• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.45-65
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• 2020

This research is an analysis of communication that occurs during the quadratic function teaching and learning process of middle school students, which reflects mathematical modeling. For an in-depth analysis of the communication, Sfard(2008)'s discourse theory and language analysis framework were applied. A quadratic function mathematical modeling teaching and learning were conducted for the week second (1 hour) in June 2019 for students who studied the concept of a quadratic function and who passed a specified period (3 months). The results are as follows. First, The commo-gnitive conflict occurred because of differences in prior knowledge other than quadratic function among students. Second, in the course of communication, knowledge was expanded through problem-solving from different perspectives. These results can be interpreted as allowing students to clearly reveal problems in the communication process based on their understanding of the concept of quadratic functions and to facilitate cooperation among students. of the concept of quadratic functions and to facilitate cooperation among students.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.403-408
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• 2007

In a large corpus-based speech synthesizer, a break, which is a parameter influencing the naturalness and intelligibility, is used as an important feature during a unit selection process. Japanese is a language having intonations, which ate indicated by the relative differences in pitch heights and the APs(Accentual Phrases) are placed according to the changes of the accents while a break occurs on a boundary of the APs. Although a break can be predicted by using J-ToBI(Japanese-Tones and Break Indices), which is a rule-based or statistical approach, it is very difficult to predict a break exactly due to the flexibility. Therefore, in this paper, a method is to conduct a unit search by dividing breaks into two types, such as a fixed break and a flexible break, in order to use the advantages of a large-scale corpus, which includes various types of prosodies. As a result of an experiment, the proposed unit selection method contributed itself to enhance the naturalness of synthesized speeches.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.435-455
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• 2015

This study is aimed at analyzing the level change and features of mathematical communication in elementary students' expository writing. 20 students of 5th graders of elementary school in Seoul were given expository writing activity for 14 lessons and their worksheets was analyzed through four categories; the accuracy of the mathematical language, logicality of process and results, specificity of content, achieving the reader-oriented. This study reached the following results. First, The level of expository writing about concepts and principles was gradually improved. But the level of expository writing about problem solving process is not same. Middle class level was lower than early class, and showed a high variation in end class again. Second, features of mathematical communication in expository writing were solidity of knowledge through a mathematical language, elaboration of logic based on the writing, value of the thinking process to reach a result, the clarification of the content to deliver himself and the reader. Therefore, this study has obtained the conclusion that expository writing is worth keeping the students' thinking process and can improve the mathematical communication skills.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2010

Backgrounds and Objects: Carcinoma of the tongue is the most common cancer of the oral cavity. A primary treatment strategy includes surgery and/or radiotherapy. Resection of the tongue often results in speech dysfunction, which depends on the site and extent of resection, type of reconstruction, and the mobility of remaining tongue. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of articulation errors that were resulted from the partial glossectomy without free flap reconstruction. Materials & Method : Articulation evaluations including speech intelligibility and percent of correct consonants (PCC) were performed for 24 patients who underwent partial glossectomy for their T1 or T2 tongue cancer. Mobility of the tongue, size of the resected tongue, and the history of adjuvant radiotherapy were analyzed for their relationship with the results of articulation evaluation. Results: Speech intelligibility score was $6.4{\pm}0.9$ (on 7-point scale) and overall PCC was 96.9%. There were close relationships between the size of resection and limitations in the tongue mobility, especially in "protrusion and elevation (r=-0.687)" and "retroflexion (r=-0.775)". Errors in "alveolar fricatives" and "palatal affricates" were also closely related with the size of resection (r=-0.537 and -0.538, respectively). PCC for "liquid sound" /r/ was 83.2%, which was closely related with the history of radiation therapy. Conclusion : Overall articulatory function was satisfactory in cases of early tongue cancer after partial glossectomy of a limited volume without flap reconstruction. However, the size of resection and the history of radiation therapy were closely related to the limitations in some types of tongue mobility and the resultant articulation errors.

• 재활복지
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.231-246
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• 2018

Diadochokinesis (DDK) aims to identify the evaluating the oral mitor ability and the moter coordination ability. There are few DDK normative data on elementary school students in Korea, The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the speed and regularity of DDK in first- and second-grade students in elementary school. The subjects were a total of 194 students in first- (45 males, 50 females) and second-grade (47 males, 52 females) in elementary schools in Gwangju Metropolitan City. As evaluation tasks, AMR task 'p?', 't?', and 'k?' and SMR task 'p?t?k?' were performed. The speed and regularity of DDK was measured using Motor speech profile (Model 5141, KayPENTAX) and Praat (v6.0.3.6). The results of this study, First, there was a statistically significant difference by grade in AMR speed for 'p?', 't?', and 'k?' and the AMR speed was faster in second grade group. And, there was no statistically significant. Second, AMR regularity showed a statistically significant difference in 'p?', 't?', and 'k?' according to sex and was found to be more regular in female student group. There was no significant difference in regularity by grade. Third, the SMR speed showed statistically significant difference in 'p?t?k?' by grade and was faster in second grade group. And there was no statistically significant difference by sex. The results of this study showed that the DDK performance ability in first- and second-grade students in elementary school was slightly different according to grade and sex. In future research, it is necessary to investigate the correlation between the articulation accuracy and linguistic intelligibility, and to find out the usefulness of DDK in articulation evaluation.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.53-63
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• 2019

