• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.227-253
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• 1997

Twenty-first century will be in the era of culture and art as postmodernims progresses, therefore, geography which is is traditionally concerned with regional study needs to deeply study the culture of region. Regional symbols are clue to identify regional culture which is environments of symbolic space. Especially the study of urban culture come to the needs of times with occurring global city, urban symbols make clear urban culture and urban identity. The aim of this paper is to analyze urban symbols, that is urban songs, urban birds, urban trees, urban flowers to study urban culture in korean cities, urban symbols make clear urban spatial environment which is natural and human, and then, urban symbols make clear urban identity. The analytical results of lyrics of urban songs in the 76 cities of korea include names of mountain, river, sea and place, the names of mountain and river make clear urban identies which is natural and human characteristics, it is environment of symbolic space which brings unity, one body. Especially it is environment of symbolic space which comprise fung-soo(風水) aspects, place names well represent symbolic space. The analytical results of symbolic things, that is urban birds, urban trees, urban flowers in the 78 cities of korea indicate they are gain and gain established, they are also our environments of symbolic space which is curtual settlings of our life, but they are imported not native species but foreign species which have not environment of symbolic space. The results of this paper implicate urban symols should review. because urban symbols fit to our natural and human environments of symbolic space.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.135-136
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 고전시문, 민요, 시, 노래, 민속 및 신앙 등에 관한 문헌자료들의 해석을 통하여 동백나무가 우리 민족에 가지는 상징성을 고찰하였다. 연구결과, 동백나무는 청렴과 고고함, 애절한 사랑, 봄을 맞이하는 연인들의 설레임 등을 상징하며 다양한 기능성 및 신앙의 대상이 되기도 하는 등 우리 민족의 삶과 밀접한 관계성을 지닌 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2017

The following summarizes the findings from an analysis of literature and 21 versions of the Bible published in Korea, China, and Japan to discuss the name of Myrtus communis. Myrtus communis was an important tree symbolizing love and resurrection since the Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Judas, Greece, Ancient Rome, and Medieval Spain. In the Bible, Myrtus ($h{\acute{a}}das$) was used to make the booths at the Feast of Tabernacles or for various ceremonies. Myrtus symbolized the people of Israel and also symbolized peace, appreciation, indestructibility, and resurrection. In the Bible of Korea, China, and Japan, Myrtus was translated into various names by time, such as '崗拈樹', '千里香', '鳥拈', '番石榴', 桃金孃, Gamtangnamu, Seoglyunamu, Hwaseoglyu, Sogwinamu. 'Myrtle' was translated into '桃金孃' based on Japan's "熟語本位 英和中?典(1915)" and it seems that the mistake was directly excerpted by the English-Korean Dictionary(1949) after the Liberation. According to the theory of 'Dynamic Equivalence' in translation, it would be best to use 'Myrtus' was the official name of Myrtus communis.

• Landscaping Tree
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• s.96
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• pp.16-18
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• 2007

전.남북, 경.남북, 제주도, 울릉도 등 남부 도서지방의 표고 700m이하에서 자라는 상록활엽고목으로 수고 20m, 직경 1m까지 자란다. 특히 일부 지자체에서는 지방을 상징하는 나무로 지정되어 주민의 사랑을 받고있다. 녹나무과에 속하는 후박나무는 잎이 광택을 띠며, 봄에 나는 새순은 단풍과 같이 붉게 물들어 아름답다. 가로수, 조경수로 많이 식재되고 있어 봄과 여름에는 다른 수종들과 어울러져 남들을 더욱 돋보이게 하고 가을과 겨울에는 혼자만이 꿋꿋이 녹색을 띠면서 적막한 도시의 거리를 조금이나마 부드럽고 훈훈하며 따뜻한 느낌을 주는 나무이다. 이러한 후박나무를 가해하는 해충으로 나무좀류와 기타 해충에 대한 생태 및 방제법을 간략하게 소개하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.77-94
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• 2020

