• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.358-364
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• 2017

For the purpose of convenience and reducing time, newer bonding agents have been developed for composite resin restoration. Recently developed one bottle bonding system including etching, primer and adhesive can make procedures simpler and less technique-sensitive than old generation adhesives. The aim of this study was comparing the shear bond strength of new dentin bonding agents to the 5th generation bonding agent which had an etching step. 78 premolar teeth were randomly divided into three groups which were treated with $Tetric^{(R)}$ N-Bond Universal (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein), $GC^{(R)}$ G-Premio BOND (GC Co., Japan) without additional etching step and $3M^{TM}$ Single Bond2 (3M ESPE, USA) with an etching step following manufacturer's instructions. $Filtek^{TM}$ Z-350 (3M ESPE, USA) composite resin was applied and light cured over bonding agents. For shear bond strength evaluation, universal testing machine was used with a wedge technique. As a result, shear bond strength of one step bonding agents was lower than two step bonding agent and there were statistically significant differences between them (p < 0.05). In addition, within the result of two new bonding agents, $Tetric^{(R)}$ N-Bond Universal showed significantly higher shear bond strength than $GC^{(R)}$ G-Premio BOND (p < 0.05).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.553-565
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• 2001

One-bottle adhesive system was recently developed in order to simplify the clinical skills and save chair time after continuous improvements on dentin bonding agents. To test the shear bond strength of a new "one-bottle adhesive" system to bovine dentin various commercially available one-bottle adhesives(Prime & Bond $2.1^{(R)}$, One Coat $Bond^{(R)}$, Syntac $Sprint^{(R)}$, Single $Bond^{(R)}$) were included for comparison. And we observe the interfacial morphology by scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows; 1. Group II (One Coat $Bond^{(R)}$) showed higher shear bond strength than group I (Prime & Bond $2.1^{(R)}$), group III(Syntac $Sprint^{(R)}$), and group IV(Single $Bond^{(R)}$), but no statistically significant difference was founded between groups(p>.05). 2. Relating reverse-cone shape resin tags were observed in samples of all groups under SEM. We could observed hybrid layer, resin tag and many lateral branches in every group. But, we observed in group III rare lateral branched than other three groups, and discontinuous hybrid layer.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.437-444
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal microleakage of different 2-step adhesive systems in Class V cavities prepared with different diamond points. Forty Class V cavities were prepared with two different (coarse or fine) diamond points on cervical third of extracted molars. The occlusal and gingival margin of cavities was located in enamel and dentin, respectively. They were divided into one of four equal groups (n = 10) and ; Group 1-prepared with coarse diamond point (EX-41), restored with Single Bond and Z 250, Group 2-prepared with fine diamond piont (TF-21F), restored with Sing)e Bond and Z 250, Group 3-prepared with coarse diamond point (EX-41), restored with Clearfil SE Bond and Clearfil AP-X, Group 4-prepared with fine diamond point (TF-21F), restored with Clearfil SE Bond and Clearfil AP-X. Specimens were thermocycled, immersed in a 2% methylene blue solution for 24 hours, and bisected longitudinally. They were observed leakages at enamel and dentinal margins. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed ranked test. In this study, marginal microleakage or Single Bond was not affected by type of diamond points. But Clearfil SE Bond showed higher marginal microleakage at both enamel and dentinal margin when Class V cavity was prepared with coarse diamond point.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2010

