• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.397-415
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyze the discourse structure of teachers that can help students participate in class by using mathematical metaphors that can arouse students' interest and motivation. In order to achieve this goal, we observed a semester class of a career teacher who practiced pedagogy that connects students' experiences with mathematical concepts to motivate students to learn and promote participation. Among the metaphors that the study target teachers used in a variety of mathematical concepts and problem-solving processes during the semester, we extracted the two class examples that can help develop teaching methods using metaphors. Representatively selected two classes are one class example using metaphors and, the other class example using metaphors and expanding and applying problems. As a result of analysis, the structure of teacher discourse that uses metaphors and expands and applies problems by linking students' experiences with mathematical content was found to help solve a given problem and elaborate mathematical concepts. As a result of the analysis, the discourse structure of teachers using mathematical metaphors based on communication with students could provide implications for the development of teaching methods for the recovery of mathematics education.

• School Mathematics
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.313-324
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• 2004

One of the major roots of the value and power of mathematical knowledge is the belief on ‘the Pythagorian-Platonic divine mathematicity of the universe’ and the ‘pre-established harmony between mathematics and physics’. This kind of the nature of mathematical knowledge demands strongly the school mathematics to become a subject for humanity education going beyond the practical usefulness. Here, investigating the roots of the thought of mathematical education, we tried to clarify that the traditional educational ideal which has maintained the theoretical knowledge-centered mathematical education is the education of humanity, and investigate the way today's mathematical pedagogy should first turn to if it should realize this ideal.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.333-357
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• 2007

One of the most important issues in mathematics education is to restore the educational foundation of school mathematics, which requires fundamental discussions about 'What are the reasons for teaching mathematics?'. This study begins with the problematic that mathematics education is generally pursued as an instrumental know-ledge, which is useful to solve everyday problems or develop scientific technology. This common notion cannot be overcome as long as the mathematics education is viewed as bringing up the learners' ability to work out practical problems. In this paper we discuss the value of mathematics education reflecting on the theory of 'two fold structure of mind'. And we examine the ideas pursued by mathematics educators analyzing the educational theory of Plato and Froebel. Furthermore, we review the mathematics educational theory of F. Klein, an educator who led the reformation of mathematics education in the early 20th century and established the basic modern philosophy and curriculum of mathematics education. In particular, reflecting on the 'two fold structure of mind,' we reexamine his mathematics educational theory in the aspect of the mind cultivation so as to elucidate his ideas more clearly. Moreover, for the more deep discussion about Klein's thoughts on the mathematics education, his viewpoint on tile teaching of 'functional thinking' for the mind cultivation is reexamined based on the research results found in the developments of mathematics education after Klein. As the result we show that under the current mathematics education, which regards mathematics as a practical tools for solving everyday problems and an essential device for developing science and technology, there is a more important value for cultivating the human mind, and argue that mathematics education should contribute to the mind cultivation by emphasizing such an educational value.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.83-108
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• 2022

This research is a case study in which teachers tried to improve classes through online class analysis and self-evaluation in elementary school mathematics classes using a checklist of class reflection based on fair access, autonomy, initiative, and evaluation areas in the TRU analysis framework of Schoenfeld (2016). As a result, it was confirmed that the teacher's fair participation, student autonomy, initiative, feedback, and evaluation areas improved teaching methods during the short time. Therefore, if you want to improve classes in relatively short period of time, you can see the effect of some improvement only by self-evaluation. However, continuous improvement of teaching methods require the help of a teacher communities including experts or critical colleagues, and a longer-term case study.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.611-626
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• 2022

In this study, we introduced the case of college calculus course for vocational high school graduates with coding. We suggest this case as an alternative to overcome mathematics anxiety. Contents, python/SageMath codes, and textbook for this course, which help students to easily and quickly review middle and high school mathematics, were newly developed by authors. Due to the use of codes and chat with classmates in learning management system, most of the students who took this course reported that they no longer felt anxious in complex mathematics problems, had a full understanding of calculus concepts, could solve almost problems in any calculus textbooks with or without codes, and could explain calculus concepts to other students in their own words. In this way if mathematics and coding is properly used in mathematics education, it helps students with weak mathematical backgrounds or mathematics anxiety to restore confidence in mathematics in college. This could be applicable in secondary mathematics education.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.17-48
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• 2017

This case study examined mathematics anxiety of a public high school sophomore who was unable to perform well in mathematics but later overcame his fear of mathematics. In this study, he showed high levels of mathematics anxiety in the assessment tools that evaluate mathematical anxiety factors. Cognitive and behavior treatments were carried out to alleviate his anxiety. First, cognitive treatments that were implemented include: understanding his own problems, writing down his thoughts on a record sheet, and changing intermediate and core beliefs. This paper explored cognitive and affective changes and reactions during the treatment process. Second, behavioral treatments that were conducted include: the divided-page method and peer tutoring. The divided-page technique involves the test subject to write down and solve his problems on a note to see what kind of cognitive and affective changes occur during the process. This paper also explored how Su-chul, an overly competitive student, changed and reacted cognitively and affectively through peer tutoring. The results revealed that Su-chul's exam anxiety, as well as other factors, has decreased. Moreover, he regained his self-confidence by solving math problems that he had felt difficult. His competitive attitude also has turned into a cooperative and thoughtful one.

