• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

This thesis aims to research the original landscape of an area in Chirwon by comparing and interpreting the current and the former landscape of the time around 1860, in which was created. Inside the painting, MuGi-YeonDang(舞沂蓮塘), its nearby garden facilities and landscape are described. The conclusions of the research are as follows. Around the inner garden(內園) called Gukdam(菊潭), core spaces of Mugi-YeonDang were Hahwanjeong(何換亭) and Pungyongnu(風浴樓). After 1971, Chunghyosa(忠孝祠), Yeongjeonggak(影幀閣) which was built as inheritance of Giyangseowon (沂陽書院), and other buildings were added. On the opposite of Hahwanjeong, there is a designed pond inside Gukdam, in which three pieces of bizarre stones and colorful flower plants and trees reside. In the middle of the pond, there is an center island(中島), constructed with Bonghwangseok(鳳凰石) and Napduseok(衲頭石). Two different kinds of trees are settled on top of the stones, and one of them is identified as a maple. In the external scenery(外境), Jakdaesan Mountain and Cheonjusan Mountain are located at the upper part of Mugi-Yeondang, and Bibo Forest(裨補林), which does not exist anymore, was located at the lower part of it. A notable achievement in own research was to discover the Ju family's graveyard(朱氏墓群) consisted of more than 10 murals at the lower part of Mt. Jakdaesan in the outer space and the remains of 'Byeoreop(別業) Yuhoejeong(有懷亭)' at the nearby Sanjeong-ri(山亭里) area, which was the Ju family's gravesite(Seonsan, 先山). The discovered remains showed the presence of a square pond(方塘) and an island in the center of it(中島) in the form of Seokgasan(an artificial mountain made with stones), a stone monument called Mangchudae(望楸臺), etc. The Seokgasan was consisted of processed natural stones, and layers of the stones were piled up for it. On the side of the layered stones, 'Gyeongam(敬嵒)' and 'Sesim(洗心)' are engraved. Especially, Gyeongja(letter Gyeong, 敬字) is a copy of the Gyeongja Rock(敬字岩) of Sosu-Seowon(紹修書院), which is a symbolic garden language mutually used in the signboards of Pungyongnu and Musansa(武山祠), a place built to enshrine Ju, Sebung(周世鵬). Through the written names of the building found in , it can be assumed that the name of the square pond with Seokgasan was Taehwaji or Jeongwudang, and the name of the Seokgasan was Sogeumgang(小金剛) or Sobangjang(小方丈). The names correspond to the names of the Seokgasan of Gukdam, which was Yangsimdae(養心臺) and Bongnaesan(蓬萊山). By means of the corresponding names, it can be inferred that the relations between the spaces were intended. was originally created as 'a manor painting(莊園圖)', led by the 15th generation of the Ju family who moved into Chirwon-ri, Haman. The painting describes not only the back garden but also the external scenery, thus it provides important evidences for understanding Mugi-YeonDang and its nearby landscape, and is helpful to its maintenance and restoration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.98-109
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• 2017

The results of this study attempting to graft to the space by cognizing and categorizing the characteristic of the under-toned private property to the tablets of the Zhuozhengyuan are as follows. The tablet of Zhuozhengyuan was typed into three groups. In the A group, the frequency of artificial elements including the top, ship, and head was high, and the main emphasis was on the elegance and integrity spirit that the Sunbi(classical scholar) had to have. It has a characteristic of good architects such as pavilion and Nu(樓) is included and as it is adjacent to the water surface the one side of the building is integrated to the water surface. The B group is characterized mainly by the fact that the scenery is portrayed through the climatic factors including rain, wind, and snow, or the scene atmosphere and it is located at the top of the summit which is good for viewing the scenery. In the C group, plant elements such as lotus, magnolia, plum, and bamboo appeared frequently, and various buildings such as pavilion, Kwan(館), Gak(閣) and Dang(堂) belong to this structure. The structure has the characteristic of integrating directly with the water surface or putting the terrace between and scattering throughout the whole garden. Furthermore, this study identified area characteristics based on the frequency of the tablet type. In the west area, Group A is mostly distributed and the humor and concept implied in the tablet, combined with the shape and location of the scenery, viewpoint of the viewer, and the composition of the landscape, improved the orderliness of the space, which led to expand the scope of the enjoyment to the entire space. Meanwhile, in the middle area, tablets of Group C are mostly distributed, and the unique characteristics and shapes of the woody plants that were used as the name of the tablet were connected with various buildings including pavilion, Dang, Kuan, and Gak, improving the unique identity of the space and forming connection with the world of ideas through unity and independence.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.15D no.2
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• pp.223-234
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• 2008

