• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.59-70
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to present raw data to systematically and rationally manage the protected trees located in Changwon-si, Korea. This study investigated about the present condition and the information of location, individual, management, health and soil. The results are as follows. The protected trees were located in 26 spots, and species of trees were 9 taxa; Zelkova serrata, Celtis sinensis, Aphananthe aspera, Ginkgo biloba, Carpinus tschonoskii, Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis, Quercus variabilis, Pinus densiflora and Salix glandulosa. In protected tree types, shade trees were the most, and the majority of theirs were 200 years or more in age. The range of altitude was 14~173m, and the number of trees located in flat fields was the most. For location types, village and field and mountain were presented in the order and, in land use, land for building was the most. The range of height was 8.0~30.0m, 0.6~5.1m in crown height, 240~700cm in diameter of breast and 210~800cm in diameter of root. In case of crown area, Zelkova serrata of No.5 was most large. The status boards were mostly installed except No.23 and No.26. The sites with fence were 9 spots, and the site with stonework were 14 spots. The sites with the support beam were 5 spots, and most sites were not covered up with soil. The materials of bottom were soil, gravel and vegetation in the order. The range of withering branch rate was 0~40%, and peeled bark rate was 0~60%. The sites made holes were 23 spots, and the hole size of Aphananthe aspera of No.12 was the largest. The sites disturbed by human trampling were 7 spots, the sites by disease and insects of 2 spots, the sites by injury of 23 spots and the sites by exposed roots of 13 spots. In the results of soil analysis, there showed that acidity was pH 4.5~8.0, organic matter content of 3.5~69.8g/kg, electrical conductivity(EC) of 0.11~2.87dS/m, available $P_2O_5$ of 3.0~490.6mg/kg, exchangeable K of 0.10~1.05cmol+/kg, exchangeable Ca of 1.41~16.45cmol+/kg, exchangeable Mg of 0.37~1.96cmol+/kg, exchangeable Na of 0.25~2.41cmol+/kg and cation exchange capacity(C.E.C) of 8.35~26.55cmol+/kg.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.1 s.93
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• pp.62-69
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• 2001

This study was investigated discharge and water quality for rainy days at the inflow streams (Gog-Kyo, Mu-Han, Sap-Kyo and Nam-Won) into Lake Sap-Kyo from June to November of 1999. The eventual aim of this study was to improve the water quality of Lake Sap-Kyo. Therefore, in order to reduce inflow pollutants loading into Lake Sap-Kyo, we investigated characteristics of stormwater runoff and estimated pollutant loading for the rainy season. The results of that Sap-Kyo stream is $5.75\;m^3/sec$ flow and influences water quantity of Lake Sap-Kyo greatly during the dry weather. Gog-Kyo stream influence to quantity of Lake Sap-Kyo greatly for the rainy days. Gog-Kyo stream and Sap-Kyo stream are $12.13\;m^3/sec$ and $8.49\;m^3/sec$, respectively. The reason is that the watershed area of Gog-Kyo stream is larger than other streams. When we prepare to plan management to improve the water quality of Lake Sap-Kyo, we have to consider that runoff characteristics by land use. Among the annual total pollutants loading inflow Lake Sap-Kyo, the ratio of non-point pollutants loading estimated that SS, BOD, T-N and T-P are 62%, 43%, 41% and 27%, respectively. Therefore, in order to improve water quality of Lake Sap-Kyo, we have to reduce non-point pollutants loading.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2014

This study was carried out to analysis the vegetation status, the habitat size and the meaning of new natural habitat, and to provide basic data for conservation or management on the newly augmented natural habitat of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai in Yeoju-si, Gyunggi-do, Korea. A. distichum is a Korean monotypic endemic species. Most natural habitats of A. distichum have been reported in South-Central area around Chungcheong-do. The extent of occurrence of A. distichum can be enlarged to Central area due to the Yeoju-si habitat. The new habitat is located on a hillock which is composed of rock field at $37^{\circ}20{\sim}21^{\prime}N$, $137^{\circ}43{\sim}21^{\prime}E$, and 99~120m a.s.l.. The habitat size is small as about $530m^2$, and a small stream runs aside. The number of individuals of A. distichum was about 1,200. But most individuals were smaller than 0.5m height, so just about 300 individuals are taller than 1.0m height. A. distichum on Yeoju-si seemed to be maintained and distributed by vegetative propagation from elongated roots of branches. Pinus rigida and Quercus aliena dominated tree layer, and Lindera obtusiloba, Q. aliena and Acer tatricum appeared frequently in subtree layer. The shrub layer was dominated by A. distichum with Stephanandra incisa, Euonymus alatus for. ciliatodentatus, Ligustrum obtusifolium, etc. The coverage of herbaceous layer was low.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.18 no.1 s.38
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• pp.35-41
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• 1979