Gugok poems were an important material for studying the Gugok landscape garden(九曲園林). the landscape feature(景物)that emerges from poetry is an important material that expresses the sense of placefulness and garden consciousness(園林意識). However, many studies are passive about plant materials that can explore the perception of nature or the aesthetic embodiment process. Therefore, this study seeks to discover various symbolic meanings and reveal the context of plants that have appeared in Gugok poems in order to expand the research material of the Gugok culture. To carry out the purpose of the study, I collected a total of 25 related poems from 18 Gugoks and found a total of 20 species of trees. I used 'R-program' to derive the meaning of trees and examined the meaning of trees by intertextuality. According to the study, the 20 species of trees contained symbolic meanings of world of Taoist hermit, pursuit of study, constancy, true pleasure, dignity, honest poverty, reign of peace, nostalgia. Many species focused on the symbolism of the 'world of Taoist hermit' and then on the 'dignity' was the most frequent. A number of species, except for the peach, zelkova and oak, had multiple meanings. Among them, pine trees and lotus had a wide range of symbolic meanings and different meanings depending on the characteristics of the surrounding landscape. While the Gugok culture generally targets natural scenery, Yongsan, Toegye, Deoksan, and Jusan showed the characteristics of strengthening or reproducing symbolic meanings through artificial plating and gardening. In order to overcome the limitations of the peach tree, which symbolizes 'Mureungdowon(武陵桃園)', Gugok poems used maple trees and reeds as alternative species. In accordance with the above context, the trees appearing in the Gugok poems expressed their symbolic meaning differently according to the landscape features, acts and purposes of the Gugoks, rather than sticking to the traditional meaning.

• The Korean Publising Journal, Monthly
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• s.244
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• pp.13-13
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• 1998

잠자고 있던 신화 속의 영웅들이 되살아난다. 그리스 신화에서 나무 신화까지 다양하다. 신화를 소개하고 재해석하거나 서로 비교하는 신화관련 출판물은 미래를 예측하는 상징체계이기도 하다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.96-109
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to sort out the plants in "The Book of Songs", and to analyze the cultural significance of plants from the viewpoint of the symbolic elements and the landscape elements in the 3~11 century BC. The conclusions are as follows. First, there were 147 plant names and 136 plant species in "The Book of Songs", and these results can confirm that the plants were existed in the 3~11 century BC. Second, through analyzing the cultural significance of the plants, cattail, lotus, etc. are the symbol of lovers; peony and willow are the symbol of farewell; bamboo is the symbol of gentleman; and Japanese pepper is the symbol of fecundity. Third, at the viewpoint of the landscape elements, the poplar, dwarf elm, etc. can be used as a place of affection; reed and nepenthe can make a place of melancholy, hazel and chestnut tree, etc. can make a place of power and position, celery and water shield etc. can be used as a place of knowledge. Based on the research of "The Book of Songs", it can help to understand the plants culture in 3~11 century BC, and it will be a useful information for the plant design.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

This study attempted to examine the loving pigeon culture practiced in traditional gardens and to illuminate the aspect of pigeons as a landscape animal material. In order to understand the culture of enjoying old garden through pigeons, the contents were analyzed for the translated version of the old literatures and paintings. Pigeons have been used as Jeonseo-gu(傳書鳩) and also for medicinal purposes and food. Pigeons have various symbolic meanings such as abundance, hospitality, and longevity. From the Goryeo Dynasty to the early Joseon Dynasty, pigeons were raised in the palace and private garden. In the late Joseon Dynasty, temporary trend of ornamental pigeon culture occurred. Pigeons were synesthesia materials that enriched the forest. Various beautiful pigeons created a variable landscape of the primeval forest as a moving landscape material. The bell sounds that appear differently depending on the pigeon's movement led to a rich auditory experience of the landscape. The pigeon house was an ornamental element that enriched the old garden along with the pigeon. The owners of garden were involved in gardening through the act of buying a pigeon house and placing it in the garden or making a pigeon house themselves. In addition, the writers planted plum trees, peach trees, apricot trees, and hawthorn trees as a symbol of spring and a source of food for pigeons, and expressed them in poems and paintings. This study has a limitation in that the translation of the old text was used as an analysis data. The follow-up studies on specific cases of raising pigeons in the old garden, in modern and contemporary landscape spaces are urged.