Recently the web service area provides the efficient integrated environment of the internal and external of corporation and enterprise that wants the introduction of it is increasing. Also the web service develops and the new business model appears, the domestic enterprise environment and e-business environment are changing caused by web service. The web service which provides the similar function increases, most the method which searches the suitable service in demand of the user is more considered seriously. When it needs to choose one among the similar web services, service consumer generally needs quality information of web service. The problem, however, is that the advertised QoS information of a web service is not always trustworthy. A service provider may publish inaccurate QoS information to attract more customers, or the published QoS information may be out of date. Allowing current customers to rate the QoS they receive from a web service, and making these ratings public, can provide new customers with valuable information on how to rank services. This paper suggests the agent-based quality broker architecture which helps to find a service providing the optimum quality that the consumer needs in a position of service consumer. It is able to solve problem which modify quality requirements of the consumer from providing the architecture it selects a web service to consumer dynamically. Namely, the consumer is able to search the service which provides the optimal quality criteria through UDDI browser which is connected in quality broker server. To quality criteria value decision of each service the user intervention is excluded the maximum. In the existing selection architecture, the objective evaluation was difficult in subjective class of service selecting of the consumer. But the proposal architecture is able to secure an objectivity with the quality criteria value decision where the agent monitors binding information in consumer location. Namely, it solves QoS information of service which provider does not provide with QoS information sharing which is caused by with feedback of consumer side agents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 1980

The occurrence of witches' broom of Rhus javanica was first noticed in Korea by the author in 1979. Subsequently, studies were made on the symptomatology, etiology, and transmission of the disease, as well as the effect of some antibiotics on the disease development. The results of these studies are summarized as follows: 1. Symptoms of the infected plant were characterized by dwarfing of the tree accompanied by yellowing and brooming of the foliage. 2. Electron microscopy of witches' broom diseased Rhus javanica plant revealed the occurrence of numerous mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO's) in the phloem tissue cells (sieve tube elements and phloem parenchyma cells) of the rachis and midribs of infected leaves. 3. The MLO's were bounded by a single unit membrane and contained ribosome-like granules and strands presumed to be DNA. It also appears that the MLO multiply possibly by budding as well as binary and plurinary fission. 4. In the midrib of healthy leaves, vascular bundles were collaterally discontinuous. In the diseased leaves, however, xylems were connected to each other and phloem cells showed an atrophy. Granules, which were prominent in the normal abaxial epidermis, were not observed in the peidermis of diseased leaves. 5. Electron microscopy revealed crystals or osmopholic granules in the phloem parenchyma cells, and that normal stacks of grana were not developed in the chloroplasts of infected levels. 6. The disease was experimentally transmitted by grafting. Budding was more effective than crown grafting for transmitting the disease. The disease has been transmitted by grafting even when complete union of stocks and scions has not taken place. The disease agent was not transmitted by sap inoculation. Insect transmission has not been confirmed. 7. Dipping the roots of infected plants into the 500 ppm and 1,000 solutions of either tetracycline HCI or oxytetracycline, HCI was more effective on temporary remision of the symptoms than spraying the 100 ppm and 200 ppm solutions of the same antibiotics. A greater effect was achieved through dipping into 1,000 ppm than into 500 ppm.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.7-17
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• 1974

