• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.108-115
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• 2006

Objectives : Objectives of this study was to explore the relationships between anger, alexithymia and premenstrual syndrome(PMS). Methods The subjects included 125 women with PMS and 58 women with non-PMS assessed by Daily record of Severity of Problems(DRSP) and Shortened Premestrual Assessment Form(SPAE). Anger level was assessed by anger expression scale. The level of alexithymia was assessed by Toronto alexithymia scale. We compared the scores of anger, alexithymia between PMS group and no-PMS group. Results : The mean scores of anger in(p=0.04), anger total(p=0.01) were significantly higher in women with PMS compared to control subjects. and the mean scores of alexithymia(p=0.04) were also significantly higher in women with PMS compared to control subjects. Conclusions : This study showed that the level of anger and alexithymia could be higher in women with PMS compared to control subjects, and that symptoms of PMS could be associated with anger and alexithymia. therefore, It would be better to consider the level of anger and alexithymia in treating and evaluating women with PMS.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.269-276
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• 1996

A theroretical study was made on the psychodynamism of somatoform disorder. Somatoform disorder is caused by a defense mechanism of somatization. Somatization is the tendency to react to stimuli(drives, defenses, and conflict between them) physically rather than psychically(Moore, 1990). Ford(1983) said it is a way of life, and Dunbar(1954) said it is the shift of psychic energy toward expression in somatic symptoms. As used by Max Shur(1955), somatization links symptom formation to the regression that may occur in response to acute and chronic conflict. In the neurotic individual psychic conflict often provokes regressive phenomena that may include somatic manifestations characteristic of an earlier developmental phase. Schur calls this resomatization. Pain is the most common example of a somatization reaction to conflict. The pain has an unconscious significance derived from childhood experiences. It is used to win love, to punish misdeeds, as well as a means to amend. Among all pains, chest pain has a special meaning. Generally speaking, 'I have pain in my chest' is about the same as 'I have pain in my mind'. The chest represent the mind, and the mind reminds us about the heart. So we have a high tendency to recognize mental pain as cardiac pain. Kellner(1990) said rage and hostility, especially repressed hostility, are important factors in somatization. In 'Psychoanalytic Observation on Cardiac Pain', psychoanalyst Bacon(1953) presented clinical cases of patients who complained of cardiac pain in a psychoanalytic session that spread from the left side of their chests down their left arms. The pain was from rage and fear which came after their desire to be loved was frustrated by the analyet. She said desires related to cardiac pain were dependency needs and aggressions. Empatic relationship and therapeutic alliances are indispensable to psychotherapy in somatoform disorder. The beginning of therapy is to discover a precipitating event from the time their symptoms have started and to help the patient understand a relation between the symptom and precipitating event. Its remedial process is to find and interpret a intrapsychic conflict shown through the symptoms of the patient. Three cases of somatoform disorder patients treated based on this therapeutic method were introduced. The firt patient, Mr. H, had been suffering from hysterical aphasia with repressed rage as ie psychodynamic cause. An interpretation related to the precipitating event was given by written communication, and he recovered from his aphasia after 3 days of the session. The second patient was a dentist in a cardiac neurosis with agitation and hypochondriasis, whose psychodynamism was caused by a fear that he might lose his father's love. His symptom was also interpreted in relation to the precipitating event. It showed the patient a child-within afraid of losing his father's love. His condition improved after getting a didactic interpretation which told him, to be master of himself, The third patient was a lady transferred from the deparment of internal medicine. She had a frequent and violent fit of chest pains, whose psychodynamic cause was separation anxiety and a rage due to the frustration of dependency needs. Her symptom vanished dramatically when she wore a holler EKG monitor and did not occur during monitoring. By this experience she found her symptom was a psychogenic one, and a therapeutic alliance was formed. later in reguar psychotherapy sessions, she was told the relaton between symptoms and precipitating events. Through this she understood that her separation anxiety was connected to the symptom and she became less terrifide when it occurred. Now she can travel abroad and take well part in social activities.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to make a comparison between chronic superficial gastritis and gastric ulcer patients regarding stress responses, anger expression and alexithymia. The subjects included 100 patients with chronic superficial gastritis and 40 patients with gastric ulcer confirmed by gastroscopy. Stress responses were measured by the Stress Response Inventory(SRI) and anxiety, depression, somatization and hostility subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90-revised(SCL-90-R). Anger expression and anger suppression were assessed by the Anger Expression Scale. The level of alexithymia was assessed by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale(TAS). Multiple regression analysis showed that the patients with chronic gastritis scored significantly higher on tension subscale and somatization subscale of the SRI, and anxiety subscale of the SCL-90-R than those with gastric ulcer. However, no significant differences were found in the score of anger expression and anger suppression subscales and total score of TAS between the two groups. In chronic gastritis patients, women scored significantly higher on somatization subscale of the SRI than men, whereas in gastric ulcer patients, men scored significantly higher on somatization subscale of the SRI than women. These results suggest that chronic gastritis patients are more likely to have higher level of stress responses and higher susceptibility to stress than gastric ulcer patients. In addition, in chronic gastritis patients, women are more likely to somatize than men, but in gastric ulcer patients, men are more likely to somatize than women. However, there were no differences between the two groups in anger expression, anger suppression and alexithymia.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.181-209
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• 2019