• Landscaping Tree
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• s.120
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• pp.25-27
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• 2011

남부지역인 전 남북, 경 남북, 제주도, 울릉도 등 남부도 도서지방의 표고 700m이하에서 자라는 상록활엽고목으로 일부 지자체에서는 지방을 상징으로 나무로 지정되어 주민의 사랑을 받고 있다. 특히 경남 통영, 남해 지역에서는 가로수로 집단화되어 최근 많은 해충들로 몸살을 앓고 있다. 특히 철쭉류에서만 서식하는 것으로 보고된 진달래방패벌레과, 호두나무와 가래나무에 피해를 많이 주는 벼슬집명나방이 후박나무 집단 가로수 식재지에서 2010년 조사에서 처음으로 발견되었다. 그리고 피해도 기존의 해충으로 등록된 다른 해충보다도 피해가 심했다. 따라서 이들 해충에 대한 정밀조사가 필요하다고 하겠다. 녹나무과에 속하는 후박나무는 잎이 광택을 띠며, 봄에 나는 새순은 단풍과 같이 붉게 물들어 아름답다. 가로수, 조경수로 많이 식재되고 있어 봄과 여름에는 다른 수조들과 어울러져 남들을 더욱 돋보이게 하고 가을과 겨울에는 혼자만이 꿋꿋이 녹색을 띠면서 적막한 도시의 거리를 조금이나마 부드럽고 훈훈하며 따뜻한 느낌을 주는 후박나무에 새로운 가해해충에 대한 정보를 소개하여 피해를 최소화 하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.34-44
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• 2018

In the Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Judas, Greece, and Rome, Phoenix dactylifera was planted in gardens or orchards to signify life, blessing, and victory. Branches of Phoenix dactylifera, likened to high and precious, were referred to one of the gifts to the king in the second century BC and have been used in the Feast of Tabernacles. And they were engraved on the walls of the temple and along with cherub. Besides, Phoenix dactylifera is compared with a righteous person in the Bible since it grows straight despite strong winds. And, it was used as a symbol of honesty, justice, and right. Churches call the week before Easter Palm Sunday since the crowd laid the leaves of date palm trees on the road and shouted "Hosanna" while waving the date palm branches when Jesus entered Jerusalem. Moreover, pilgrim in the Middle Ages was called 'Palmer' in English due to custom of returning with the leaves and branches of date palm trees as a memorial of the Holy Land pilgrimage. This study analyzes naming issue of Phoenix dactylifera through the old literature and 27 versions of the most influential Bibles in History of Bible Translation in Korea, China, and Japan. Phoenix dactylifera is translated into Chinese as '棕櫚(Trachycarpus fortunei)', a native tree of China. 棕櫚 is similar to Phoenix dactylifera, but its fruit and leaf are quite distinct. This being so, translating Phoenix dactylifera as 棕櫚 has a limit to convey symbolic meaning adequately. In the Japanese Bible, on the other hand, Phoenix dactylifera is translated as 'なつめやし(Natsumeyashi)' meant date palm tree. Most of Protestant Bible in Korea use 'Jongryeo' like Chinese Bible while translation in Korean Catholic Bible(2005) varies from one scripture to another: 'Yaja Namu (Palm Tree)' - 38 times, 'Jongryeo Namu' - 5 times, and 'Daechu Yaja Namu (Date Palm Tree)' - 3 times. Date Palm Tree, 'Jongryeo Tree', and Palm Tree don't grow in Korea. However, they had long been recognized as Haejo(海棗), Jongryeo(?櫚), and Yaja(椰子) respectively through China and Japan. Each of them called by a distinct name correspond with its own characteristic and used separately in Korean Classics as Jongryeo and Haejo were identified in ancient Chinese literatures. It seems that more confusion was raised since 'Palm' was translated as 'Jongryeo' in several books including "?藤和英大辭典 (1915)", "Modern 朝鮮外來語辭典(1938)", and "Latin-Korean Dictionary(1995)". However, the Latin term 'Palmae' is translated into English as either palm tree or date palm. The results of this study suggest that more accurate translation of Phoenix dactylifera in the Bible would be 'Daechu Yaja Namu (Date Palm Tree)' and using different name fit for its own characteristic would be more appropriate.