• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.271-275
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• 2011

According to governmental policies for green growth, the increase in the traffic volume of railroad is a representative method to reduce total greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted from transport. Comprehensive assessment for the GHG emission of railroad has been studied to compare the difference of transport modes just in the operating step excluded the construction step. The purpose of this study was to evaluate GHG emissions in railroad construction sector. The targets were some construction works for civil, track, building, and electric system in A line. The GHG emission source of constructing railroad infrastructure was mainly the energy consumption of heavy equipments. As a result, the civil construction sector showed more than 96% of total GHG emissions and its specific GHG emission was 2.191 ton $CO_2e/m$. Also, the specific GHG emissions of civil construction works were of the order: earthworks > tunnels > bridges > station. In future, it will be required to calculate the overall GHG emission of railroad through life cycle approaches including operation, maintenance and disposal step.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2011

Heavy duty diesel engine has relatively small portion of whole vehicles due to long drive distance and large engine displacement, but largely influences atmosphere environment. City buses changed to CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) bus with Korea-Japan Worldcup. Heavy duty truck and intercity bus, however, were impossible to use CNG because those kinds of vehicles had long drive distance and CNG station was installed mainly at the around of the bus garage of city. Insulation container storing the natural gas as a liquid makes heavy duty truck and intercity bus possible to use the natural gas. Drive using diesel is possible where is hard to recharge the gas. With LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas), the dependence on oil is largely decreased, PM (Particulate Matter) and NOx which is chronic disadvantage of diesel is remarkably reduced and finally $CO_2$, the representative green house gas, is reduced over 10%.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.501-509
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• 2016

The economic feasibility of a commercial indirect liquefaction process with the co-gasification process of petroleum coke which has been recognized as hazardous waste because of high sulfur content and bituminous coal and sub-bituminous coal mixtures was assessed. The 2,000 ton/day scale indirect liquefaction process including co-gasification, clean up, Fischer-Tropsch conversion and so on was assumed and used to analyze economical efficiencies with various conditions. Financial data from previous studies were modified and used and economical sensitivities with various mixture ratios were evaluated in this study. As a result, economic values of petroleum coke were superior than those of coals because of increasing sulfur sale. Also, mixtures with petroleum coke and bituminous coal was more favorable that those with petroleum coke and sub-bituminous coal due to lower moisture content. In case of sub-bituminous coal, the mixture ratio with petroleum coke had to be over 40wt% for the IRR of mixture to surpass 10%.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.419-455
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• 2008

This paper analyses the Night Thermal-storage Power Service(NTPS) from the perspective of sustainability. It investigates the economic, environmental and social aspects of NTPS, thereby reveals that NTPS triggers the inefficient use of fuel, the increase of carbon dioxide emission and the increase of cross subsidy between consumers. This paper also analyses NTPS from the perspective of energy security. It investigates how NTPS makes LNG demand volatile in winter, thus threatens our energy security. According to the analysis, NTPS directly violates two basic principles of national energy policy; Sustainability and Energy Security. To solve these problems, not only the harmonized adjustment of Heating Oil Tax and Electric Power Rates is needed to curb the rapier increase of NTPS, but also another separate policy is necessary for converting the electric heating system based on NTPS into the one based on Heating Oil.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.114-129
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• 2016

Since the release of mid-term domestic GHG goals until 2020, in 2009, some various GHG reduction policies have been proposed to reduce the emission rate about 30% compared to BAU scenario. There are two types of modeling approaches for identifying options required to meet greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement targets and assessing their economic impacts: top-down and bottom-up models. Examples of the bottom-up optimization models include MARKAL, MESSAGE, LEAP, and AIM, all of which are developed based on linear programming (LP) with a few differences in user interface and database utilization. The bottom-up model for electric sector requires demand management, regeneration energy mix, fuel conversation, etc., thus it has a very complex aspect to estimate some various policies. In this paper, we suggest a bottom-up BAU model for electric sector and how we can build it through step-by-step procedures such that includes load region, hydro-dam and pumping storage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.81-88
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• 2015

바이오매스는 유망한 신재생 에너지이다. 바이오매스는 액체 및 기체 연료로 전 환 할 수 있고, 다양한 공정을 통해 열 및 전력을 생산시키는데 사용된다. 바이오매스 가스화 공정은 바이오매스를 일산화탄소, 이산화탄소, 수소 및 메탄으로 이루어진 합성 가스로 전환시키는 기술이다. 바이오매스를 이용한 합성 가스 생산 및 활용은 세계적으로 늘어나는 에너지 필요성을 충족시킬 수 있는 대체에너지이다. 현재, 바이오매스 가스화의 주요 원료는 목질계 우드 칩을 주로 사용하고 있지만, 일반적으로 우드칩의 경우 수분을 다량 함유하고 있기 때문에 가스화 공정을 위해서는 별도의 건조처리를 필요로 한다. 우드칩의 건조에는 많은 에너지가 소요되고, 다량의 우드칩 건조에는 시간과 기상 및 공간적인 환경에 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 미건조 우드칩의 가스화 공정을 위하여 미건조 우드칩에 숯을 각각 10, 30, 50 % 비율로 혼합하여 실험을 수행하였고, 실험결과 생산된 합성가스의 CO 농도 는 숯의 비율에 따라 14.9 ~ 25.6 % 증가되는 경향을 나타내었지만, 반대로 $CO_2$ 및 $CH_4$ 농도는 감소하였다. 이에 따라 합성가스 생산을 위한 미건조 우드칩과 숯의 최적혼합비율은 약 30 %로 판단되며, 발열량은 $1285.7kcal/Nm^3$, Gas yield는 $2.3Nm^3/kg$ 로 나타났다. 이에 적절한 숯의 혼합사용은 미건조 우드칩의 직접적인 가스화에 도움이 될 것으로 사료되며, 바이오매스 건조 공정에 필요한 에너지를 절약할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.121.2-121.2
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• 2011