Objective : Many communication recovery strategies should be used when communication breakdowns occur for successful communication, however, communication problems increase due to inadequate use of such strategies in older people with dementia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of recovery strategy between dementia and the elderly in conversational discourse. Method : The subjects were eight of Alzheimer's dementia and 10 general elderly. Conversation discourse tasks were conducted face-to-face with the subjects. Communication breakdown and communication recovery strategies were analyzed based on 200 utterances collected in the conversation discourse. Result : First, the AD group had more communication breakdown than the control group, but the recovery rate did not differ between the groups. Second, in the AD group, the nonspecific recovery strategy and the clarification demand strategy were used as the expression strategy. The recovery rate after using expressive strategy was more than 90% in explanation strategy, combined strategy, nonspecific repair strategy, and repetition confirmation strategy. The response strategy used a lot of paraphrase strategy and combined strategies, and the recovery rate after using the response strategy was 100% for the simplification strategy, repeat strategy and gesture strategy. Conclusion : The AD group showed more breakdown of research subjects and breakdown of researchers than control group, and it showed ability to use various expression strategy and response strategy though there was difference in repair rate between communication repair strategy. AD group used nonspecific repair strategy in expression strategy the most and paraphrase strategy in response strategy the most. This shows different characteristic from ordinary elderly people. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize this repair strategy for rehabilitation of AD elderly.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.313-324
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• 2008

A sentence reduction is the information compression process which removes extraneous words and phrases and retains basic meaning of the original sentence. Most researches in the sentence reduction have required a large number of lexical and syntactic resources and focused on extracting or removing extraneous constituents such as words, phrases and clauses of the sentence via the complicated parsing process. However, these researches have some problems. First, the lexical resource which can be obtained in loaming data is very limited. Second, it is difficult to reduce the sentence to languages that have no method for reliable syntactic parsing because of an ambiguity and exceptional expression of the sentence. In order to solve these problems, we propose the sentence reduction method which uses templates and POS(part of speech) information without a parsing process. In our proposed method, we create a new sentence using both Sentence Reduction Templates that decide the reduction sentence form and Grammatical POS-based Reduction Rules that compose the grammatical sentence structure. In addition, We use Viterbi algorithms at HMM(Hidden Markov Models) to avoid the exponential calculation problem which occurs under applying to Sentence Reduction Templates. Finally, our experiments show that the proposed method achieves acceptable results in comparison to the previous sentence reduction methods.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1 s.37
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• pp.52-59
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• 1999

연구목적 : 뇌졸중환자에 기능회복도의 측정을 위해 가장 신뢰도가 높은 MBI에 대해서 순수하게 뇌졸중환자의 운동기능평가만을 위해 고안된 MAS의 상관성을 각 기간별로 분석하여 MAS의 운동기능평가척도로서의 객관성에 대해 연구한다. 또 한편으로 경과시간에 따른 운동기능 회복도의 차이를 전체그룹과 사상그룹에서 평가한다. 연구방법 : 1998년 1월부터 1998년 6월까지 6개월에 걸쳐 상지대학교 한의과대학 부속한방병원 내과에 입원하여 뇌졸중으로 진단된 환자 중 의식과 언어상태가 명료한 32명을 대상으로 하였다. 입원직후 사상의학과에 의뢰하여 QSCCII 시스템에 의하여 체질진단을 받은 후 본원 운동기능평가실에서 입원직후, 입원 후 2주와 4주 등 3회에 걸쳐 Modified Barthel Index(MBI)와 Motor Assessment Scale(MAS)을 시행하였다. 각 환자에 대한 검사는 2명의 한방순환기내과 전문의와 전공의에 의해 환자에 대한 사전 정보 없이 이루어졌다. 연구결과 : 통계처리는 상관분석을 위해서는 Pearson correlation coefficient, 사상체질에 있어서 각 경과시간에 따른 점수변화는 Repeated ANOVA, 일반적특성 분석에는 Descriptive analysis가 사용되었고, 프로그램은 SPSS/PC+ 7.5 version을 사용하였다. 1. 뇌졸중 환자의 사상의학적인 분포는 태음인이 56.3%로 가장 많았고, 소양인이 28.1%, 소음인이 12.5%, 태양인이 3.1%이었으며, 연령별로는 50대가 32.6%로 가장 많았으며, 평균연령은 60.9세였다. 2. 경과시간에 따른 사상체질간의 MBI, MAS 평균점수변화는 MBI, MAS 모두 반복측정 분산분석 결과 입원당시와 2주 후, 입원당시와 4주 후에서 모두 P<0.001의 범위에서 통계학적으로 유의하게 증가하였고, 경과시간과 사상체질간의 교호작용은 없었다. 3. MBI, MAS 모두 각 항목과 기능별 분류군에서도 경과시간에 따른 평균점수의 변화는 P<0.001 범위에서 통계학적으로 유의하게 증가하여 한방치료의 효과가 있음을 보여주었다. 4. MBI와 MAS의 경과시간별 Pearson 상관성 분석결과 입원당시의 MBI와 입원당시의 MAS에서, 2주 후의 MBI와 입원당시, 2주 후, 4주 후의 MAS에서, 4주 후의 MBI와 입원당시, 2주, 4주 후의 MAS에서 모두 높은 상관성을 보여, 두 평가방법 간에는 상관성이 높다고 본다.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• no.120
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• pp.217-250
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• 2018