Four to $17\%$ of the seeds of ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) collected from seemingly healthy plants carried Colletotrichum panacicola Nakata et Takimoto whereas the seeds from the plants with anthracnose sympotoms carried $42\%$ of the same fungus. Prevalent organisms isolated other than C. panacicola from seeds of both kinds of plants were Fusarium, Alternaria, Phoma, Trichoderma and others, ana in that order on acidified potato sucrose agar. C. panacicola also was isolated from 18 months old herbarium specimens. The fungus in the infected tissues also survived during the Korean winter months either on the soil surface or in the soil at 10 and 30 em in depth. When conidial suspensions of C. panacicola were inoculated on detached ginseng leaves, anthracnose symptoms occurred from 25 to $35^{\circ}C$. No symptoms occurred at temperatures below $17^{\circ}C$. Direct sunlight increased significantly the number of anthracnose lesions over those obtained in leaves inoculated in darkness or in 400 lux of fluorescent light. The lesions decreased as age of the leaves increased or as the number of conidia applied decreased. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth and conidial formation of C. panacicola was $25^{\circ}C$. Optimum pH for the mycelial growth was at $pH\;2.8\~4.6$ while the most conidial formation occurred at $pH\;5.2\~5.8.$. When fungicides were applied in the field to ginseng plants with a conidial suspension of C. panacicola, the most effective control of the anthracnose disease was by spraying with difolatan, and followed by maneb, zineb, captan and phaltan; Bordeaux mixture and ferbam were significantly less effective but significantly better than the inoculated control plants.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2006

This study was conducted on a commerce silt loam soil at paddy field in the southwestern Korea ($36^{\circ}N$ lat). In the study of planting time, seed were hand planted at 24 May, 14 June and 5 July, and at 24 May, 14 June and 5 July in 2005, respectively. Two seedlings plants per hill were taken prior to V3 stage. Fertilizer was applied prior to plant at a rate of 3.0 - 3.0 - 3.4 g (N - P - K) per square meter. Experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split plot arrangement with three replications. Yield was significantly affected by different of the planting times and cultivars. The seed yield in planting time was the highest on late in May 24 but was the lowest on July 5. Also, the plant time significantly affected on increasing pod and seed number and seed weight. The days from emergence to flowering and maturity was reducing tendency with late planting time. The highest and lowest total dry matter production per square meter appeared at late in May and early in July with planting time, respectively. RGR, LAR and SLA was increased with late planting time. Photosynthetic rate at each planting time was not significant on the expanded the highest leaf position but at seed development stage, it was higher photosynthetic rate at May 24 than that of late planting time on $7^{th}$ laef position from the basal part.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.335-352
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated and analysed the water quality, distribution of the vegetation and the wildlife to seven wetlands in Donghae city. As a result, most of the wetlands was found to be very poor water quality and some specific pollutants from entering the wetland. A total of 234 taxa on vegetation were identified including 207 species, 24 varieties, 3 formaes, 168 genera and 69 families. 2 species were recorded as designated rare plant of Korea Forest Service. The naturalized plants were 27 species. The urbanization rate of naturalization index was 8.4% and 11.6% respectively. The number of benthic macroinvertebrate taxa was 35 species, 26 families, 12 orders, 5 classes and 3 phylums. Rare species were recorded 3 species. Taxa for fishes were 5 family and 5 species. Endangered wildlife was found 1 species. Most wetlands in Donghae city were the relatively small in size, and some wetlands were separately located from forest and river ecosystems. It was limited inflow and outflow of species into a wetland from the outside. However, various vegetation were found at whole wetlands and some special species also inhabited. The wetlands performed the role as a habitat of wild life.

• Proceedings of the KGS Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.120-123
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• 2002

