2.5 times compared to mono-cultivation. In contrast, the mRNA level of receptor of AGE (RAGE) was relatively insensitive on the co-culture system. The mediators by which monocytes activate endothelial cell have not been fully elucidated. In this study we confirmed production of soluble cytokines such as TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$ by monocytes. Use of monocyte conditioned medium, which contains both cytokines, can activate endothelial cell.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.93-107
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• 2020

Adults of seven noctuid potential pests (Spodoptera frugiperda, S. litura, S. exigua, Ctenoplusia agnata, Mythimna loreyi, Athetis dissimilis, and A. lepigone) of soybean and maize in Suwon, Korea were identified by their morphological characteristics in the wing pattern and male genitalia and partial mitochondrial DNA sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. The generation number of adults that emerge annually in six species (except A. lepigone) was estimated from the data on density fluctuations of adults caught in sex pheromone traps in 2019 and the forecasted data using temperature-associated development and reproduction models for those species. S. frugiperda adults were caught from July 27th to October 31st in 2019, and hence were initially estimated to emerge three times per year. But, it was finally expected that S. frugiperda adults could possibly emerge a total of four times per year in Suwon, considering larval emergence observed during mid- and late June in other areas. Adult emergence of S. litura, S. exigua, C. agnata, and M. loreyi in 2019 was observed from May 29th to November 6th, from May 14th to November 6th, from May 26th to October 25th, and from May 31st to November 23rd, respectively. Annual adult emergence of these four species was estimated as at least four times. Adults of A. dissimilis were caught from May 26th to September 11th in 2019, and adult emergence was estimated at only twice per annum. It was postulated that the first adult populations of five species except the two Athetis species were probably migrated from other areas.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.5-11
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• 2014

In this study, greenhouse gas emission for small scale landfill (H and Y landfill) was investigated to deduce special the methane generation rate constant(k). To achieve the purpose, the data of physical composition was collected and amount of LFG emission was calculated by using FOD method suggested in 2006 IPCC GL. Also, amount of LFG emission was directly measured in the active landfill sites. By comparing the results, the methane generation rate constant(k), which was used as input variable in FOD method suggested in 2006 IPCC GL, was deduced. From the results on the physical composition, it was shown that the ranges of DOC per year in H (1997~2011) and Y (1994~2011) landfill sites were 13.16 %~23.79 % ($16.52{\pm}3.84%$) and 7.24 %~34.67 % ($14.56{\pm}7.30%$), respectively. The DOC results showed the differences with the suggested values (= 18 %) in 2006 IPCC GL. The average values of methane generation rate constant(k) from each landfill site were $0.0413yr^{-1}$ and $0.0117yr^{-1}$. The results of methane generation rate constant(k) was shown big difference with 2006 IPCC GL defualt value (k = 0.09). It was confirmed that calculation results of greenhouse gas emission using default value in 2006 IPCC GL show excessive output.