Subjekt oder $Selbstbewu{\ss}tsein$ ist ein grundlegendes Prinzip neuzeitlicher Philosophie. Das $Selbstbewu{\ss}tsein$ ist bei Kant $Selbstbewu{\ss}tsein$(analytische Einheit der Apperzeption als klare Selbstbeziehung) in Objekts $bewu{\ss}tsein$(synthetischer Einheit der Apperzeptuion). Dabei zeigt er ein Reflexionsmodell des $Selbstbewu{\ss}tseins$. Aber er $erkl{\ddot{a}}rt$ nicht systematisch ein $Verh{\ddot{a}}ltnis$ zwischen synthetischer Einheit und analytischer Einheit der Apperzeption, und auch $l{\ddot{o}}st$ er nicht theorienimmanente und formale Schwierigkeiten von Zirkelargument bzw. unendlicher Iteration in der Reflxionsstruktur des $Selbstbewu{\ss}tseins$. Aufgrund der Voraussetzungen seiner eigenen Fundamentalontologie kritisiert der $fr{\ddot{u}}he$ Heidegger, $da{\ss}$ Kants $traditionsabh{\ddot{a}}ngige$ $Subjektivit{\ddot{a}}tstheorie$ Symptome der Seins vergessenheit zeigt, transformiert Kants $Selbstbewu{\ss}tseinstheorie$, interpretiert Kants transformierte Theorie als $subjektivit{\ddot{a}}tstheoretische$ $Begr{\ddot{u}}ndung$ der traditionellen Ontologie von Vorhandenheit, und versteht sie als ersten Schritt und erstes phlosophisches Modell seiner Fundamentalontologie. Durch kritische Interpretation von Kants Lehre von Selbstaffektion und $Selbstbewu{\ss}tsein$ deutet er ein Modell des $Selbstbewu{\ss}tseins$ als des $ph{\ddot{a}}nomenologischen$ $Horizontsbewu{\ss}tseins$ an. In diesem Modell der vorreflexiven und unmittelbaren Selbstbeziehung entstehen Schwierigkeiten von Zirkelargument bzw. unendlicher Iteration nicht. Apel kritisiert Kants $selbstbewu{\ss}te$ Apperzeptionstheorie in dem Sinne, $da{\ss}$ sie solipsistisch sei, und in seiner Transzendentalpragmatik $vervollst{\ddot{a}}ndigt$ er Kants transzendentalphilosophische $G{\ddot{u}}ltigkeit$ in der Dimension von $Intersubjektivit{\ddot{a}}t$ diskurierender Menschen. Hierbei ersetzt die Kommunikationsgemeinschaft Kants Apperzeption oder $Bewu{\ss}tsein$ ${\ddot{u}}berhaupt$. In der transzendentalpragmatischen Sicht, die auf den sprachlichen Bezug des Denkens und Erkennens und die Kommunikationsgemeinschaft geht, beruht das $Selbstbewu{\ss}tsein$ oder die Reflexion des Subjekts wesentlich auf seinem sprachlich vermittelten sozialen Bezug. Also geht es nicht um Zirkelargument und unendliche Iteration in denkender Selbstbeziehung des Subjekts. Ebeling hebt Heideggers Daseinsanalytik auf das Niveau von Apels Transzendentalpragmatik an und entwickelt Fundamatalpragmatik ${\ddot{u}}ber$ $Widerstandsbewu{\ss}tsein$ gegen allgemeinen Tod. Dieser $Widerstandsbewu{\ss}tsein$ ist fundamentalpragmatische Transformation von Kants $Selbstbewu{\ss}tsein$. Der $Widerstandsbewu{\ss}tsein$ der Vernunft bleibt in der solipsistischen Dimension nicht und ist ein $Bewu{\ss}tsein$, das in der Widerstandsgemeinschaft durch Argumentation universalisiert werden kann. Hierbei geht es nicht um Zirkelargument und unendliche Iteration.