본 연구는 농천어메니티의 개념을 토대로 농촌주민과 도시민의 가치라고 할 수 있는 정주기능으로서의 생활자원화와 방문가치로서의 관광자원화로 구분하고, 이를 토대로 도시민과 농촌주민, 전문가들을 대상으로 농촌자원의 중요도와 순위적 관계를 분석하였다. 구체적인 연구결과를 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 농촌자원을 자연적 자원과 문화적 자원, 사회적 자원으로 구분하여 37개 자원을 설정하였다. 이러한 농촌자원은 농촌어메니티를 형성하거나 형성에 영향을 미치는 대상이라고 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 이러한 농촌자원은 농촌주민과 도시민이 지닌 가치에 기초하여 생활자원적 가치와 관광가치적 가치를 동시에 혹은 차등적으로 지닐 수 있다. 이러한 관점은 농촌자원에 대한 중요도 평균에 대한 차이검증(t-test)을 수행한 결과 전체 자원의 56.8%에 해당하는 21개가 유의미한 차이를 보인 결과에 의해 지지를 받는다. 셋째, 농촌자원에 대한 순위적 상관관계분석에서도 전문가와 전체집단에서 생활자원과 관광자원에 대한 순위상관관계가 의미가 없는 것으로 나타나 위의 두번째 결과를 지지하고 있다. 이러한 결과는 농촌자원의 개발 방향과 가치부여가 자원의 속성에 따라 차등적으로 진행되어져야 함을 보여준다. 다섯째, 농촌자원의 유형을 생활자원화와 관광자원화에 대한 중요도의 표준화 점수에 기초하여 4개 유형(유형 I~IV)으로 구분하였다. 이러한 유형별 자원중요도를 고려하여 농촌마을의 개발목적에 비추어 생활자원형이나 관광자원형과의 연계를 통해 마을의 정체성과 특성화에 기여할 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다.(요약 및 결론에서 발췌)를 고지도와 지리지.읍지를 통하여 살펴봄으로써 변한 것과 변하지 않는 것을 분석하여 시대상의 복원과 지역사회의 정체성 확립에 일조하고자 한다.곡물의 여러 줄기가 합수하고 물이 역류하지 않으며 잘 감아도는 곳으로 표현할 수 있다 이러한 명당의 기본적인 원리는 장풍(藏風)과 득수득파(得水得破)이다. 장풍과 득수란 '국'(局), 즉 산줄기와 수계로 이루어진 일정한 범위 속에 만물이 생태계 속에서 살아가는 모습인 '체형(體形)'의 의미가 나타나야 한다는 것이다. 그러나 이러한 의미는 시대에 따라 달라질 수 있는 것이다.면적의 52%를 점유하여 감자 재배지의 핵심지를 이룬다. 4. 한국 감자 재배지역 중심지의 지리적 특징은, 높은 산지지역의 산록완사면에 밭작물로 재배된다는 점과 교통이 불편한 지역으로서 도시화와 산업화 지역의 그늘 지역이 대부분이다. 강원도의 감자 재배지는 감자재배에 적합한 자연환경과 화전농업의 전통, 감자 재배기술의 전파, 중앙정부와 지방정부가 지원하는 각종 연구소 분포와 영농지도, 씨감자 생산과 협동조합의 판로 개척, 도로 개설과 포장 등의 인문지리적 요인이 영농조건을 개선하고 감자 판매를 위한 시장접근을 용이하게 하여, 남한 최대의 감자 재배지역을 형성하였다. 제주도는 산지지형과 따뜻한 기온으로 2기작이 가능하고, 감자가공 공장설립과 교통발달에 따른 육지 시장과의 접근이 용이해졌기 때문에 남한에서 2번째로 큰 감자재배지역이 되었다.(요약 및 결론에서 발췌)그람양성균에서 효과적이었으며, 농도별 항균력시험 결과 농도가 증가할수록 비례하여 저해율도 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 첨가농도를 달

• Proceedings of the KGS Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.99-105
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• 2002