The purpose of this article is to compare zombie narratives in relation to the Other. In previous research, the view of zombies as post-capitalist soulless consumers or workers has been frequently expressed. But in this article, I wanted to look at zombies as the main cause of the collapse of the world and a new future. First, zombies do not only mean the representation of the consumer in the late capitalist era. Rather, it is an awakening subject desiring the outside of the system. As you can see from the Uncanny's point of view, zombies are something that we should oppress as freaks and monsters that threatened the Other. To be a zombie in this way is to meet one's other self, the "Fundamentals of Humanity," and it is the moment when everything becomes the subject ex nihilo, the new beginning. Second, the concept of infection shows a new ethic. Zombie cannibalism is different from the selfish love of a vampire who sucks a worker's blood. Zombie cannibalism is an infection, which is a model of Christian love for one's neighbor. It is a moment of awakening and the beginning of solidarity. It is on the waiting for the solidarity that the zombie hangs in such a way, and the attack on the human being is an active illusion. Third, the situation of the end of a zombie narrative is another event for newness. The anger of a zombie serves not just to show monsters, but acts as a catalyst that accelerates the world's catastrophes. The anger of zombies is the messianic violence that stops the false world, and presents a new way. The emergence of zombies and the popular response to them embody a desire for the possibility of a new subject and world.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.184-193
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• 1994

This study was purposed to find out clinical characteristic of intra and extrafamilial sexual abuse, nature of offenders, difference of symptoms describe that sexually abused children and adolescents were experienced. Subjects were 10 sexually abused children and adolescents who visited Seoul National Mental Hospital, from Jan. 1992 to Dec. 1993. In intrafamilial sexual abuse, they had more chronic course than extrafamilial abuse and had more family psychopathology. In symptomatology, The preschool children mainly presented to somatic symptoms and anxiety, and The school children prominently exhibited depressive reaction and withdrawal. Most common reaction of parents was anger and guilt. They were treated with crisis intervention, play therapy, and hospitalization, if needed. The maintenance of treatment was difficult due to parent's avoidance and repression.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.475-503
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to clarify the constructs of emotion suppression and help understanding on the multidimensional nature of emotion suppression by classifying constructs for suppression according to the KMW model. Also, this study examined the gender differences of emotion suppression. For this purpose, 657 adult male and female subjects were evaluated for attitude toward emotions, and difficulty in emotional regulation, as well as depression, state anger and daily stress scale. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis on the scales related to the emotion suppression factors, the emotion suppression factors corresponding to each stage of the KMW model were found to be 'distraction against emotional information, 'difficulty in understanding and interpretation of emotions', 'emotion control beliefs', 'vulnerability on emotional expression beliefs'. Next, the study participants were classified by performing a cluster analysis based on each emotion suppression factor. As a result, four clusters were extracted and named 'emotional control belief cluster', 'emotional expression cluster', 'emotional attention failure cluster', and 'general emotional suppression cluster'. As a result of examining the average difference of male depression, depression, state anger, and daily stress for each group, significant differences were found in all dependent variables. As a result of examining whether there is a difference in the frequency of emotional suppression clusters according to gender, the frequency of emotional suppression clusters was high in men, and the ratio of emotional expression clusters was high in women. Finally, it was analyzed whether there was a gender difference in the effect of the emotional suppression cluster on psychosocial adaptation, and the implications were discussed based on the results of this study.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.259-267
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• 2011