석탄가스화복합발전과 연계하여 사용할 수 있는 $CO_2$분리법으로 연소 전 탈탄소화는 연료가 연소되기 전에 $CO_2$를 회수하는 방법으로 현재 여러가지 분리법이 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 가스 하이드레이트의 다양한 응용 분야 중 이산화탄소 격리분야에서 합성가스로부터 $CO_2$롤 효과적으로 분리/회수하기 위하여 가스 고형화법에 관한 연구를 진행하였다. 가스 하이드레이트 형성과정에서의 반응 특성을 살펴보기 위하여 순수계와 촉진제 첨가계(TBAB, TBAF, THF)에 대하여 반응시간에 따른 가스소모량 및 기상의 $CO_2$ 조성 변화를 측정하였다. 그 결과 하이드레이트 상에 고농도의 $CO_2$가 포집되는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 순수계와 THF 첨가계의 경우 가스 소모량이 다른 계에 비하여 높게 나타났다. 이는 순수계의 경우 구조-I의 큰 동공과 작은 동공에 모두 기체가 점유되기 때문이며, THF 첨가계의 경우 구조-II의 큰 동공에만 기체가 점유되지만 THF의 첨가로 인해 전환율이 증가되기 때문이다. 반면, TBAF와 TBAB 첨가계의 경우에는 상재적으로 낮은 가스 소모량을 보였다. 기체 소모량이 큰 경우 최종 기상의 $CO_2$ 조성이 낮게 나타났다. 그리고 모든 실험조건에서 1시간 이내에 하이드레이트 형성반응이 종결되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 촉진제 첨가에 의한 하이드레이트의 구조적인 변화를 확인하기 위하여 Raman 분광법과 $^1H$-NMR을 이용하여 혼합가스 하이드레이트를 분석하였다. 본 실험으로 얻어진 결과는 가스 고형화법을 이용한 합성가스 분리 공정 설계 및 개발에 중요한 기초자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• Clean Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2008

Theoretical analysis was conducted on the combustion and the NOx formation characteristics of the coal-derived synthetic gases with medium-BTU heating value. The synthetic gas was assumed to contain the major species of CO, $H_2,\;CO_2$, and $N_2$ and the minor species of $CH_4$ and $NH_3$. Through thermochemical analysis on the combustion of the synthetic gas, the flame temperature, major and minor species of exhaust gas, and thermal and fuel NOx emissions were computed. In addition, the effects of the $CH_4$ and the $NH_3$ components in syngas fuel on combustion and NOx emission were investigated. Based on the computed results on the synthetic gases, basic direction and guidelines were provided fur the low NOx design of gas turbine combustor.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.176-185
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• 2018

As global warming accelerates, greenhouse gas reduction becomes more important. Carbon dioxide dry reforming is a promising green-house gas reduction technology that can obtain CO and $H_2$ which are high value-added materials by utilizing $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ which are greenhouse gases. However, there is a significant coking problem during operation of the dry reforming reactor. Because the carbon dioxide dry reforming is a strong endothermic reaction, the temperature of the reactor drops near the reactor inlet and causes coke formation. To solve this problem, it is important to ensure that the reaction takes place in a temperature range where coke production is minimized. In this study, we proposed a design method that can maintain reaction temperature in the region where the coke is rarely generated by using the new catalyst configuration method. The design method also optimizes the reactor by solving the optimization problem which minimizes the reactor length for a given reaction conversion by using the fuel flow rate, catalyst density, and output temperature by section as optimization variables.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.33-38
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• 2009

Synthetic natural gas was producd by the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen via methanation. Ni-Co bimetallic catalyst supported on $Al_2O_3$ for methanation was prepared using deposition-precipitation method. For the comparison, Ni, Co monometallic catalyst was prepared using the same method. The prepared catalysts were characterized by TEM, XRD and TPR and applied to methanation reaction. The catalysts prepared using deposition-precipitation method showed the high metal dispersion. The activity of Ni-Co bimetallic catalyst was higher than that of Ni, Co monometallic catalyst. TPR measurements indicated that Ni-Co bimetallic catalyst had more active hydrogen species than Ni, Co monometallic catalyst due to the synergetic effect in the presence of Ni and Co.