• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.392-398
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• 2005

In this study, we evaluated the stability of amoxicillin (AMX) and clavulanic acid (CLA) in aqueous solution, and compared the stability of AMX and CLA in commercial combination products. In aqueous solutions, the degradation of AMX ($t_{90}=8.88\;day\;at\;10^{circ}C$) and CLA ($t_{90}=3.53\;day\;at\;10^{circ}C$) occurred rapidly. From the pH-rate profile, AMX and CLA were the most stable at the range of pH 5.5 and 6.0. After reconstitution of commercial dry syrups, the contents of AMX and CLA in suspensions were gradually decreased for 7 days. However, AMX and CLA in dispersible tablet were not changed at all. The contents of CLA in the dispersible tablet ($87.92\%$) and dry syrups (2.16 and $3.91\%$) were remained in the accel­erated stability test ($75\%\;RH,\;at\;40^{circ}C$) after 10 hours. And the colors of the dry syrups were rapidly changed from white to yellow. From these results, we concluded that the dispersible tablet could overcome the stability problems of dry syrups.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.490-497
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• 2009

The present study was performed to validate an analytical method for veterinary drugs, including amoxicillin, ampicillin, oxolinic acid and flumequin, in meat, fish, and their products as established in the 2007 Korea Food Code, and to monitor the respective drugs in 6 kinds of foods, namely beef, pork, flatfish, rockfish, freshwater eel and shrimp. Additionally, an HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for the qualification of these veterinary drugs. As a result of monitoring, these drugs were detected in 14 (3.6%) out of 393 samples. In particular, amoxicillin was detected in 9 flatfish samples, and oxolinic acid and flumequin were detected in 4 samples and 1 sample of freshwater eel, respectively. The detection levels of amoxicillin ranged from 0.009 to 0.078 mg/kg, in which 1 sample of flatfish contained more than the MRL (0.05 mg/kg). Flumequin detected in 1 sample of freshwater eel, was less than the MRL (0.5 mg/kg). Therefore, the majority of detected levels were less than the MRLs, with the exception of 2 samples showing amounts that were 1-2 times higher than the MRLs. The detected veterinary drugs were identified and confirmed by the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method created in this study.

• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2021

Antibiotics are compounds broadly used to treat patients with infectious diseases and to enhance productivity in agriculture, fisheries, and livestock industries. However, due to the overuse of antibiotics and their low biodegradability, a substantial amount of antibiotics is leaking into the sewer, subsequently resulting in pollution and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study explores biodegradable serum albumin's potential as an adsorbent to remove antibiotics from water. Serum albumin is a natural blood protein that transports various metabolites and hormones to all tissues' extravascular spaces. While serum albumin is highly water-soluble, it has intrinsic binding sites which readily accommodate ionic, hydrophilic, or hydrophobic molecules, rendering it a good building block for a nano-adsorbent. To induce coacervation, a desolvating agent, ethanol, was added dropwise into the aqueous albumin solution, resulting in dehydration and liquid-liquid phase separation of albumins into albumin nanoparticles within a size range of 150 ~ 170 nm. The addition of glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker improved the size stability and homogeneity of albumin nanoparticles. Adsorption of amoxicillin antibiotics on albumin nanoparticles was dependent upon glutaraldehyde concentration used in desolvation and pH during adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity measured by spectrophotometry was found to be 12.4 micrograms of amoxicillin per milligram of albumin nanoparticle. These results demonstrate serum albumin's potential as a building block for fabricating a natural nano-adsorbent to remove antibiotics from water.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Dental Administration
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2017

The purpose of this article is to cope with the abuse of antibiotics in the clinic, to determine the necessity of antibiotic administration, to share information on the selection and proper use of appropriate antibiotics, and to increase the appropriateness of antibiotic prescription through continuous monitoring. In line with the latest research and guidelines trends of various agencies, we will supplement the antibiotic prescription guidelines and use them for the treatment in Apple Tree Dental Hospital. Specially, by history taking and the penicillin allergy test, amoxicillin is prescribed as a primary selective antibiotic for 1 day. The complaints and treatment effects of the first antibiotic should be evaluated at the next visit. If the primary antibiotic was ineffective, we replaced it with a broad-spectrum antibiotic. If there was no improvement in symptoms, the patient would be referred to upper grade hospital. The staff of the Apple Tree Dental Hospital regularly monitored and educated antibiotic prescriptions. The current guidelines should be supplemented continually and positively affect the abuse of antibiotics and the habit of dental practice.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.438-443
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• 1995

Four different pseudopolymorphs of amoxicillin-trihydrate, dehydrate, monohydrate and anhydratewere prepared and characterized by UV spectrophotometry, DSC, and TGA. In vitro dissolution studies of four pseudopolymorphs were carried out in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer at $37^{\circ}C$ by means of a rotating disk method. The effect of four pseudopolymorphs on bioavauability of amoxicillin was studied in healthy 6 subjects using urinary excretion method. The dissolution result was shown in the sequence, trihydrate(95.5%)>monohydrate(83.5%)>anhydrate(67.6%)>dihydrate(15.8%). The urinary excretion rate of anhydrate could not be detected and the dissolution results agreed well with in vivo phannacoldnetic study results. The effects of storage conditions, milling and compression on the pseudopolymorpnc transformation were investigated by thermal methods. The results showed that four pseudopolymorphs were not transformed and they were very stable.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.257-264
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• 2012