• School Mathematics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.507-520
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• 2003

본 연구는 실질적인 의미에서 학생들로 하여금 수학을 더 잘 이해할 수 있도록 돕기 위해 테크놀로지를 학교 교실에서 직접 활용하는 방안에 대한 연구이다. 특히 여기서는 수학을 가르치고 배우는 과정에서 가상학습체계가 주요한 도구로서 적용되었다. 내용은 무게중심을 택했고 12명의 중학생을 대상으로 현직교사가 직접 지도하였다. 학생들은 수업초기에 교사에 의해 소개되는 학생중심 학습활동에 강한 관심과 호기심을 보였고 집중력이 아주 강했다. 전통적인 수업방식과는 달리 학생들이 참여하였고 테크놀로지를 이용하여 전통적인 방식의 교실에서 할 수 없었던 수업의 시작은 학생들의 호기심을 자극하는데 충분하였다. 전반적으로 테크놀로지 환경에서의 수업을 선호하였지만 아직 전통적인 방식인 칠판과 분필을 이용한 수업을 선호한 학생들도 있었다. 새로운 변화도 좋지만 새로운 환경에 친화적이지 않거나 테크놀로지를 이용한 수업의 빠른 진행이 학생을 오히려 혼란하게 만들기도 하였다. 마지막으로 교사는 가상학습체계를 교실에서 활용함에 있어서 현 교육과정과 교과서를 크게 개혁하지 않아도 잘 준비되고 계획된 테크놀로지의 활용에 대한 잠재력을 확인할 수 있었다. 우리는 현재 테크놀로지의 보급에 비해 그 활용도가 낮다는 것을 잘 알고 있고 기타 입학시험이라는 현실이 교육과정과 학습방법의 개혁을 현실적으로 추진하는 것이 어려운 일임을 잘 알고 있다. 그래서 현 상황에서 테크놀로지의 사용을 가능하게 할 수 있는 방법을 모색하였다. 이미 보급된 테크놀로지와 교사와 학생의 테크놀로지에 대한 이해가 앞으로 그 잠재력을 갖고 있다고 확인하였다.보다 낮은 일반세균수 값을 보여주었다. 봄철 시료에 있어서 소규모 도계장은 본 냉각 후 도계과정을 제외하곤 모든 도계공정 단계에서 대규모 도계장보다 높은 일반 세균수의 측정값을 보여주었다. 봄철 시료의 냉각말기의 냉각수 일반세균수는 소규모 도계장이 대규모 도계장보다 높은 측정값을 보여주었다.주었다.다.㏖/s/$m^2$에서는 이앙후 각각 18일로 두 품종 모두 늦어, 약광은 유묘기에 분화되었던 분얼아를 휴면으로 유도할 수 있음을 시사하였다. 4. 유효경비율은 1220~220 $\mu$㏖/s/$m^2$에서 다산벼는 47~55%, 화성벼는 100~72%로 다산벼가 화성벼보다 낮았다. 이것은 다산벼는 무효분얼이 많다는 것을 시사하는 것으로 품종 육성시 유효경비율을 높여야 할 것이다.타났고, \circled2 회복상태에서, 10 lu$\chi$인 경우 서간에 1.26 $\mu\textrm{V}$, 야간에 1.59 $\mu\textrm{V}$였고, 100 lu$\chi$인 경우 서간에 2.63 $\mu\textrm{V}$ 야간에 3.65 $\mu\textrm{V}$였으며, 400 lu$\chi$인 경우 서간에 2.52 $\mu\textrm{V}$, 야간에 3.67 $\mu\textrm{V}$로 나타났다.히, 흉선, F냥, 비장 등의 림프구에 초기 세포용해성 감염을 일으키는데, B

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.205-208
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• 2003

