• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.271-277
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunoreactivity of calretinin in Brazilian opossum (Monodelphis domestica) retina. Calcium-binding protein calretinin is known to play a key role in calcium-mediated signal transduction. Methods: Experiments have been performed by standard immunocytochemical techniques on retina of the Brazilian opossum. Results: Calretinin-immunoreactivity was exhibited within the horizontal subpopulations, AII amacrine and ganglion cell subpopulations in the Brazilian opossum retina. Especially, all calretinin-immunoreactive AII amacrine cells also expressed parvalbumin. Conclusions: Similar to other mammalian retinas, calretinin-immunoreactivity was also observed within the AII amacrine cells in the Brazilian opossum retina. Thus, calretinin can be a marker of AII amacrine cells in the Brazilian opossum retina.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 1990

In order to observe the antigenic localization in the tissues of the adult Clonorchis sinensis, immunogold labeling method was applied using serum immunoglobulins (IgG) of either worm·infected rabbits (group I) or antigen-immunized rabbits (group II) (by the body quid obtained from the adult worms). The electron micrographs of the sectioned worm tissue antigens, embedded in Lowicryl HM 20 medium and stained with protein A-gold complex (particle sixte: 12 nm), were compared between the group I and group II. The gold particles were observed in the interstitial matrix of the worm parenchyma, the epithelial lamellae of the cecum, and the cecal lumen both in group I and II. But the particles were in general more concentrated in group II. The gold particles were not observed on the basal lamina of the tegument or on vitelline glands in group I, while they were highly concentrated on those areas in group II. There were also differences in the antigenicity of interstitial matrix(reacted with group I IgG) and head part(reacted with group II IgG) of the sperm cells in the seminal receptacle. Conclusively, it is suggested that the substances comprising the basal lamina of the tegument or vitelline glands act as specific antigens reacting with antigen(body quid) immunized rabbit IgG. On the other hand, the substances in the cecal lumen and cecal epithelial lamellae are thought to be the specific antigen that react with the worm-infected rabbit IgG.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.289-297
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• 2002

The regional distribution and relative frequency of neurohormonal peptides-producing cells were demonstrated in the gut of the stomach teleost, the Mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner, using 7 types of specific antisera raised against mammalian regulatory peptides. The gastrointestinal tract of the Mandarin fish was divided into three portions from proximal to distal, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Cells showing immunoreactivities against regulatory peptides were situated in the epithelial lining, between epithelial cells, and gastric or intestinal gland regions with various frequencies along with gastrointestinal tract. Mast of immunoreactive cells in the epithelial lining portion were generally spherical or spindle shape having long cytoplasmic process that were reached to the lumen (open type cell) while cells showing round in shape (closed type cell) were found in the gastric gland of the stomach occasionally. Serctonin-, samatostatin-, gastrin-, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8- and human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP)-immunoreactive cells were observed in this study. However, no insulin- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were found. Serotonin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the stomach regions with moderate and numerous frequencies, respectively. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the stomach and small intestinal portions with a few and moderate frequencies, respectively and CCK-8-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the small intestinal portions with moderate frequency. In addition, HPP-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the stomach and small intestine with numerous frequencies, respectively. In conclusion, the distribution and relative frequency of these immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Mandarin fish shows peculiar patterns compared to those of other stomach and/or stomachless teleost.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.104-112
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• 2008

