• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1296-1303
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• 2014

This study was conducted to develop predictive models for the growth of Bacillus cereus on carrot treated with slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAcEW) and ultrasonication (US) at different storage temperatures. In addition, the inactivation of B. cereus by US with SAcEW was investigated. US treatment with a frequency of 40 kHz and an acoustic energy density of 400 W/L at $40^{\circ}C$ for 3 min showed the maximum reduction of 2.87 log CFU/g B. cereus on carrot, while combined treatment of US (400 W/L, $40^{\circ}C$, 3 min) with SAcEW reached to 3.1 log CFU/g reduction. Growth data of B. cereus on carrot treated with SAcEW and US at different temperatures (4, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and $35^{\circ}C$) were collected and used to develop predictive models. The modified Gompertz model was found to be more suitable to describe the growth data. The specific growth rate (SGR) and lag time (LT) obtained from the modified Gompertz model were employed to establish the secondary models. The newly developed secondary models were validated using the root mean square error, bias factor, and accuracy factor. All results of these factors were in the acceptable range of values. After compared SGR and LT of B. cereus on carrot, the results showed that the growth of B. cereus on carrot treated with SAcEW and US was slower than that of single treatment. This result indicates that shelf life of carrot treated with SAcEW and US could be extended. The developed predictive models might also be used to assess the microbiological risk of B. cereus infection in carrot treated with SAcEW and US.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.75-92
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to point out the problems of the competency exam for college education, a new college entrance exam, and to suggest the improvement ideas for it For this purpose, the test items of science inquiry were taken from the first, the second and the third pilot studies of the competency exam for college education which National Institute of Educational Evaluation had done. These tests were administered to 1,223 students of the general high school(422 for the 1st 400 for the 2nd, and 401 for the 3rd test). Also, those students' and the high school science teacher's opinions about the tests and the new college entrance exam were surveyed. The evaluation objectives of those test items were analyzed and the test item analyses were done. The results were as follows; (1) The evaluation objective analysis showed that most of the test The purpose of this study was to point out the problems of the competency exam for college education, a new college entrance exam, and to suggest the improvement ideas for it For this purpose, the test items of science inquiry were taken from the first, the second and the third pilot studies of the competency exam for college education which National Institute of Educational Evaluation had done. These tests were administered to 1,223 students of the general high school(422 for the 1st, 400 for the 2nd, and 401 for the 3rd test). Also, those students' and the high school science teacher's opinions about the tests and the new college entrance exam were surveyed. The evaluation objectives of those test items were analyzed and the test item analyses were done. The results were as follows; (1) The evaluation objective analysis showed that most of the test items were constructed based on the evaluation framework which was composed of scientific inquiry thinking ability, science concept, and scientific inquiry context dimensions. But, those items were unevenly distributed into a few areas of the evaluation framework. (2) The boys had higher mean scores than the girls in all of the tests, but these differences were not statistically significant. The natural science course students had significantly higher mean than the humanities course students in all of the test:(1st, F=12.643, p=0.0004 ; 2nd, F=45.757, p=0.0001 ; 3rd, F=36.162, p=0.0001). A significant interaction of sex and course was found in only 1st test( F=11.352. p=0.0008). (3) Most students answered the test was difficult and they needed more time to finish it Also, they added they had to study in a different way from the traditional one in order to prepare the new college entrance exam. Science teachers answered that those evaluation objectives of the tests corresponded well with the educational objectives of high school science and that the tests were suitable as measuring instruments of the scientific thinking abilities. But they pointed out it would be very difficult for them to teach students for preparing the exam under the exsting educational conditions. To carry out successfully the competency exam for college education, the following improvements were suggested. (1) Good evaluation methodology should be developed. (2) In-service science teacher training models on evaluation should be put in force. (3) Effective teaching models and strategies should be developed.(4) The high school science curriculum should be revised.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.78-98
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze elementary school students' interpretation of data characteristics by cognitive style. Participants were elementary students in sixth grade who can use integrated inquiry process skills. The students were divided into two groups, analytic cognitive style and wholistic cognitive style according to their response to Cognitive Style Analysis. They performed scientific interpretation of data activity. To collect data for this study, participants recorded the result on scientific interpretation of data activity paper and researcher recorded the situation on videotape and interviewed with participants after the end of interpretation of data to get additional data. And the findings of this study were as follows: First, the study analyzed interpretation of data characteristics by the operator regarding different situations of interpreting data according to cognitive style. For example, in the intermediate state, analytic-cognitive style students showed high achievement in identifying variables, and wholistic-cognitive style students were active in using prior knowledge to interpret data. Second, the result of analysis on the direction of interpreting data and preference for data types in interpreting data activities according to cognitive style are as follows: Wholistic-cognitive style students showed relatively high perception of information through the top-down approach. On the other hand, analytic-cognitive style students usually used the bottom-up approach gradually expanding detailed information to the scientific question-related answer and showed a preference data of the table type. Through the result, this study aimed to help establish a data interpretation strategy for learners to solve problems based on understanding of interpretation of data characteristics according to learners' cognitive style, and purposed the instruction design suggesting the data requiring various data interpretation strategies to develop learners' data interpretation ability.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.131-136
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• 2013