Eighty percent of Gangweon-Do area is mountain forests, and of all others this province has the largest number of "Hwajeon-farmers" (who illegally reclaim the mountain forests to do farming as long as the soil is fertile enough to yield profit, but when it fails, move to other places to repeat the same forest burning, causing tremendous forest damages). In 1965 a 7-year plan was mapped out to exterminate this gipsy-farmers only to be suspended in 1969 to give way to the stronger urge from the national security view-point to first displace those isolated farmers set in deep mountains. In the meantime an increased number of the Hwajeon-farmers burned the forests, working new havoc. To cope with the situation, the provincial government lounched another 4-year plan in 1973 and has been enforcing the resettlement policy with renewed enthusiasm. Whether the plan will succeed depends entirely on the authority involved can solve the problems listed below with regard to the Hwajeon-farmers who are to lose their only means of survival and move down to the low-lands: 1) Their living must be taken care of until they can have definite means of self-supporting. 2) They must be provided with the opportunity to work in connection with the government-sponsored labor programs. 3) Not only the public organizations but also the private firms must give them the priority to get work. 4) The rural revitalization movement must expand the self-help reconstruction projects to absorb their labor powers. 5) The Hwajeon-farmers themselves must have the spirit of self-help and self-supporting. 6) All the citizens in the province must receive and protect them with brethren love. 7) The function of the watch-posts against the Hwajeon-farmers must be strengthened again.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.117-130
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• 2005

In both deteministic user Optimal Traffic Assignment Model (UOTAM) and stochastic UOTAM, travel time, which is a major ccriterion for traffic loading over transportation network, is defined by the sum of link travel time and turn delay at intersections. In this assignment method, drivers actual route perception processes and choice behaviors, which can become main explanatory factors, are not sufficiently considered: therefore may result in biased traffic loading. Even though there have been some efforts in Stochastic UOTAM for reflecting drivers' route perception cost by assuming cumulative distribution function of link travel time, it has not been fundamental fruitions, but some trials based on the unreasonable assumptions of Probit model of truncated travel time distribution function and Logit model of independency of inter-link congestion. The critical reason why deterministic UOTAM have not been able to reflect route perception cost is that the route perception cost has each different value according to each origin, destination, and path connection the origin and destination. Therefore in order to find the optimum route between OD pair, route enumeration problem that all routes connecting an OD pair must be compared is encountered, and it is the critical reason causing computational failure because uncountable number of path may be enumerated as the scale of transportation network become bigger. The purpose of this study is to propose a method to enable UOTAM to reflect route perception cost without route enumeration between an O-D pair. For this purpose, this study defines a link as a least definition of path. Thus since each link can be treated as a path, in two links searching process of the link label based optimum path algorithm, the route enumeration between OD pair can be reduced the scale of finding optimum path to all links. The computational burden of this method is no more than link label based optimum path algorithm. Each different perception cost is embedded as a quantitative value generated by comparing the sub-path from the origin to the searching link and the searched link.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.31
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• pp.87-111
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• 2011

In moral instruction, one of the important purposes is cultivate students' meaningful moral knowing. To obtain this purpose, generally systems approach has been adopted and used in moral instruction. Systems approach has emphasized efficient designs which do not occur incidental learning that does not contribute to obtain learning objectives. However, moral meaning may occur to the subject of knowing, then occurrence of coincidence can not be excluded. If we approach to moral instruction with operative and engineering ways, we may convey the learning object but it won't be received meaningfully. Because of such problem, moral instruction has been required an alternative perspective contrary to the systems approach. Above all we need to reconsider the logic of explanation based on the systems approach. Because the moral instruction is understood that it is a systematic and operative act according to the logic of explanation. According to the logic of explanation, education is an act that conveys the teachers' knowledge to students who have inferior knowledge to teachers'. During this process, students' interpretation has been overlooked. In moral instruction, the teachers' interpretation of moral meaning can occur and extend by students' interpretation. When we understand moral instruction as the course of alliance between interpretation, it could be stood out that teaching as a symbol, constitution of teaching text as a vacuum, learning as a coincidence. When we stand out these aspects, the moral instruction could be understand as a poetic act. And based on such understanding, we can abstract specific resemblances between the poetic act and the moral instruction. There are semantic invariants and semantic variants in the teaching text of moral instruction. The semantic variants premise uncertainty. The limitation, that is, semantic invariants and the openness which is possible within semantic variants are changed to the moral instruction by students' response. It is essential that a selective attention as esthetic transaction that could be changed from text to poet. Like this, we need to take notice of instructive aspects not to means for reaching learning objectives but to act for being possible disinterested experiential learning.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.105-113
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• 2011

