• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.393-406
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• 2014

To figure out the problems of flame retardant treatment (FRT) on wooden buildings, field investigation and analysis of statistical data are performed. After FRT on historical wooden building, efflorescence and exfoliation showed most often. These problems appeared especially on column, rafter and Ga-gu (Ingredients for supporting structure of a roof) which are liberally spreaded. To compare before and after FRT, analyzed 20 elements using P-XRF. In this process, found sulfur which informs FRT. This helped set up nondestructive assay. Through this process, confirmed field application by analysis residue component of Songgwang-sa Temple.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.818-825
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• 2015

This study is conducted to develop new termite colony elimination system that can control termite colony much faster, and to eco-environmentally prevent termite damage occurred in wooden cultural heritage. As a result of laboratory test, we developed a component system, of which fipronil 0.001% (w/w) treated bait was used as a suitable termite colony eliminator. This system can be monitored without taking off underground, and it makes regular monitoring much more efficient. The result of field test showed that 36 termite baiting devices among 367 installed devices were damaged by foraging termites. After baiting, all of termite colonies attracted to devices were eliminated or their activity clearly decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.104-111
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• 2015

The three-year inspection of 20 tree stumps in the fire prevention area around the wooden building confirmed that termite colonies had been rapidly spread. In particular, four buildings among thirty one wooden buildings of Songgwang-sa temple were infected by the termite, indicating that the habitate of termite has been spread across the fire prevention area over the temple area. However, a non-destructive microwave diagnosis showed that internal damages have been progressed until now, suggesting a high risk to the building. These results suggest that the fire prevention area should be properly maintained to have harmful element controlled. Therefore, effective methods are required to eliminate tree stumps or wood materials used to establish fire prevention area near wooden buildings.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 1997

The significant chemical components estimating the quality of green tea were compared and analyzed in the shoots of Korean native tea plants. The results are summarized as follows. The contents of total nitrogen in tea leaves were in range of $3.59{\sim}4.89%$, and the tea plants grown wildly in Bosong Daewonsa, Hwasun Ssangbongsa, Shunchun Changchun-ri, Hadong Ssanggyesa. and the cultivated tea plants in Kangjin Jangwon Sanup had higher contents of total nitrogen. The contents of tannin ranged from 12.5 to 18.3%. The contents of tannin of Kuryoi Chonunsa (18.3%), Kangjin Baekryonsa (16.7%) and Naju Bulhoisa (16.4%) were higher than those of Yangkwang Chonma-ri (12.5%), Hampyong Yongam-ri (12.7%) and Yosu Udu-ri (12.8%). The contents of caffeine were in range of $2.21{\sim}3.11%$. The contents of caffeine of Kwangju Shamae Dawon (3.11%), Kangjin Jangwon Sanup (2.94%) and Shunchun Changchun-ri(2.87%) were higher than those of Tamyang Yanggak-ri(2.21%), Yosu Udu-ri(2.23%) and Kuryoi Hwaomsa (2.23%). The contents of vit. C were in range of $167.9{\sim}223.5mg/100g$. The contents of vit. C of Changsong Oshan-ri (167.9mg/100g), Shunchun Shongkwangsa (185.6mg/100g) and Yongkwang Chonma-ri (185.8mg/100g) were lower than those of Kwangju Shamae Dawon (291.5mg/100g), Kangjin Jangwon Sanup (271.8mg/100g) and Shunchun Changchun-ri (269.5mg/100g). The contents of chlorophyll were in range of $187.4{\sim}332.7mg/100g$, and the mean contents were in range of 242.0mg/100g. The contents of total amino acids were in range of $1,888{\sim}2,500mg/100g$. The content of total amino acid at Kangjin Jangwon Sanup was the highest as 2,500mg/100g, and that of Shunchon Shongkwangsa was the lowest as 1,888mg/100g. Results of this study suggest that the native tea plants naturally grown at Bosong Daewonsa, Hwasun Ssangbongsa, Shunchun Changchun-ri, Hadong Ssanggyesa, and the cultivated tea plants at Kangjin Jangwon Sanup show excellent quality in terms of abundance of total nitrogen and total amino acids, and less contents of tannin.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.115-131
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• 1996