Purpose: To assess the toxicity and tumor response induced by $DCVac/IR^{(R)}$ dendritic cell(DC) immunotherapy combined with irradiation for refractory colorectal cancer patients with multiple liver metastases. Materials and Methods: Between May 2004 and November 2006, applicants from a pool of refractory colorectal cancer patients with multiple liver metastases were enrolled. The patients were registered after having signed the informed consent form, which had been approved by the Institutional Review Board from the Dong-A University and Busan National University Hospital. DCs were obtained from peripheral blood of each patient, and then cultured in vitro. A total of $6{\times}10^6$ DCs were packed into a vial($DCVac/IR^{(R)}$, 0.5 ml) at the convenience of each patient's schedule. On the day before and on the day of each vaccination, each patient received a 4 Gy radiation dose to the target tumor. On the day of vaccination, the indicated dose of autologous DCs was injected into the irradiated tumor using ultrasound-guided needle injection procedures. A total of four vaccinations were scheduled at three 2-week intervals and one 4 week interval at the Dong-A University and Busan National University Hospital. If the tumor status was deemed to be stable or responding to therapy, an additional vaccination dose or two was approved at 4 week intervals beyond the fourth immunization. A tolerance test for DCs was conducted by injecting a range of doses($3{\times}10^6\;to\;12{\times}10^6$ DCs) after the 3rd injection. Moreover, the maximal tolerable dose was applied to additional patients. Treatment safety was evaluated in all patients who had at least one injection. Treatment feasibility was evaluated by the 10th week by assessing the response of patients having at least 4 injections. For systemic toxicities, the evaluation was performed using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, whereas adverse effects were recorded using common WHO toxicity criteria. Results: Of the 24 registered patients, 22 received the DCs injections. Moreover, of the 14 patients that applied for the tolerance test, only 11 patients completed it because 3 patients withdrew their testing agreement. A grade 3 or more side effect, which was possibly related to the DC injection, did not occur in additional patients. The $12{\times}10^6$ DC injection was identified as the maximum tolerable dose, and was then injected in an additional 8 patients. Patients tolerated the injection fairly well, with no fatal side effects. In order to assess the feasibility of DC immunotherapy, the response was evaluated in other hepatic lesions outside of the targeted hepatic lesion. The response evaluation was performed in 15 of the 17 patients who received at least 4 injections. Stable and progressive disease was found in 4 and 11 patients, respectively. Conclusion: The DC-based immunotherapy and radiotherapy is theoretically synergistic for the local control and systemic control. The $DCVac/IR^{(R)}$ immunotherapy combined with irradiation was tolerable and safe in the evaluated cases of refractory colorectal cancer with multiple liver metastases. Future work should include well designed a phase II clinical trials.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.320-320
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• 1994

Carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide(Ge-132)를 투여용량(300,600, 900mg/kg)과 투여일을 변화시켜 정상마우스와 cyclophosphamide(CY)로 처리한 마우스에 경구투여한 후, Ge-132가 CY 에 의해 변화된 마우스의 면역기능에 미치는 효과를 실험하였다. SRBC 항원 주사전, 동시 또는 후에 Ge-132를 투여시 SRBC에 대한 적혈구 응집소가와 비장세포의 용혈반 형성세포(PFC)수가 항원 주사일과 관계없이 용량의존적으로 증가되어 체액성 면역반응을 강화시켰으며, 마크로파지의 탐식능도 항진시켰다. 그러나 DNFB에 대한 접촉성 지연형 과민반응은 DNFB 감작일과 투여용량에 관계없이 Ge-132투여로 억제되었다. CY를 투여한 마우스에 Ge-132를 병용 투여한 군이 CY 단독 투여군에 비하여 적혈구 응집소가와 PFC수 및 혈중 탄소입자의 제거율이 현저하게 증가되어, CY로 억제된 체액성 면역반응과 마크로파지의 탐식능이 항진된 것으로 나타났다. DNFB 감작 전 CY 투여로 증폭된 접촉성 지연형 과민반응이 Ge-132 병용투여로 감소되어 CY로 유도된 면역독성 반응에 대한 Ge-132의 저지효과를 시사해 주었다.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.6-13
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• 1993

연두금파리 유충의 뇌와 복신경절에 분포하는 세로토닌 면역반응성 세포를 면역조직화학적 방법을 이용하여 동정하였다. 세로토인세포는 뇌에 28개, 제1식도하신경절의 첫째마디에 6개, 둘째마디에 10개 그리고 세째마디에 6개가 각각 존재하였다. 그리고 앞가슴신경절에 6개, 가운데가슴신경절에 4개 그리고 됫가슴신경절에 4개가 각각 위치하였다. 또한 복부신경절에서는 첫새 마디부터 일곱째 마디까지 각각 4개가 존재하였고 마지막마디인 여덟째마디에서는 단지 두개의 세포만이 관찰되었다. 결국 연두금파리 유충의 중추신경계에는 모두 94개의 세로토닌 면역반응성 세포들이 분포하였다. 이들 세포로부터 뻗어나온 축색들은 뉴로파일내에서 분지하거나 횡연합섬유를 이루었다.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.391-396
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• 2015

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the visual system of the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) by location analysis of some major neurotransmitters glutamate, ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, and their receptors, and $m{\ddot{u}}ller$ glial cells in retina. Methods: Standard immunocytochemical techniques were used after vibratome section of retinal tissues of adult greater horseshoe bat for this study. Immnoreactions in immunofluorescence images were analyzed using confocal microscope. Results: Anti-glutamate-immunoreactive neurons were mainly localized in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). The majority of anti-GABA-immunoreactive cells distributed in the inner nuclear layer (INL), and GABAA receptors were localized in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Anti-choline acetyltransferase-immuoreactive cholinergic neurons were mainly located in the INL and GCL, and most of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors were localized in the IPL. The $m{\ddot{u}}ller$ cells in the retina of the greater horseshoe bat stretched theirs range from the GCL to outer nuclear layer (ONL). Conclusions: This study revealed that the retinas of the greater horseshoe bats contain the same major neurotransmitters and receptors, and glial cell in visually functional mammalian retinas. The present results may suggest that the greater horseshoe bats have the functional retinas for visual analysis through the organized retinal neural circuits.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1995