대학이 신입생을 선발하는 기준은 해당전공을 공부하는데 적합한 지원자를 선발하는 것이며, 해당모집단위에 많이 지원하게 하여 신입생 충원을 용이하게 하는 것 등이다. 대학은 입학전형을 거쳐서 신입생을 선발하게 되며, 선발기준으로 전형요소를 활용하게 된다. 전형요소 활용방법은 신입생 선발에 영향을 주기 때문에 전략적으로 중요하다. 2005학년도 신입생 선발에는 고등학교 7차 교육과정을 이수한 지원자들이 지원하게 되므로 전형요소에 있어서 변화가 있다. 대학입학수학능력 시험의 체제는 수험생들이 영역이나 과목을 선택하여 응시하는 방향으로 변화한다. 즉, 수리 영역을 가형 및 나형으로 응시하고, 하나의 탐구영역을 응시하되 사회탐구영역 및 과학탐구영역은 4과목 이내에서 선택하여 응시한다. 또한 수학능력시험의 성적표는 각 영역별 및 과목별 표준점수, 백분위점수 및 등급을 표시하여 통지한다. 본 연구는 변화된 수학능력시험의 체제와 고등학교 교육과정을 어떠한 방법으로 반영하여 학생을 선발하는 것이 바람직한가에 대한 전략을 도출하는 틀을 제시하고, 각 전형요소 활용의 대안과 문제점을 도출하고자 한다. 2005 수능시험 결과는 표준점수로 통지하기 때문에 만점 개념을 적용하기 어렵고, 표준점수를 전형요소로 활용할 때 전형총점 개념을 도입하기 어렵다. 또한 복수영역 및 과목의 선택에서 유리함과 불리함이 나타나게 된다. 과거의 수능시험결과를 분석하여 전형총점개념 도입의 방법과 불리함을 보정하여 주는 방법을 제시하고, 신입생을 선발하는 목적에 적합한 전형요소 결정전략을 도출하고자 한다.2; Learning Decisions, 2001) 연구모형을 설정하고 이를 근거로 실증연구를 수행 중에 있다.7.2 $e^{0.101}$x/, y = 70.01 $e^{0.030}$x/, 반감기는 12.0, 6.86, 23.0 일이고 폐장, 간장, 신장의 회복기간(x)별 크롬농도(y)의 소실속도 상관계수 (노출농도 0.50 mg/㎥군의 경우)는 y = 1808 $e^{0.004}$93x/, y = 12.02 $e^{0.029}$7x/, y = 67.61 $e^{0.029}$2x/ 반감기는 140.6, 23.3, 23.7 일로 평가되었다. 4. 고찰 : 실험동물의 전혈, 혈청, 뇨에서의 크롬농도와 시험물질 노출농도는 밀접한 상관을 가졌으나 농도에 정비례하지는 않았다. 뇨 중 흡수된 크롬의 경우 회복기간 초기 (12시간 내)에 대부분 배설이 일어나는 것으로 나타났다. 폐장이 간장, 신장 등 다른 장기에 비해 높은 축적량을 보였으며 축적된 크롬농도가 높을수록 크롬의 소실속도는 현저히 저하하는 경향을 보였다. 노출농도가 높을수록 각 장기조직 내 크롬의 소실속도 (clearance)는 크게 감소경향이 있었으며 이는 체내 과부하시 자정작용이 감소하는 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구 결과 SD rat를 이용 반복흡입노출의 경우 생체의 무유해영향농도 (NOAEL)는 0.2mg/㎥이하이며 발암물질을 감안하여 안전계수를 100으로 할 경우 사람에 대한 NOAEL은 0.002mg/㎥이하로 판단되

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.101-124
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• 2012

This study examined the longitudinal changes of self-perceptions of own aging among middle-aged and elderly adults, using the latent growth modeling with the three waves of the "Aging and the Quality of Life of the Elderly in Korea", which sampled adults aged over 45 living in Seoul and Chuncheon. The dependent variable is attitudes toward own aging, the sub-scale of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale developed by Lawton (1975). The results showed that the research participants' attitudes of their own aging deteriorated over time. In addition, the lower initial status of the research participants' attitudes of their own aging was associated with being older, being non-married, living in rural areas, attaining the lower level of education, having the fewer social activities, reporting the worse subjective economic status, and reporting the worse subjective health status. The slope of the research participants' attitudes of their own aging differed by the residence areas, educational attainments, subjective economic status and subjective health status. In particular, the difference of the initial status by educational attainments grew over time. Social welfare policy and practice implications are discussed for middle-aged and elderly adults to improve attitudes toward their own aging.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for the Gifted Conference
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• 1994.08a
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• pp.1.2-37
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• 1994

Currently Korea encourages gifted high schoolers and junior high schoolers to participate in international achievement contests such as International Olympiads. Participants for these contests are selected nationwide among gifted students in areas of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and others. They go through a series of screening tests and programs. One of the screening processes IS Korean Olympiad School, which provides study programs each summer for student-candidates prior to following year's International Olympiads. Approximately 40 students of high schools and junior high schools, in each subject of study, gather at Korean Olympiad Summer School, and they go through intensive study programs during a short period of time. Out of 40 candidates,' less than 10 students are finally selected to participate in International Olympiads. In this study, a psycho-educational program called "Situation Coping Training Program" was developed to enhance ahievement motivation for these student-candidates. This study was to see if this training program actually improved their cognitive, emotive motivation factors, and to see how this training program affected their achievement level. Training was administered for five days. This training program was found effective for participants to increase self-efficacy, internal locus of control, and anxiety copmg. These cognitive and emotive motivation factors, other than intelligence, were found to have positive relationship with achievement level, of which self-efficacy and attribution style of students were found as two best predictors of achievement. This training program was perceived as necessary. by participants, and helpful for recovering self-confidence and self-control as well as coping pressure. Suggestions were made that this kind of training program be administered as a regular curriculum in preparative study programs such as Korean Olympiads, since cognitive, emotive motivation factors are related with achievement, and furthermore, be utilized in all gifted education programs in Korea. in Korea.