The effects of fixed and variable relative humidity on fruiting body formation and characters of Pleurotus eryngii were investigated with normal and thinning treatment plots. In fixed relative humidity, as humidity was lower, period of harvest was longer as well as days for pinheading in the both of normal and thinning plots. In the normal plot, qualities of mushroom were 5.5, 5.8, and 6.3 and yield was 98.6 g per bottle for 90% relative humidity, it was best. In the thinning plot, qualities of mushroom were 7.7, 8.4, and 8.5 and yields were 102.1, 105.8, and 116.9 g at 70, 80, and 90% respectively. In variable relative humidity with a thinning plot, the yield of P. eryngii on condition I(>90% for 1 day ${\rightarrow}$ 85% until thinning(for about 11 days) ${\rightarrow}$ 80%) and III(>90% until pin-heading(about for a week) ${\rightarrow}$ 85% until thinning(about for 5 days) ${\rightarrow}$ 80%) were 85.5 and 87.8 g per bottle, and qualities were 7.8 and 8.0 respectively. For long shelf life and a cultural control of bacterial soft rot disease, the condition I will be more largely adopted by mushroom farmers.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.565-585
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• 2016

This study purpose was to explore whether career maturity and parents-children relationship related factors were differentiated by giftedness, gender and secondary school level (research question 1). In addition, this study focused on the effects of parents-children relationship related factors on career maturity with a comparison on gifted and regular students (research question 2). The sample included 213 gifted middle school and high school students who participated in the Korean gifted education center and 243 regular students. Multivariate analysis of variance was conducted for research question 1, and hierarchical regression analysis was conducted for research question 2. The results of this study showed that (1) gifted students showed a higher level of career maturity, achievement expectation (parents-children relationship), respect (parents-children relationship), discussion and leisure (activity with parents), sharing ordinary life and communication (activity with parents), career support of parents compared to regular students ; (2) Girls showed higher level only in sharing ordinary life and communication compared to boys ; (3) middle school students more highly perceived the parents' achievement expectation and control, respect for parents, activities with parents (discussion and leisure, sharing ordinary life and communication) compared to high school students ; (4) the career support of parents was the strongest predictor of career maturity, and discussion and leisure was also a significant factor predictor of career maturity. Based on these results, it was suggested for parents to support their children's career maturity of both gifted and regular students by increasing frequencies of various activities shared with their children such as discussion and leasure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 2017

A discounted cost model for preventive maintenance of armor units of rubble-mound breakwaters is mathematically derived by combining the deterioration model based on a discrete-time stochastic process of shock occurrence with the cost model of renewal process together. The discounted cost model of condition-based maintenance proposed in this paper can take into account the nonlinearity of cumulative damage process as well as the discounting effect of cost. By comparing the present results with the previous other results, the verification is carried out satisfactorily. In addition, it is known from the sensitivity analysis on variables related to the model that the more often preventive maintenance should be implemented, the more crucial the level of importance of system is. However, the tendency is shown in reverse as the interest rate is increased. Meanwhile, the present model has been applied to the armor units of rubble-mound breakwaters. The parameters of damage intensity function have been estimated through the time-dependent prediction of the expected cumulative damage level obtained from the sample path method. In particular, it is confirmed that the shock occurrences can be considered to be a discrete-time stochastic process by investigating the effects of uncertainty of the shock occurrences on the expected cumulative damage level with homogeneous Poisson process and doubly stochastic Poisson process that are the continuous-time stochastic processes. It can be also seen that the stochastic process of cumulative damage would depend directly on the design conditions, thus the preventive maintenance would be varied due to those. Finally, the optimal periods and scale for the preventive maintenance of armor units of rubble-mound breakwaters can be quantitatively determined with the failure limits, the levels of importance of structure, and the interest rates.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.36
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• pp.147-165
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• 2014

