• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.6 s.67
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• pp.951-962
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• 2004

Hot water extracts of 141 indigenous plants were screened for antibacterial activity against 7 Gram (+) and 12 Gram (-) bacteria by agar diffusion method. Of the 141 plants tested, 55 showed antibacterial activity against one or more species of Gram (+) bacteria and especially extracts of Oenothera stricta Ledebour (Onagraceae), Quercus variabilis Blume (Fagaceae), Alnus firma (Betulaceae), Geranium thunbergii (Geraniaceae), Lagerstroemia indica (Lythraceae) showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity on over 6 strains. Of the 141 plants tested, 45 showed antibacterial activity against one or more species of Gram (-) bacteria and especially extracts of Oenothera stricta Ledebour (Onagraceae), Punica granatum (Lythraceae), Quercus variabilis Blume (Fagaceae), Schizandra chinensis Baillon (Magnoliaceae), Alnus firma (Betulaceae), Alnus hirsuta (Betulaceae), Magnolia kobus (Magnoliaceae) showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity on over 8 strains. The most active antibacterial plants were Oenothera stricta Ledebour (Onagraceae), Punica granatum (Lythraceae), Quercus variabilis Blume (Fagaceae), Schizandra chinensis Baillon (Magnoliaceae) which are edible as permitted by Korea Food & Drug Adminstration. With in-depth research, the hot water extracts of these plants can be applied as food preservatives and alternatives of antimicrobials for livestock feeds.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.256-262
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• 2017

Essential oil from herb is known to exert pharmacological effects on the human body. In this study we investigated the antibacterial activity of 4 essential oils (teetree, rosemary, melisa, and lavender), as well as the blended mixture oil of teetree, rosemary, and melisa (TRM) on three bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibacterial analysis was performed using the standard disk diffusion method, and minimum inhibition concentration was determined by the broth microdilution method with different concentrations of essential oils (0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mg/mL). After incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 h, the antibacterial activity was assessed by measuring the zone of growth inhibition surrounding the disks. Herb oil with the inhibition zones showed varied values ranging from6 to 25 mm. However, the components of herb oil of TRM are as highly active as the teetree oil against pathogens, generating large inhibition zones for both gram negative and positive bacteria (13~22 mm and 8 mm inhibition zones). In the analysis for MIC, TRM showed growth-inhibitory effects at 0.0625% for S. aureus and E. coli, and 1.25% for P. aeruginosa. This result demonstrated that the anti-microbial activity of TRM was greater than a single herb oil, including oxacillin, rosemary, and teetrea. As a single herb oil, both rosemary and teetrea also had an anti-microbial effect by itself, and we can expect that the blended oil mixture may exert a synergistic effect against multidrug resistant bacteria, suggesting its future application in natural preservative agents for health food and cosmetics.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 1992

Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by various species of microorganisms that suppress the growth of other microorganisms or may destroy them. Among the more than 4000 antibiotics that has been identified, about 20s are using as the therapy of infectious fish diseases. There are several methods used to classify and group antibiotics, and the most common classification has been based on chemical structure and proposed mechanism of action. The effect of antibiotics may be determined by the kind of fish pathogens and by the external environment surrounded the infected fish. It implies that the kind of antibiotics and its application method should be decided after the determination of the reasons of fish disease. The uncontrolled usages of antibiotics may induce the selection of resistant mutants appeared spontaneously and present in any group of bacteria. The epidemic spread of such antibiotic resistant strains of fish pathogenic bacteria already has been reported in various districts of japan. Importantly, transferable drug resistant(R) plasmids were detected in strains of most of fish pathogens. Based on those reports, the antimicrobial resistance appears to be a rapidly emerging problem in the fish industry on the country. The expanding literatures on the pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, withdrawal periods and efficacy of environmental effect for the commonly using antibiotics have met the needs of data for the practical application of antibiotics. However, the most important thing for the treatment of fish diseases would be the communication and exchanging of information between the site of aquaculture and the diagnostic laboratory.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.202-210
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• 2003

This study aims at making a HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point)plan to be applied to soybean curd and verifing its effectiveness. First, we develped a general model of HACCP according to the guidelines of Codex (FAO/WHO). And we applied the model to 4 soybean curd workshops for 3 months. The HACCP model is composed of these procedures; HACCP team organization, production description, work flow chart, hazatd analysis, CCP (critical control point) decision, CL (critical limit) establishment, monitoring method decision, correction, verification and documentation. CCP were selection procedure and refrigeration procedure in non-wrapped soybean curd. CCP were selection procedure, heat-sterilizing and refrigeration in wrapped soybean curd. The result of bacterial experiment after apling the model for 3 months, the bacterial numbers of soybean curd box, wrapper, and soybean curd production were lower after appling than before appling, the model. We could verify that the appications of the HACCP model were effective to the soybean curd workshops.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.667-673
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• 2017

This study was carried out to verify the antimicrobial effect of Graviola leaves against pathogenic bacteria for the purpose of developing an antibacterial material. The extraction conditions of graviola leaves were $60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$ and $98^{\circ}C$, and graviloa leaves werewater extracted at $60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$ and $98^{\circ}C$.The extraction yields and extraction conditions were determined. The antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis, S. aureus and E. coli TOP10 was evaluated by agar diffusion method. The extraction yields were 3.02%, 14.73% and 20.76% at $60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$ and $98^{\circ}C$, respectively. The antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis, S. aureus and E. coli TOP10 was found in S. epidermidis.In the samples extracted at $98^{\circ}C$, a clear zone of 13 mm was observed at 200 mg/mL and of 20 mm at 500 mg/mL. The MIC was 100 mg/mL. The higher the extraction temperature and concentration, the better was the growth inhibition effect. As a result, the natural antimicrobial activity contained in natural materials can solve the problem of resistance to antibiotics. It is considered that antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis in skin is highly applicable to basic cosmetics and cosmetic materials.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.432-437
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• 2016

