• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.116-124
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• 2006

In this study was performed to analyze quantitatively the number of viable but non-culturable bacteria in the Pine and Quercus forest soil by improved direct viable count (DVC) and plate count (PC) methods. The number of living bacteria of Pine and Quercus forest soil by PC method were less then 1% of DVC method. This result showed that viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria existed in the forest soil with high percentage. Diversity and structure of VBNC bacterial populations in forest soil were analyzed by direct extracting of DNA and 16S rDNA-ARDRA from Pine and Quercus forest soil. Each of them obtained 111 clones and 108 clones from Pine and Quercus forest soil. Thirty different RFLP types were detected from Pine forest soil and twenty-six different RFLP types were detected from Quercus forest soil by HeaIII. From ARDRA groups, dominant clones were selected for determining their phylogenetic characteristics based on 16S rDNA sequence. Based on the 16S rDNA sequences, dominant clones from ARDRA groups of Pine forest soil were classified into 7 major phylogenetic groups ${\alpha}$-proteobacteria (12 clones), ${\gamma}$-proteobacteria (3 clones), ${\delta}$-proteobacteria (1 clone), Flexibacter/Cytophaga (1 clone), Actinobacteria (4 clones), Acidobacteria (4 clones), Planctomycetes (5 clones). Also, dominant clones from ARDRA groups of Quercus forest soil were classified into 6 major phylogenetic groups : ${\alpha}$-proteobacte,ia (4clones), ${\gamma}$-proteobacteria (2 clones), Actinobacteria (10 clones), Acidobacteria (8 clones), Planctomycetes (1 clone), and Verrucomicobia (1 clone). Result of phylogeneric analysis of microbial community from Pine and Quercus forest soils were mostly confirmed at uncultured or unidentified bacteria, VBNC bacteria of over 99% existent in forest soil were confirmed variable composition of unknown micro-organism.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 2009

The effect of temperature on ACF thermocompression bonding for FPD assembly was investigated, It was found that Au bumps on driver IC's were not bonded to the glass substrate when the bonding temperature was below $140^{\circ}C$ so bonds were made at temperatures of $163^{\circ}C$, $178^{\circ}C$ and $199^{\circ}C$ for further testing. The bonding time and pressure were constant to 3 sec and 3.038 MPa. To test bond reliability, FPD assemblies were subjected to thermal shock storage tests ($-30^{\circ}C$, $1\;Hr\;{\leftrightarrow}80^{\circ}C$, 1 Hr, 10 Cycles) and func! tionality was verified by driver testing. It was found all of FPDs were functional after the thermal cycling. Additionally, Au bumps were bonded using ACF's with higher conductive particle densities at bonding temperatures above $163^{\circ}C$. From the experimental results, when the bonding temperature was increased from $163^{\circ}C$ to $199^{\circ}C$, the curing time could be reduced and more conductive particles were retained at the bonding interface between the Au bump and glass substrate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.415-417
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• 2003

CsI 형광체는 X선에 대한 분해능 및 변환효율이 우수한 물질이다. 최근 대면적 평판형 X선 영상검출기의 변환층으로 이용하기 위해 CsI 형광체의 대면적 제조에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 논문은 진공 열증착법을 이용하여 증착속도(3, 3.8, $4.5\;{\mu}m/min$)에 따라 $20\;{\mu}m$ 두께의 CsI 필름을 제조하였고, XRD 및 SEM 분석을 통해 CsI 필름의 기하학적 구조를 조사하였다. 증착된 CsI 필름은 증착속도에 관계없이 복잡한 다결정 구조를 가지며, $3\;{\mu}m/min$의 증착속도에서 약 $1\;{\mu}m$ 크기로 needle-like 한 columnar structure를 가졌다. As results, about 3um/min evaporation rate formed as good geometry characteristics CsI layer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.350-350
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• 2008