Around the turn of 21st century, there has been a major technological shift in the animation industry. With development of reality-based computer graphics, major American animation studios replaced hand-drawn method with the new 3D computer graphics. Traditional animation was known for its simplified shapes such as circles and triangle that makes characters' movements distinctive from non-animated feature films. Computer-generated animation has largely replaced it, but is under continuous criticism that automated movements and reality-like graphics devaluate the aesthetics of animation. Although hand-drawn animation is still produced, 3D computer graphics have taken commercial lead and there has been many changes to acting of animated characters, which calls for detailed investigation. Firstly, the changes in acting of 3D characters can be traced from looking at human-like rigging method that mimics humanistic moving mechanism. Also, if hair and clothing was part of hand-drawn characters' acting, it has now been hidden inside mathematical simulation of 3D graphics, leaving only the body to be used in acting. Secondly, looking at "Stretch and Squash" method, which represents the distinctive movements of animation, through the lens of media, a paradox arises. Hand-drawn animation are produced frame-by-frame, and a subtle change would make animated frames shiver. This slight shivering acts as an aesthetic distinction of animated feature films, but can also require exaggerated movements to hide the shivering. On the contrary, acting of 3D animation make use of calculated movements that may seem exaggerated compared to human acting, but seem much more moderate and static compared to hand-drawn acting. Moreover, 3D computer graphics add the third dimension that allows more intuitive movements - maybe animators no longer need fine drawing skills; what they now need is directing skills to animate characters in 3D space intuitively. On the assumption that technological advancement and change of artistic expressionism are inseparable, this paper compares acting of 3D animation studio Pixar and classical drawing studio Disney to investigate character acting style and movements.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.170-178
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• 2016

Accuracy and precision of ID methods for different spike isotopes of ⁷⁶Se, ⁷⁷Se, and ⁷⁸Se were compared for the analysis of Selenium using quadrupole ICP/MS equipped with Octopole reaction cell. From the analysis of Se inorganic standard solution, all of three spikes showed less than 1 % error and 1 % RSD for both short-term (a day) and long-term (several months) periods. They showed similar results with each other and ⁷⁸Se showed was a bit better than ⁷⁶Se and ⁷⁷Se. However, different spikes showed different results when NIST SRM 1568a and SRM 2967 were analyzed because of the several interferences on the m/z measured and calculated. Interferences due to the generation of SeH from ORC was considered as well as As and Br in matrix. The results showed similar accuracy and precisions against SRM 1568a, which has a simple background matrix, for all three spikes and the recovery rate was about 80% with steadiness. The %RSD was a bit higher than inorganic standard (1.8 %, 8.6 %, and 6.3 % for ⁷⁸Se, ⁷⁶Se and ⁷⁷Se, respectively) but low enough to conclude that this experiment is reliable. However, mussel tissue has a complex matrix showed inaccurate results in case of ⁷⁸Se isotope spike (over 100 % RSD). ⁷⁶Se and ⁷⁷Se showd relatively good results of around 98.6 % and 104.2 % recovery rate. The errors were less than 5 % but the precision was a bit higher value of 15 % RSD. This clearly shows that Br interferences are so large that a simple mathematical calibration is not enough for a complex-matrixed sample. In conclusion, all three spikes show similar results when matrix is simple. However, ⁷⁸Se should be avoided when large amount of Br exists in matrix. Either ⁷⁶Se or ⁷⁷Se would provide accurate results.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1092-1100
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• 2015

This thesis is a part of a case study conducted in order to understand the trends of the 16th~17th century Cheongju region bigwigs, and has examined the life and academic stream of Seogye Deuk-Yoon LEE (1553-1630) focused on the previous study, "The Great Family Genealogy of Ikjaegong of the Gyeongju LEE Family". Seogye Deuk-Yoon LEE learned from his father Seomgye Jam LEE, and GiSEO, Ji-Hwa PARK from an early age, and based the basic orientation of his studies on one's moral and religious self one's moral and religious self'. This is how he became to emphasize "Sohak" (an introductory book of Confucianism for children), and he made an effort to realize the world of Neo-Confucianism by distributing the 'YEO's Hyangyak(Lue-shih-hsiang-yueeh : autonomic regulations of the district areas)' published on "Sohak". Furthermore, he made great effort in education of the Cheongju by regarding it as his own mission to teach young scholars, continuing on the footsteps of his father. Considering this, Seogye was not only a Confucian scholar that devoted himself to 'Sugi(moral training of himself', but was also a practical scholar that committed his sense of social responsibility in ' teaching' and 'governing the people, who greatly affected the academic world of the regional bigwigs of the Cheongju during the 17th century. Furthermore, Deuk-Yoon LEE was a member of the 'Nangseongpalhyeon(eight wise men of the Cheongju region) together with his disciple Deok-soo LEE, who performed a core role in establishing the 'Gihohakpa(Capital and Chungcheong province School)' and 'Hoseosarim(forest of scholars in Chungcheong province)' of the Cheongju region. As a main figure in establishing the Sinhang Confucian academy, he prepared the socio-economic basis for the 'Gihohakpa' to take place in the Cheongju, and by academically associating with Sagye Jang-Seng Kim without regarding their conflicting parties, he became the bridge in allowing his disciple, Deok-Soo LEE to associate with the academic stream and the 'Gihohakpa'. Through such roles, he allowed the relatively easy establishment of the 'Gihohakpa' and 'Hoseosarim', which continued to Jang-Seng KIM and Si-Yeol SONG, in order to prepare the basis and establish the strength of its basis in the Cheongju region from the late 17th century.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.348-351
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• 2003