변화의 속도가 느려서 장기지속적인 전체사의 바탕을 형성하고 있는 지리적 환경에 대한 적응결과로서의 지표경관을 도면상에 표현한 고지는 당시대인들의 세계관과 공간인식을 반영하고 있다. 인간을 둘러싼 지리적 환경은 장기적으로 벼하는 구조이다. 장기지속의 구조사는 지리지와 고지도에 잘 표현되어 있다. 지리지와 고지도에 대한 문헌조사와 현지야외답사를 통하여 경관을 구체적으로 분석하고 지역성과 한국전통지역사회의 원형을 파악하고자 한다. 기존의 연구자들에 의하여 정상기의 동국지도, 김정호의 대동여지도, 북방영토인식, 군현지도, 시대상의 복원과 지리환경 인식, 회화의 측면에서 본 고지도, 지명과 영토문제, 서양식 세계지도의 전래과정등의 연구주제들에 대하여 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 그러나 기왕의 연구는 고지도에 대한 전체적인 현황 파악과 해제, 전체적인 유형 분류, 특정주제에 대한 고지도 이용 등에 초점이 맞추어져 있었고 구체적인 지역사회에 대하여 고지도를 통시대적으로 비교 분석한 연구는 드문 편이다. 사라져가고 있는 전통경관과 자연환경의 영향을 많이 받은 촌락경관이 남아 있는 지역사회경관에 대한 고지도와 지리지를 활용한 연구가 시급하다. 고지도는 옛 지명, 산천, 도로, 역원, 행정구역, 역사적 위치의 파악과 문화경과 복원의 기초자료로서의 의미가 크므로 지역사회 단위의 연구가 필요하다. 19세기 말엽에 편찬된 읍지와 지도는 서양과 일본의 침략으로 변모되기 이전의 한국 각 지역의 모습을 추적하고 복원하는데 긴요한 역사적 자료이다. 현대 한국지역사회의 바탕을 이루고 있는 지난 400년간의 지역변화를 고지도와 지리지.읍지를 통하여 살펴봄으로써 변한 것과 변하지 않는 것을 분석하여 시대상의 복원과 지역사회의 정체성 확립에 일조하고자 한다.곡물의 여러 줄기가 합수하고 물이 역류하지 않으며 잘 감아도는 곳으로 표현할 수 있다 이러한 명당의 기본적인 원리는 장풍(藏風)과 득수득파(得水得破)이다. 장풍과 득수란 '국'(局), 즉 산줄기와 수계로 이루어진 일정한 범위 속에 만물이 생태계 속에서 살아가는 모습인 '체형(體形)'의 의미가 나타나야 한다는 것이다. 그러나 이러한 의미는 시대에 따라 달라질 수 있는 것이다.면적의 52%를 점유하여 감자 재배지의 핵심지를 이룬다. 4. 한국 감자 재배지역 중심지의 지리적 특징은, 높은 산지지역의 산록완사면에 밭작물로 재배된다는 점과 교통이 불편한 지역으로서 도시화와 산업화 지역의 그늘 지역이 대부분이다. 강원도의 감자 재배지는 감자재배에 적합한 자연환경과 화전농업의 전통, 감자 재배기술의 전파, 중앙정부와 지방정부가 지원하는 각종 연구소 분포와 영농지도, 씨감자 생산과 협동조합의 판로 개척, 도로 개설과 포장 등의 인문지리적 요인이 영농조건을 개선하고 감자 판매를 위한 시장접근을 용이하게 하여, 남한 최대의 감자 재배지역을 형성하였다. 제주도는 산지지형과 따뜻한 기온으로 2기작이 가능하고, 감자가공 공장설립과 교통발달에 따른 육지 시장과의 접근이 용이해졌기 때문에 남한에서 2번째로 큰 감자재배지역이 되었다.(요약 및 결론에서 발췌)그람양성균에서 효과적이었으며, 농도별 항균력시험 결과 농도가 증가할수록 비례하여 저해율도 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 첨가농도를 달리하여 미생물의 생육도를 측정한 결과, fraction II磎꼭\ulcorner경우 그람양성균에 대해 500 ppm 이상에서 뚜렷한 증식억제효과를 나타내었다.서 뚜렷한 증식억제효과를 나타내었다.min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.276-285
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• 2001

This report surveyed degradation of forest environment and rehabilitation in Ashio of Japan. Since 1880, a large scale forestry in this area has been destroyed by sooty smoke, and the local government invested heavily to rehabilitate the damaged forestry and denuded mountains. These degradations are due to complex operations, such as sulfurous acid gas from copper refinery, forest fires, steep slope and disadvantageous climate. The rehabilitation works on degraded forestry(2,399ha) were undertaken by tree planting fur three years from 1897. However, forest degradation and disasters were continued, and the total damaged areas were about 2,400~3,000ha in 1956. A Manual labor method, a Helicopter method and also Combination of manual labor and helicopter method had been adopted to rehabilitation works from 1945 to 1996, while 828.19ha of the degraded mountains was rehabilitated. Total investment for those projects was 80 billion yen. A debris control dam, a soil arresting structure, a vegetation-block, a vegetation sack measures and tree planting have implemented significantly fur the method of rehabilitation. An objective of manual labor works is a complete rehabilitation on each place through 3 stage working. The revived green areas accounted fur 49% of the total, and the entire afforest areas are less than 10%. In coming 25 years, an amount of 21.3 billion yen will be invested to rehabilitate 564ha of degraded mountain lands. However, it is impossible to estimate that how long it will take until the whole degraded mountain lands are completely rehabilitated. Rehabilitation works in Ashio may be applicable to environmental restoration and revegetation in the abandoned coal-mine lands of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2009

The ichthyofauna in certain reservoirs in Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do were studied from August 17 to September 22, 2005. During the study period, 22,747 individuals belonging to 25 species, 20 genera, 9 families and 4 orders were collected. Of these, 14 species were cyprinid fishes, and the dominant species was Pseudorasbora parva (relative abundance 52.28%). There were six Korean endemic species (8.51%), including Sarcocheilichthys variegatus wakiyae, Squalidus chankaensis tsuchigae, Squalidus mulimaculatus, Hemiculter eigenmanni, Pseudobagrus brevicorpus and Odontobutis platycephala the dominant species was Squalidus chankaensis tsuchigae (7.59%). There were six introduced species (25.00%), of which Hemiculter eigenmanni, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco and Hypomesus nipponensis were introduced from other native stream systems (20.99%), and Cyprinus carpio (Israeli), Carassius cuvieri and Lepomis macrochirus were exotic species (4.01%).