최근 이동 통신 분야에서 전자기기들의 고주파화와 소형화에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 고주파 소자로서 필수적으로 사용 되어온 디커플링 캐패시터도 이 두 가지 요구를 만족시키기 위해 기존의 표면 실장형에서 평판 형태인 기판 내장형 캐패시터로 발전해 가고 있다. 이를 실현하기 위한 공정법으로 Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCCs)와 polymer composite등의 연구가 진행되고 있으나 LTCCs는 높은 공정온도에 의한 내부 확산과 서로 다른 열팽창 계수에 의한 소결후의 수축과 같은 단점들을 가지고 있으며 polymer composite 은 비교적 낮은 공정온도에도 불구하고 유전특성과 방열특성이 우수하지 못한 문제점을 가지고 있었다. 이러한 단점들을 극복하기 위해 Aerosol Deposition Method (ADM)를 주목하게 되었다. 이 공정 법은 상온 저 진공 분위기에서 세라믹 분말을 기판에 고속 분사시켜 기공과 균열이 거의 없는 치밀한 나노구조의 세라믹을 제작하는 새로운 코팅기술이다. 본 연구에서는 고주파용 디커플링 캐패시터의 응용을 위하여 상온에서 높은 유전율을 가지며 강유전체 물질인 $BaTiO_3$를 사용하였다. 출발원료로서 0.45 ${\mu}m$크기의 $BaTiO_3$ 분말을 이용하여 상온에서 submicron에서 수 micron의 두께로 성막하였다. 그러나 ADM으로 $BaTiO_3$ 막을 성막할 경우 유전율이 100이하로 급격히 떨어지는 현상이 기존 연구에서 보고되어 왔으며 본 연구에서도 이를 확인하였다. 디커플링 캐패시터의 밀도를 높이기 위해서 유전체의 유전율을 높이거나 두께를 앓게 하는 방법이 있으나 이번 연구에서는 박막화에 초점을 맞추어 진행하였다. 하지만 $BaTiO_3$ 막의 두께를 $1{\mu}m$이하의 박막으로 제조했을 경우 XRD 분석을 통하여 결정상이 얻어졌음을 확인했음에도 불구하고 유전체로서의 특성을 보이지 않았다. 이 원인을 $BaTiO_3$ 박막의 누설전류에 의한 것이라고 판단하고 $BaTiO_3$ 박막과 기판과의 계면 및 미세구조를 확인하였으며 이것이 전기적 특성에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석하였다.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.293-300
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• 2021

In this study, the microstructure and thermal conductivity correlation was investigated for concrete materials used in concrete thermal energy storage (CTES) among real-time energy storage devices. Graphite was used as admixture to increase the thermal conductivity performance of the CTES. Concrete specimens of 10% and 15% substitution of cement by mass with graphite, as well as ordinary portland cement (OPC) specimens were prepared, and the microstructural changes and effects on thermal conductivity were analyzed. Porosities of OPC and concrete with graphite were compared using micro-CT, and the microstructural characteristics were quantified using probability functions. Three-dimensional virtual specimens were constructed for thermal analysis, to confirm the effect of microstructural characteristics on thermal conductivity, and the results were compared with the measured conductivity obtained using the hot-disc method. To identify thermal conductivity of graphite for thermal analysis, solid phase conductivity was inversely determined based on simulation and experimental results, and the effect of graphite on thermal conductivity was analyzed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.343-350
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• 2012

A planar solid oxide fuel cell (PSOFC) is studied in its application in a high-temperature stationary power plant. Even though PSOFCs with external reformers are designed for application from the distributed power source to the central power plant, such PSOFCs may sacrifice more system efficiency than internally reformed SOFCs. In this study, modeling of the PSOFC with an external reformer was developed to analyze the feasibility of thermal energy utilization for the external reformer. The PSOFC system model includes the stack, reformer, burner, heat exchanger, blower, pump, PID controller, 3-way valve, reactor, mixer, and steam separator. The model was developed under the Matlab/Simulink environment with Thermolib$^{(R)}$ modules. The model was used to study the system performance according to its configuration. Three configurations of the SOFC system were selected for the comparison of the system performance. The system configuration considered the cathode recirculation, thermal sources for the external reformer, heat-up of operating gases, and condensate anode off-gas for the enhancement of the fuel concentration. The simulation results show that the magnitude of the electric efficiency of the PSOFC system for Case 2 is 12.13% higher than that for Case 1 (reference case), and the thermal efficiency of the PSOFC system for Case 3 is 76.12%, which is the highest of all the cases investigated.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.307-314
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• 2006