Although having only become a unified nation in latter 19th century, Germany saw a movement centered on intellectuals to find culture via mental revolution after experiencing much confusion amidst rapid urbanization and materialism. Having expressed as they are such psychological states as anger, sorrow, repression, etc., which arise in reality, by remaining faithful to instinctive sensibility, the form naturally becomes distorted or exaggerated and continues on the tradition of romanticism of a powerful, dark, and introverted atmosphere. Having been discontinued after being branded as 'decadent art' by the Nazis of Fascism, expressionist art has returned in latter 20th century mainly centered on Germany, and this merits our attention. While neo expressionists actively use various objets and media, they metaphorically express hope about Germany's culture and society by again placing on the screen figures, myths, and symbols using rough brush touch, rich colors, etc., which past expressionists enjoyed using to represent the inner world of humans. As such, by examining expressionism, which can be seen as the origin of neo expressionism, we will discover the context in which these people conform to Germany's traditional romanticism and how they inherited and developed it.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2021

The study aims to examine the connection between psychology in human unconsciousness and color, after looking at the meaning and symbolism of the characteristics and colors in Klimt's paintings from an analytical psychological point of view, Gustaf Jung's archetype theory. After analyzing Jung's archetype theory, First, in Klimt's paintings, the gold and yellow colorful decorations and patterns expressed desire with unconsciousness, sex, and especially a woman's desire for sex. The physical relationship between men and women is described as eros, life, and death. Second, the main colors in the paintings were blue, black green, gold, yellow, and orange, indicating anger and oppression, passion, desire, hope, and eroticism, and orange and yellow colors represented the inner healing colors of hope. Third, the artist's inner healing process contains color for himself and incorporates the inner unconsciousness and consciousness. The colors expressed in paintings are not only therapeutic meaning but also being conscious of inner unconsciousness, which is valuable as healing. Therefore, the color will be useful as a means of conveying psychological expression in the psychological counseling sessions.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2023

Modern industrial society demands socially-prescribed perfectionism from office workers and causes self-discrepancy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to propose a counseling strategy that integrates the divided self based on Fairbairn's psychological structure and reduces self-discrepancy by changing interpersonal relation patterns. 14 sessions were conducted once a week from March 2022 to July 2022. T-test was used as a research method to compare the level of self discrepancy by conducting the Self Questionnaire before and after. During the initial stage, the client was in conflict with his boss and showed anger, depression, somatic symptoms such as gastrointestinal disorder, strict judgement on himself and others, and high self-discrepancy. This research showed that the client's libidinal ego and anti-libidinal ego were de-repressed and integrated into his central ego, and his self-discrepancy level was decreased, which was confirmed through the pre-post test. This research, as a case study applying Fairbairn's psychological structure, has a meaning that it confirmed a change in the interpersonal relation patterns of a socially-prescribed perfectionistic client.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1474-1478
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• 2007