Tourism is multi-faceted phenomenon which involves movement to stay in destinations outside the normal place of residence. Thus, tourism is a composite phenomenon which incorporates the diversity of variables and relationships to be found in the tourist travel process. Tourism-behaviors are of major economic and social significance. With the growth of mass-tourism, the government departments of tourism is to provide many tourist facilities, to develop travel destination and tourism resources. At same time, the growth of mass-tourism has prompted perceptive travellers to raise many questions concerning the many travel destination and the tourism resources of encouraging further tourism demand. Most of tourism have a mental in their minds about various objects. This allowed him to choose tourism destination as a important rules. In tourism geography, behavioral approach to wildness, tourism resources and places has risen since 1960's. The tourist profile can be viewed under two major categories: the tourist social-economic and behavioral characteristic. Particulary, the motivations, attitude, need, values and preference of travel destinations are of crucial importance in contributing to their desion-making process. In this view, this paper is emprical study investigated travel patterns and behavioral characteristic of tourists and potential tourist in East Chonnam. The purpose of this paper is to show the spatial preference and tourism behavior of travel destinations. For this study, we are undertaken the questionary method employed by recreation geographers in order to collect research data for the East Chonnam-citizens functioned as a major tourist demand. The East Chonnam Province have many tourist-places including national park, provincial park, and local tourist-places. Thus, citizen of the East Chonnam evaluate many tourist-places very high, but evaluate the facilities of tourist place very low. The high ranks of preferences to travel destinations among tourist-places are Hyangilam, Geomoon island, Odongis land, Songkwang temple. The major travel destinations occurred the temporary travel trip are Odong island, Sunam temple, Songkwang temple. Heungkook temple, Hyangilam which are the type of mountainous in located inland. The relationship between the degree of preference and tourism behavior of travel trip for the travel destinations does not correlate each other. The result of analysis about the degree of seasonal preferences presented spatial differences according to characteristics of tourist-places. The typical travel destination are divided into seasons : Odong island. Mt. Backwoon, Goemoon island of spring, Goemoon island, Sungbul valley, Banggukpo beach of summer, Songkwang temple, Mt. Pal young of fall. The future of tourism will be rapidly grow with increase of personal mobility and leisure time, chang of tourism behavior. Thus, it is imperative that planning and development for tour-root, facilities of tourist-places should be implemented to increase tourism demand.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.60-79
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• 2015

The study examined reconstruction and building plan of Buyeo Muryangsa Temple in the 17th century and reviewed its construction process and supporting power since the Imjin War of 1592. In addition, The architectural features and design plan of Geukrakjeon that is the most important position in the reconstruction were examined. The reconstruction process of Muryangsa Temple is as follows. Firstly, the study reviewed the reconstruction order of Muryangsa Temple that was progressed in a short period of time from 1624 to 1636. In doing so, the reconstruction period was adjusted from 1633 to 1624 so that the construction order of Muryangsa Temple might be the reconstruction of Geukrakjeon in 1624, Gwaebul in 1627, Sojosamjonbul in 1636 and Beomjong in 1636. Secondly, as the reconstruction of Muryangsa Temple was progressed in a short period of time of 13 years, it was assumed there was great supporting power. In particular, it was found that Jinmukdaesa who lead the construction of Wanju Songgwangsa Temple had an impact on the construction of Muryangsa Temple.It was conjectured that Shin family of the royal family as the supporting power of Songgwangsa through the support of Jinmukdaesa had an impact on Muryangsa Temple. Thirdly, the study reviewed architectural features of Geukrakjeon which has the most important meaning of the reconstruction of Muryangsa Temple. By comparing other reconstructed temples, the architectural style of Muryangsa Temple was examined. In particular, features of Gongpo and furniture were reviewed. In doing so, Muryangsa Temple, the study proposed a possibility that Geukrakjeon would be constructed by an artisan in the same genealogy of Wanju Hwasamsa Temple Geukrakjeon. Finally, the design plan of the building was reviewed with Yongcheok of 309mm used for the construction of Geukrakjeon. Geukrakjeon had perfect proportion compared with other reconstructed temple in the late Joseon period, and golden ratio of 1:1.41 was applied in many areas of building. the study also proposed that the stable design of Geukrakjeon was carried out by the building plan of overall Garam at the time of reconstruction of Muryangsa Temple in the late Joseon period.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.255-268
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• 1995

According to cultural diffusion route, the Korean toilet culture could be classified as southern culture and northern culture, In Cheju Island the toilet is located on the stone fence of swine. The native people of Cheju Island name it as TONGSHI. And Southern culture could be diffused from South Sea to Cheju Island by the sea current. Around Mt.Chiri area, the greater part of traditional toilets are on the upper floor in the barn, and pigs are on the bottom floor under the toilet. This type of toilet would be the northern culture of the toilet, which would be diffused from continent of Asia to Korean Peninsula. Residents of these areas also name this toilet as TONGSHI. The Korean word "TONGSHI" means a toilet on the pig fence. Traditional toilet culture in Korea differs from regions and residents. We can find dry-closets in Seon-am Temple and Song-kawng Temple. This high floor dry-closet type would be effected by Buddhism. In the reclaimed land and islands of west sea we could not find the old traditional toilets.l toilets.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.373-404
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate the overall situation related to the engravings included in Buddhist scriptures produced in the Goryeo Dynasty. at the wooden board in Hae-in Temple(海印寺)'s ${\ll}$Hwa-eomgyeong(華嚴經)${\gg}$ are Ju-bon(周本) 80sheets(5sheets duplicates), Jin-bon(晉本) 12sheets, and ${\ll}$Ye-sugyeong(豫修經)${\gg}$ 44sheets, and There is a print of ${\ll}$cheon-tae-eun-sa-han-san-seub-deug-si-jib(天台隱士寒山拾得詩集)${\gg}$ at Songgwang Temple(松廣寺). Also ${\ll}$Uhjebijangjeon(御製秘藏詮)${\gg}$ included in the Koryo period Chojo Tripitaka is the Emperor $T{\grave{a}}iz{\bar{o}}ng$ of $S{\grave{o}}ng$ Poetry collection owned by Japan's Nanzanji(南禪寺). In each book from volume 1-20(volume17 is not there), there were 5 sheets of engravings and most of them are located in the same locations (1,5,9,13,17). And than 50 engravings that are contained in volume 1-10 are used repetitively in volume 11-20. In Volume 21 that corresponds to appendix, 3 engravings. This has a big value in that this is a Booljeondo(佛傳圖) of the fastest period that was made in Korea. In Chapter 3, we looked at the publications of the Goryeo Dynasty by century. We have confirmed that among 19 types of the 12 kinds of printed materials.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.27
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• pp.7-37
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• 2009