The objective of this research was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Jeok Hasuo (Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., PM) and Baek Hasuo (Cynanchi wilfordii Radix, CW) root extracts. Total phenolic contents of PM and CW root extracts were determined and the antioxidant activities of the root extracts were determined by scavenging activity of diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes were determined and expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The disc diffusion method was also used to determine the zone of inhibition. The butanol extracts of PM and CW roots exhibited greater total phenolic contents (1,212.6 and 1,454.5 mg/g GAE, respectively) than those of ethanol and water extracts. The ethanol (89.0%) and butanol extracts (88.9%) of PM exhibited significantly greater DPPH radical scavenging activities than that of water extracts (73.1%) (p<0.05). Only ethanol extract exhibited an MIC of 0.8 mg/mL against both bacteria. Zones of inhibition started to form when the concentration of extract was greater than 5 mg/disc. The diameters of the zone of inhibition of PM and CW were measured to be 8.9 and 9.2 mm against S. aureus and P. acnes, respectively, exhibiting the greatest antimicrobial activities among the extracts. This research demonstrated that the PM and CW root extracts possessed not only antioxidant activity but also strong antimicrobial activity against skin-related bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.440-443
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• 2015

The widespread emergence of antibiotic resistant microorganisms in clinics and natural environments has attracted public concern. Especially, microorganisms inhabiting natural environment is considered as a source responsible for increasing the abundance of antibiotic resistant genes in ecosystem. In this study, the diversity of culturable bacteria resistant to ampicillin was investigated with water samples collected from seven locations in Korea. The genera belonging to Aeromonas and Acidovorax were dominant among the isolated 498 strains. The 66% of isolates showed multi-drug resistance against more than six antibiotics among tested fourteen ones and isolates resistant to seven antibiotics were the most prevalent with 19.7% abundance. Using the antibiotics susceptibility results, the intrinsic resistance profile was suggested for the most dominant genera, Aeromonas, Acidovorax, Pseudomonas, and Elizabethkingia.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2014

To study the possible use of probiotics in fish farming, The in vitro and in vivo antibacterial effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MB I-3 (MB I-3) against the fish pathogenic bacterium Listonella anguillarum were evaluated. The inhibitory effects of MB I-3 against vibrios were investigated by the double layer method and the co-culture. The results showed that MB I-3 inhibited the growth of pathogenic vibrios including Listonella anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio furnissii, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus. Extracellular substances obtained from the cultural supernatant of MB I-3 by ethyl acetate extraction showed inhibitory effects on L. anguillarum. The antibacterial substance of MB I-3 was evaluated to destroy the cell membrane of L. anguillarum in electron micrographs. The probiotic effects of MB I-3 was tested by exposing olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) fry to L. anguillarum with or without MB I-3. The cumulative mortality of olive flounder fry infected with L. anguillarum was 24% in the group with MB I-3, while it was 46% in the control group without MB I-3. These results indicate that MB I-3 has potential applications as a probiotic for the control of fish pathogenic vibrios in fish rearing system.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.275-278
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• 2008

Ginseng stem fungus gnat, Phytosciara procera, is reported as a ginseng pest for the first time. It is new to science that a member of the family Sciaridae is a ginseng pest. In our observation, larvae of the gnat can penetrate the stem of ginseng, and then they make a shaft in shoot and root. Number of adults captured by yellow sticky traps were peaked in twice, from late July to early August and from late August to early September. In a ginseng field, 29.7% of ginseng damaged by Phytosciara procera is also infected by bacterial disease caused by Erwinia carotobora. However, there is a possibility on environmental-friendly control, as a result of decreasing effect of damage over 85% when remaining a part of berry on peduncle than tatally remove.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2012

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the major agents responsible for food poisoning during summer in Korea, which is transmitted via seawater or seafoods. Recently, distribution of the bacteria in the marine environment has been increased due to global warming. Great concern also has been raised regarding public hygiene as well as marine culture by the emergence of pathogens with antibiotic resistance. Therefore, distribution of V. parahaemolyticus and antibiotic resistance of the isolates were monitored in 7 coastal areas of Kyonggi Province and Incheon by sampling seawater, fishes and clams monthly. V. parahaemolyticus was detected from 47.7% of 966 samples (seawater 61.9%, seafoods 41.8%) analyzed using $CHROMagar^{TM}$ and TCBS agar plates as well as multiplex PCR. Among 13 antibiotics tested, resistance to vancomycin and ampicillin was observed in 97.3% and 87.3% of the isolates, respectively, and the ratios of them resistant to cephalothin (48.8%) and rifampin (46.1%) were also high. The isolates were most highly sensitive to chloramphenicol (91.7%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (91.8%). The ratio of sensitivity for other antibiotics was also high in the descending order of gentamycin (82.3%), tobramycin (74.8%), nalidixic acid (71.6%), tetracyclin (69.4%), cefotaxime (63.0%). About 69% of the isolates showed multiple drug resistance toward 3 antibiotics including vancomycin and ampicillin. Two of them exhibited resistance for 11 antibiotics used in this study. Plasmid profile analysis of the isolates with antibiotic resistance revealed that 55.1% of them retained plasmids of 24 different types. However, no clear inter-relationship between the resistance and the plasmid profile has been observed.