Penicillins belong to the ${\beta}$-lactam class of antibiotics, and are frequently used in human and veterinary medicine. Despite the positive effects of these drugs, improper use of penicillins poses a potential health risk to consumers. This study has been undertaken to determinate multi-residues of penicillins, including amoxicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, bezylpenicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin, using liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). The developed method was validated for specificity, precision, recovery, and linearity in livestock and marine products. The analytes were extracted with 80% acetonitrile and clean-up by a single reversed-phase solid-phase extraction step. Six penicillins presented recoveries higher than 76% with the exception of Amoxicillin. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were not more than 10%. The method was applied to 225 real samples. Benzylpenicillin was detected in 12 livestock products and 7 marine products. Amoxicillin, ampicillin, cloxacilllin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin and oxacillin were not detected. The detected levels were 0.001~0.009 mg/kg in livestock products excluding eggs and milk. In marine products, the detected levels were under 0.03 mg/kg. They were under the MRL levels. As monitoring results, it is identified to be safe but it is considered that safety management of antibiotics should continue by monitoring.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 2018

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of operating parameters such as the temperature, initial concentration, contact time and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of antibiotics amoxicillin (AMX) by waste citrus peel based activated carbon (WCAC). The kinetics and isotherm experiment data can be well described with the pseudo-second order model and the Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of AMX by WCAC calculated from the Langmuir isotherm model was 125 mg/g. The adsorption of AMX by WCAC shows that the film diffusion (external mass transfer) and the intraparticle diffusion occur simultaneously during the adsorption process. The adsorption rate is more influenced by the intraparticle diffusion than that of the external mass transfer as the particle size of WCAC increases, and the intraparticle diffusion is the rate controlling step. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption reaction of AMX by WCAC was an endothermic and spontaneous process.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 1998

Intestinal absorption of ${\beta}-lactam$ antibiotics and angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitors has been shown to use the carrier-mediated transport system. In vitro experiments have established that the efficacy of uptake by enterocytes depends on an inwardly directed proton gradient. It was suggested that benazepril was mediated by tripeptide transport system and that amoxicillin was transported by dipeptide transport carrier. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of amoxicillin on the intestinal absorption of benazepril using in vitro diffusion chamber and in situ single pass perfusion technique in the rat in order to elucidate whether the above transport systems are competitive or not. We obtained the gastrointestinal pemeability coefficient of amoxicillin, benazepril and both of them using in vitro diffusion chamber. And also the gastrointestinal absorption clearance of amoxicillin, benazepril and both of them using in situ single-pass perfusion method at steady state were calculated. Amoxicillin and benazepril were analyzed by HPLC. The results by the use of diffusion chamber in vitro indicated that the apparent intestinal permeability coefficient of benazepril was significantly(p<0.01) decreased by amoxicillin(45.2%) and vice versa significantly(p<0.01) decreased(89.1%). The results by the in situ gastrointestinal single-pass perfusion method indicated that the intestinal absorption clearance of benazepril was significantly(p<0.05) decreased by amoxicillin (40.2%) and vice versa significantly(p<0.05) decreased(54.8%). These results might suggest that they share the same peptide carrier pathway for oral absorption.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.311-317
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• 2004

A bioequivalence study of $Gomcillin^{TM}$ capsules (DAEWOONG Pharmaceutical Co., Korea) to $Famoxin^{TM}$ capsules (Dong Wha Pharm. Ind. Co., Korea) was conducted according to the guideline of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty four healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the amoxicillin dose of 500 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week wash out period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of amoxicillin were monitored by a high-performance liquid chromatography for over a period of 8 hours after the administration. $AUC_t$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 8 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for $Gomcillin^{TM}/Famoxin^{TM}$ were $log0.91\;{\sim}\;log1.03$ and $;log0.93\;{\sim}\;log1.10$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of $log0.80\;{\sim}\;log1.25$. Thus, our study demonstrated the bioequivalence of $Gomcillin^{TM}$ and $Famoxin^{TM}$ with respect to the rate and extent of absorption.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.357-367
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• 2010

The pharmacokinetic properties of amoxicillin trihydrate (Amox) were studied after single oral administration and single intravenous injection to cultured eel, Anguilla japonica, respectively (average $220{\pm}10\;g$, $28{\pm}1^{\circ}C$). Plasma samples were taken at 3, 5, 10, 15, 24, 30, 48, 96 and 144 h post-dose. The kinetic profile of absorption, distribution and elimination of Amox in plasma were analyzed fitting to a two-compartment model by WinNonlin program. In oral dosage of 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight, the peak plasma concentrations of Amox, which attained at 3~12 h post-dose, were 3.4 and $3.3\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In intravenous injection with 1 mg/kg, the peak plasma concentrations of Amox, which attained at 9 h post-dose, was $7.2\;{\mu}g/ml$. The following parmeters were calculated for a single oral dosage of 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight, respectively: AUC (the area under the concentration-time curve)= 464 and $667\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$; $T_{max}$ (time for maximum concentration)= 2.1 and 3.6 h; $C_{max}$ (maximum concentration)= 3.04 and $3.4\;{\mu}g/ml$. Following intravenous injection at 1 mg/kg, this parameters were AUC= $748\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$; $C_{max}=4.2\;{\mu}g/ml$. The apparent oral bioavailability at 40 and 80 mg/kg were 1.6 and 1.1%, respectively. Despite using the trihydrate form of amoxicillin, the oral bioavailability was low in eel.