This paper handled the problem of 'the mind' suggested by Bojo-Jinul. On the whole, I explained three fields, Jinul's way to approach 'the mind', the theory of the nature and the theory of practice and enlightenment. This paper is based on the established research papers. However the part that I explained the 'no-mind' in the theory of the nature is different from the established researchers. It is the emphasized part to interefere with Kanhwa Meditation. In this part, I explained Bojo's way to approach 'the mind' in the viewpoint of Sujeungnon(the theory of practice and enlightenment). And I clarified that his thought had been showed in his work and his system of thought is composed of Donojeomsuron(the theory of sudden enlightenment and gradual cultivation) and Kanhwa-Seon(Kanhwa-meditation). It is the theory of the nature that we handles 'the problem' philosophically. So I studied the examples of the nature and then I researched 'Kongjeokyeongjisim(the mind of the light of the divine wisdom in the void)', the foundation of 'Donojeomsu(the sudden enlightenment and gradual cultivation)' and 'Musim (no-mind)', the foundation of Kanhwaron. Finally, I inquired into 'Donojeomsuron(the theory of sudden enlightenment and gradual cultivation)' and 'Kanhwaron(Kanhwa-Meditation)' as 'Sujeungron(the theory of practice and enlightenment)'.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.570-579
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• 2015

Lindera sericea, which belongs to genus Lindera in the Lauraceae family, is labeled under Least Concerned (LC) among Korean rare plants, floristics specific species IV grade and also flagpole species of the Mudeung National Park. It is distributed in Mt. Mudeung, Mt. Cheonbong and Mt. Chogye within gradients from $12^{\circ}$ to $51^{\circ}$. The slope area is from northeast to northwest sides and the altitude range of distribution site is between 220 m and 533 m. The vascular plants in the quadrate where Lindera sericea were studied were identified as a total of 72 taxa; 37 families, 54 genera, 66 species, 5 variants and 1 forma. Among the floristics specific species, IV grade species was Lindera sericea and III grade species were Stewartia pseudocamellia and Acer palmatum. Korean endemic species were Stewartia pseudocamellia and Carex okamotoi. As for the vegetation group, Quercus mongolica and Q. serratak - Lindera sericea, Styrax japonicus populations were found in Mt. Mudeung area where Lindera sericea appeared, Stewartia pseudocamellia-Lindera sericea and Sasa borealis populations were found in Mt. Cheonbong areas, Carpinus laxiflora - Lindera sericea and Sasa borealis populations were found in Mt. Chogye area, and Stewartia pseudocamellia-Lindera sericea and Sasa borealis populations were found in Songgwangsa area. A total number of 662 Lindera sericea individuals were examined. The number of trees with 1 trunk including younger individuals was 353 (53.32%), and the number of trees with 2 to 5 stems was 270 (40.79%). The number of trees with the greatest number of sprouts was 27. Of 662 trees in total, the total number of sprouts was 1,198. Among these, 699 trees (58.34%) were between 50 cm and 150 cm in height. The tallest tree was 585 cm. The most common root-collar diameter of sprouts (992, 82.81%) was under 1 cm, followed by the sprouts with collar diameter from 1.0 to 1.5 cm(156, 13.2%). Among them, the largest root-collar diameter was 3.2 cm. This Lindera sericea specimen had the tallest trunk (565 cm) which was torn lengthwise on one side. Its root and breast parts were decayed by 50% and 25 respectively. Some branches of the three trunks that were more than 4 m in length were dead in the apical portion. Therefore, it is proposed that the Korean Lindera sericea maintains an apical dominance tree type while showing morphological adaptation as a typical shrub because it autonomously decays some branches and trunks over a certain height while increasing the number of its sprouts.