To search direct fed microbials, we isolated a Candida sp. from kefir grain. The isolated Candida sp. strain showed 99.8% of identity to the species of Candida kefyr by API 20C kit. Enzyme activity of Candida kefyr was higher in amylase (0.33±1.12μmol/min/mg) than that in phytase (0.052±0.98μmol/ min/mg) cellulase(0.051±μmol/min/mg) and xylanase (0.011±0.98mol/min/mg). The maximum numbers of Candida kefyr in growth curve were reached at 30 h fermentation. Candida kefyr showed high resistances to acidic environment, which was not perfectly extincted even at pH 2.0. And it showed high tolerance to bile salt which had almost 97.2% of survival in the presence of 1.0% bile salt.Especially, Candida kefyr showed high heat stability which remained 10% of initial microorganisms at 60℃. Candida kefyr was not generally inhibited by most of 11 antibiotic agent which contained tetracycline groups. These results suggest that the isolated Candida kefyr has a useful properties as probiotics.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.848-855
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• 1995

The influence of gravitational effect on the retention behaviors of polystyrene (PS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in flat type thermal field flow fractionation (Thermal FFF) was studied. In the case of downward flow of mobile phase, the gravitational effect acting in the same direction of mobile phase flow increases as the angle of the system from the horizontal line (0˚to 60˚) increases. The decreasement of retention time of PS & PMMA was found. Also, the increasement of dimensionless λ values was found. And the difference in the retention time of PS & PMMA having different molecular weight decreases and also the resolution decreases. In the case of upward flow of mobile phase, the gravitational effect acting in the opposite direction of mobile phase flow increases as the angle of the system from the horizontal line (0˚to 60˚) increases. The increasement of retention time of PS & PMMA was found. Also, the decreasement of dimensionless λ values was found. And the difference in the retention time of PS & PMMA having different molecular weight increases and also the resolution increases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.29-33
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• 2009

Recently, the compound materials(a-Se, $HgI_2$, PbO, CdTe, $PbI_2$, etc.) that are used in flat panel x-ray imager have been studied for digital x-ray imaging. In this paper, the signal detection properties of $HgI_2$ and a-Se conversion layer, are compared. The thick $HgI_2$ film is fabricated by special particle-in-binder method and the conventional vacuum thermal evaporation is used for a deposition of a-Se film. And an electrical characteristic measurements were investigated about leakage current, signal response property and x-ray sensitivity. From the experimental results show that the $HgI_2$ film has a low operation voltage and high signal generation than that of a-Se.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.234-240
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• 2013

This test was performed to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of Fumagari OPP$^{(R)}$, fumigation disinfectant, containing 20% ortho-phenylphenol against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). In preliminary tests, both E. coli and S. typhimurium working culture suspension number (N value) was $4.0{\times}10^8$ CFU/mL. And all of the colony numbers on the carriers exposed the fumigant (n1, n2, n3) were higher than 0.5N1 (the number of bacterial test suspentions by pour plate method), 0.5N2 (the number of bacterial test suspentions by filter membrane method) and 0.5N1, respectively. In addition, the mean number of bacteria recovered on the control-carriers (T value) was $3.4{\times}10^6$ CFU/mL. In the bactericidal effect of the fumigant, the reduction number of S. typhimurium and E. coli (d value) was 5.26 and 5.64 logCFU/mL, respectively. According to the French standard for the fumigant, the d value for the effective bactericidal fumigant should be over than 5 logCFU/mL. With the results of this study, Fumagari OPP$^{(R)}$ has an effective bactericidal activity, then the fumigant can be applied to disinfect food materials and kitchen appliances contaminated with pathogenic bacteria.