수문 및 수질자료는 일정한 기준에 의한 관측치를 시계열 자료로 기록하거나 전송할 때 다양한 형태의 오차가 발생하게 되며 또한 수문 및 수질자료를 관측하는 측정기기의 고장과 유지관리 등의 어려움으로 다양한 형태의 결측 자료가 발생하고 있다. 이와 더불어 수문 및 수질자료는 시공간적 변동성이 크며 비선형성이 강한 특성을 갖고 있다. 이러한 수문 및 수질 자료를 이용하여 모형을 구축할 경우 다양한 형태의 잡음에 대한 검증 및 잡음저감이 필수적 요건이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 영산강 유역의 본류부를 대표하는 나주지점에 대한 유출량과 총유기탄소(TOC) 농도 및 TOC 부하량 예측모형을 개발하였으며, 이를 위한 방법으로는 잡음저감을 위하여 웨이블렛 변환과 인공신경망을 적용하였다. TOC 부하량 자료는 유출량과 TOC 자료간의 함수로서 표현이 가능함에 따라 유출량 및 TOC 자료가 결측되었을 경우 역함수에 의한 계산으로 결측 자료에 대한 보간이 가능하다. 따라서 본 연구의 주안점은 잠음 저감 및 인공신경망에 의해 최적화된 예측 모형이 결측된 유출량과 TOC 자료에 대한 역함수로 정도있는 유출량과 TOC 자료 생성 가능성을 검토하고자 한다. 본 연구의 적용 결과, 유출량 자료가 결측되었을 경우 TOC 및 TOC 부하량 예측으로 유출량 자료에 대한 간접추정 및 결측 자료에 대한 보간의 정도를 평가한 결과 $R^2$는 0.99 이상의 값을 보였다. 또한, TOC 자료가 결측되었을 경우 역시 $R^2$는 비교적 우수한 0.97 이상의 값을 보였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발한 유출량 및 TOC, TOC 부하량 예측모형의 개발은 정도있는 유출량 및 TOC 수질 자료의 생성이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.한 물순환 해석을 할 수 있는 기반을 확보 하였으며, 가용한 장 단기간의 관측자료와 물수지 분석 연산식의 추정치를 바탕으로 관측자료에 의한 물수지 분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과로 산지 소하천 유역인 설마천 시험유역의 각 수문요소의 물이동간의 정량적인 값을 알 수가 있었으며, 앞으로 추가적이고 지속적인 수문모니터링이 운영되고 물순환 해석 모형에 의한 검증이 수행된다면 정량적인 물순환 관계를 규명할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 이와 관련된 수문요소기술을 확보할 수 있을 것이다.절한 타협과 조정을 필요로 한다. 그러나 절제의 한계를 넘어선다고 생각되거나, 조정의 노력이 불가능하거나, 실패했을 때 폭력적인 행동으로 나타나게 된다. 리차즈(I.A Richards)는 분노와 공포는 일단 겉잡을 수 없는 경향이 있다고 하면서 오늘날 폭력에 대한 요구가 일상의 정서 생활에 있어, 억압을 통한, 빈곤함을 반영하고 있지 않은지 생각해봐야 할 것이라고 충고한다. 조성 가이드라인(안)을 제시하였다.EX>$\ulcorner$세종실록$\lrcorner$(世宗實錄) $\ulcorner$지리지$\lrcorner$(地理志)와의 비교를 해보면 상 중 하품의 통합 9개소가 삭제되어 있고, $\ulcorner$동국여지승람$\lrcorner$(東國與地勝覽) 에서는 자기소와 도기소의 위치가 완전히 삭제되어 있다. 이러한 현상은 첫째, 15세기 중엽 경제적 태평과 함께 백자의 수요 생산이 증가하자 군신의 변별(辨別)과 사치를 이유로 강력하게 규제하여 백자의 확대와 발전에 걸림돌이 되었다. 둘째, 동기(銅器)의 대체품으로 자기를 만들어 충당해야할 강제성 당위성 상실로 인한 자기수요 감