산소 과전압이 낮은 $MnO_2$를 촉매로 사용하여 반도체 산화물계의 산소선택성 전극을 제조하고 산화물 coating층의 미세구조와 전기화학적 특성을 분석하였다. Ti 기판에 열분해 법을 이용하여 $MnO_2$ 피막을 형성하였고, 또한 PVDF : $MnO_2$의 함량비를 1 : 1에서 1 : 40까지 정량적으로 변화시키고 DMF의 함량을 각각의 고정된 PVDF : $MnO_2$의 함량비에서 변화시켜 Pb전극에 1.5 mm/sec의 속도로 5회 dipping하여 $MnO_2$ 피막층을 형성 하였다. $450^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 열분해하여 약 $1\;{\mu}m$의 $MnO_2$ 피막층이 형성되었으나 Ti 기판과의 접착력이 약하여 피막자체에 대한 전기화학적 특성을 관찰할 수 없었다. PVDF : DMF = 4 : 96인 경우 pb 전극의 피막층이 얇기 때문에 박리현상이 일어났으며 이는 산화물 용제의 낮은 점도 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 또한 PVDF : DMF = 10 : 90의 경우는 5회 dipping 하여 약 $150\;{\mu}m$의 피막층을 형성하였다. PVDF : $MnO_2$의 함량비가 1:1에서 1:6 까지는 DMF의 함량에 무관하게 전극 특성이 나타나지 않았지만 $MnO_2$의 양이 상대적으로 증가하면 cycle이 증가하더라도 거의 일정한 전류 값을 갖고 $MnO_2$와 PVDF의 비가 20:1 이상의 조성에서는 균일한 CV 특성을 나타냈다. 이는 $MnO_2$가 효과적으로 촉매 작용을 한 것으로 판단되며 anodic polarization에 의한 산소 발생 과전압도 약 1.4V 정도로 감소되었다.동등한 MSIL 코드를 생성하도록 시스템을 컴파일러 기법을 이용하여 모듈별로 구성하였다.적용하였다.n rate compared with conventional face recognition algorithms. 아니라 실내에서도 발생하고 있었다. 정량한 8개 화합물 각각과 총 휘발성 유기화합물의 스피어만 상관계수는 벤젠을 제외하고는 모두 유의하였다. 이중 톨루엔과 크실렌은 총 휘발성 유기화합물과 좋은 상관성 (톨루엔 0.76, 크실렌, 0.87)을 나타내었다. 이 연구는 톨루엔과 크실렌이 총 휘발성 유기화합물의 좋은 지표를 사용될 있고, 톨루엔, 에틸벤젠, 크실렌 등 많은 휘발성 유기화합물의 발생원은 실외뿐 아니라 실내에도 있음을 나타내고 있다.>10)의 $[^{18}F]F_2$를 얻었다. 결론: $^{18}O(p,n)^{18}F$ 핵반응을 이용하여 친전자성 방사성동위원소 $[^{18}F]F_2$를 생산하였다. 표적 챔버는 알루미늄으로 제작하였으며 본 연구에서 연구된 $[^{18}F]F_2$가스는 친핵성 치환반응으로 방사성동위원소를 도입하기 어려운 다양한 방사성의 약품개발에 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것이다.었으나 움직임 보정 후 영상을 이용하여 비교한 경우, 결합능 변화가 선조체 영역에서 국한되어 나타나며 그 유의성이 움직임 보정 전에 비하여 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 뇌활성화 과제 수행시에 동반되는 피험자의 머리 움직임에 의하여 도파민 유리가 과대평가되었으며 이는 이 연구에서 제안한 영상정합을 이용한 움직임 보정기법에 의해서 개선되었다. 답이 없는 문제, 문제 만들기, 일반화가 가능한 문제 등으로 보고, 수학적 창의성 중 특히 확산적 사고에 초점을 맞추어 개방형 문제가 확산적 사고의 요소인 유창성, 독창성, 유연성 등에 각각 어떤 영향을 미치는지 20주의 프로그램을 개발, 진행하여 그 효과를 검증하고자