This study was carried out to develop an automatic loading equipment that can load seedling trays on loading position of the seedling bed driving on enclosed-type rail installed for interconnecting each process of raising seedlings in plant factory. The experiment of transferring the seedling tray by monorail pusher was carried out to figure out the required transfer force and problems during push type device of transporting the plastic seedling trays, that has completed its sowing process, which are installed onto the board of different materials. From the results of this experiment, the loading equipment which can exactly load three of the seedling trays orderly on the loading position of the seedling bed was designed and made. When three sowed trays on every board are transferred by pusher with the speed is at 30 cm/s, the maximum peak transfer force with maximum overshooting at initial transient state and the maximum transfer force at stead state are were respectively 32.8 N, 29.4 N on rubber board, 29.7 N, 22.5 N on a wooden board, 26.9 N, 19.6 N on a acrylic board, and 27.6 N, 19.1 N on an iron board. Changes in the transfer force occurred its maximum at the moment when the pusher collided with the tray, after the collision gradually decreased until it became stable. When two or three trays placed it in order of widthwise are transferred, it is occurred the overlapping of the tray's external bracket. The developed automatic loading equipment with PLC controller did not make any operation error through 100 times of tests, its maximum seedling tray loading speed was 2 sec/tray and its maximum error of transferred location of the tray was 0.5 cm.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.35
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• pp.415-445
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• 2009

A well-known historian, Ahn Jeong-Bok(Sun-Am, 1712~1791) was an expert on the country village community. He was a scholar of the "Nam-In" group, who was excluded from the corridors of power in those days. He kept on the move in various parts of country villages from his childhood. After settling down in Deok-Gok, Kwang-Ju, he stayed in the place devoting himself to the self-culture and the literary works. By his surrounding of environment, he had an academic interest in a concrete science rather than metaphysics and country villages rather than the central city. He considered the country villages as the link holding between a family and a country and had the conception of a confucianist community based on country villages, emphasizing the practice of confucianist virtues in everyday life. First of all, his confucianist community was the community based on country villages. He thought that the enlightenment was a matter of great importance for solving problems in country villages. As a solution to those problems, he suggested Hyang-Yak, the self-governed regulations of country villages. In his own village he made the self-governed rules Dong-Yak. When he was a provincial governer of Mok-Cheon, he put Hyang-Yak, the self-governed regulations of country villages in operation. It aimed for a kind of gentry-centric country village community. But Hyang-Yak was the regulations based on the agreement with each other, stressed the regard on the popular mind and the setting the pace of the gentry, and aimed for the harmony and order in a community through the practice of moral virtues in daily life. On the other hand, he had a conception of a country village's academic community. He thought of the development of educational intuitions as a pressing need of the enlightenment of country village. With young people he read confucianist books with comments in a village school, Seo-Jae. In his seventies, he made and put the self-regulations for academic community, Hak-Yak, in operations. It is considered that Hak-Yak was an example of his idea of academic community and his point of view on learning, which emphasized on the coincidence with reading and practice.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 2001

The paper presents several satellite models and satellite image decomposition methods for inaccessible area where ground control points can hardly acquired in conventional ways. First, 10 different satellite sensor models, which were extended from collinearity condition equations, were developed and then behavior of each sensor model was investigated. Secondly, satellite images were decomposed and also pseudo images were generated. The satellite sensor model extended from collinearity equations was represented by the six exterior orientation parameters in $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$ and $3^{rd}$ order function of satellite image row. Among them, the rotational angle parameters such as $\omega$(omega) and $\Phi$(phi) correlated highly with positional parameters could be assigned to constant values. For inaccessible area, satellite images were decomposed, which means that two consecutive images were combined as one image, The combined image consists of one satellite image with ground control points and the other without ground control points. In addition, a pseudo image which is an imaginary image, was prepared from one satellite image with ground control points and the other without ground control points. In other words, the pseudo image is an arbitrary image bridging two consecutive images. For the experiments, SPOT satellite images exposed to the similar area in different pass were used. Conclusively, it was found that 10 different satellite sensor models and 5 different decomposed methods delivered different levels of accuracy. Among them, the satellite camera model with 1st order function of image row for positional orientation parameters and rotational angle parameter of kappa, and constant rotational angle parameter omega and phi provided the best 60m maximum error at check point with pseudo images arrangement.