연두·금파리에서 혈구 세포가 면역반응의 일환으로 일으키는 결절형성(nodule formation) 현상을 형태학적으로 관찰하고자 본 실험이 수행되었다. 연두금파리 종령 유충 체내에 정상 효모, 고정된 대모, 세포액이 제거된 원형질체의 효모를 각각 주입하여 면역반응 과정을 전자현미경으로 관찰하였다 먼저 정상 효모를 주입하였을 경우, 효모와 접촉한 헐구의 과립방출과 곧 이은 혈구의 파괴 그리고 효모 주위에 혈림프와 함께 점액성응혈(clot)의 형성을 관찰 할 수 있었다 점액성 응혈에는 여러 유형의 파괴된 혈구가 포함되어 있었다. 이같은 면역반응에는 체내 혈구 중 과립혈구(granulocyte)가 가장 활발히 반응였고 응혈의 대부분을 형성하였다. 결절의 중심부인 응혈은 대모와 파괴되지 않은 혈구 대 파괴된 혈구 그리고 방출된 과립들로 차 있었고, 효모 주입 3시간 까지는 이같은 응혈은 계속 확대되었다. 그러나 10시간 이후에는 응혈이 관찰되지 않았으며 이때 체강내에서 효모가 관찰되곤 하였다. 고정된 효모를 주입하였을 경우에는 혈구파괴나 과립방출 등이 관찰되지 않았으며, 고정된 효모에 대한 혈구의 식 세포작용만이 관찰되었다. 이 식세포작용은 주입후 10시간 까지 계속되었다. 원형질 체의 효모를 주입하였을 경우에는 혈구에의한 면역반응이 관찰되지 않았다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.295-303
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• 2023

Immune and metabolic systems are important factors in maintaining homeostasis. Immune response and metabolic regulation are highly associated, so, when the normal metabolism is disturbed, the immune response changed followed the metabolic diseases occur. Likewise, obesity is highly related to immune response. Obesity, which is caused by an imbalance in energy metabolism, is associated with metabolic diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver diseases, atherosclerosis and hypertension. As known, obesity is characterized in chronic low-grade inflammation. In obesity, the microenvironment of immune cells became inflammatory by the unique activation phenotypes of immune cells such as macrophage, natural killer cell, T cell. Also, the immune cells interact each other in cellular or cytokine mechanisms, which intensify the obesity-induced inflammatory response. This phenomenon suggests the possibility of regulating the activation of immune cells as a pharmacological therapeutic strategy for obesity in addition to the common pharmacological treatment of obesity which is aimed at inhibiting enzymes such as pancreatic lipase and α-amylase or inhibiting differentiation of preadipocytes. In this review, we summarize the activation phenotypes of macrophage, natural killer cell and T cell, and their aspects in obesity. We also summarize the pharmacological substances that alleviates obesity by regulating the activation of immune cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.750-758
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• 2006

Calcium-binding protein calretinin is thought to play important roles in calcium buffering. Recently, we reported on the distribution, morphology of calretinin-immunoreactive (IR) neurons and the effects of eye enucleation on the immunoreactivity of calretinin in the superficial layers of the hamster superior colliculus (SC). In the present study, we describe the distributions and types of labeled cells and effects of enucleation in the deeper layers by immunocytochemistry. We also compare this labeling to that of GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. In contrast to the superficial layers, the deeper layers contained many calretinin-IR neurons which formed two tiers. The first tier, which was very distinctive, was found within the intermediate gray layer. The second tier was found in the deep gray layer. Labeled neurons varied dramatically in morphology and included vertical fusiform, stellate, round/oval, and horizontal neurons. In contrast to the superficial layers, enucleation appeared to have no effect on the distribution of calretinin immunoreactivity in the deeper layers. Two-color immunofluorescence revealed that none of calretinin-IR neurons were labeled with an antibody to GABA. The present results demonstrate that calretinin identifies unique neuronal sublaminar organizations in the hamster SC. The present results also demonstrate that none of the calretinin-IR neurons in the hamster SC is GABAergic interneurons. As many calretinin-IR cells are GABAergic interneurons in most other brain areas, this phenomenon in hamster SC is exceptional.