Objectives: Rapid polymerization of overlying composite resin causes high polymerization shrinkage stress at the adhesive layer. In order to alleviate the shrinkage stress, increasing the light intensity over the first 5 seconds was suggested as an exponential curing mode by an LED light curing unit (Elipar FreeLight2, 3M ESPE). In this study, the effectiveness of the exponential curing mode on reducing stress was evaluated with measuring microtensile bond strength of three adhesives after the overlying composite resin was polymerized with either continuous or exponential curing mode. Methods: Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (MP, 3M ESPE), Single Bond 2 (SB, 3M ESPE), and Adper Prompt (AP, 3M ESPE) were applied onto the flat occlusal dentin of extracted human molar. The overlying hybrid composite (Denfil, Vericom, Korea) was cured under one of two exposing modes of the curing unit. At 48h from bonding, microtensile bond strength was measured at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. The fractured surfaces were observed under FE-SEM. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the microtensile bond strengths of each adhesive between curing methods (Two-way ANOVA, p > 0.05). The microtensile bond strengths of MP and SB were significantly higher than that of AP (p < 0.05). Mixed failures were observed in most of the fractured surfaces, and differences in the failure mode were not observed among groups. Conclusion: The exponential curing method had no beneficial effect on the microtensile dentin bond strengths of three adhesives compared to continuous curing method.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to perform quantitative comparisons of water permeable zones in both the adhesive and the hybrid layer before and after thermo cycling in order to assess the integrity of the bonding interface. Twenty eight flat dentin surfaces were bonded with a light-cured composite resin using one of four commercial adhesives [OptiBond FL (OP), AdheSE (AD), Clearfil SE Bond (CL). and Xeno III (XE)]. These were sectioned into halves and subsequently cut to yield 2-mm thick specimens; one specimen for control and the other subjected to thermocycling for 10,000 cycles. After specimens were immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate for 24 h and exposed to a photo developing solution for 8 h, the bonded interface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) at five locations per specimen. Immediately after bonding. the adhesive layer of OP showed the lowest silver uptake, followed by CL, AD. and XE in ascending order (p < 0.0001); the hybrid layer of CL had the lowest silver content among the groups (p = 0.0039). After thermocycling, none of the adhesives manifested a significant increase of silver in either the adhesive or the hybrid layer. SEM demonstrated the characteristic silver penetrated patterns within the interface. It was observed that integrity of bonding was well maintained in OP and CL throughout the thermocycling process. Adhesive-tooth interfaces are vulnerable to hydrolytic degradation and its permeability varies in different adhesive systems, which may be clinically related to the restoration longevity.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.560-568
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• 2007

This study was performed to compare the shear bond strength of primary enamel & dentin treated by AQ Bond $Plus^{TM}$ and G $Bond^{TM}$, recently developed 6th generation dentin bonding system, to that of Single $Bond^{TM}$ being widely used. Also by observing the resin tag under scanning electron microscope, Resin tags of each material were also observed under scanning electron microscope and compared to one another. The possibility of clinical application of All-in-One system which has an advantage to reduce chair-time for children with difficult behavior pattern was evaluated. The results obtained are as follows: 1. No statistically significant difference between groups was found in shear bond strength of primary enamel. 2. In primary dentin, the shear bond strength of AQ Bond $Plus^{TM}$ was $1.15\;{\pm}\;0.37\;MPa$, G $Bond^{TM}$ was $1.69\;{\pm}\;0.74\;MPa$ and Single $Bond^{TM}$ was $0.56\;{\pm}\;0.11\;MPa$. There were no statistical difference between AQ Bond $Plus^{TM}$ and G $Bond^{TM}$ and between G $Bond^{TM}$ and Single $Bond^{TM}$, whereas statistically significant difference was found between AQ Bond $Plus^{TM}$ and Single $Bond^{TM}$. 3. Under scanning electron microscope, resin tags observed in AQ Bond $Plus^{TM}$ and G $Bond^{TM}$ were very weak and tangled while strong and thick tags were shown with many lateral branches in Single $Bond^{TM}$. The result of the present study coupled with the advantages of less working time over the previous generation suggests that All-in-One system might be effectively used in adhesive dental procedures for primary teeth.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare the microshear bond strength of a self-etching primer adhesive to dentin prepared with different diamond points, carbide burs and SiC papers, and also to determine which SiC paper yield similar strength to that of dentinal surface prepared with points or burs. Fifty-six human molar were sectioned to expose the occlusal dentinal surfaces of crowns and slabs of 1.2 mm thick were made. Dentinal surfaces were removed with three diamond points, two carbide burs, and three SiC papers. They were divided into one of eight equal groups (n = 7); Group 1: standard diamond point(TF-12), Group 2: fine diamond point (TF-12F), Group 3: extrafine diamond point (TF-12EF), Group 4: plain-cut carbide bur (no. 245), Group 5: cross-cut carbide bur (no. 557), Group 6 : P 120-grade SiC paper, Group 7: P 220-grade SiC paper, Group 8: P 800-grade SiC paper. Clearfil SE Bond was applied on dentinal surface and Clearfil AP-X was placed on dentinal surface using Tygon tubes. After the bonded specimens were subjected to uSBS testing, the mean uSBS (n = 20 for each group) was statistically compared using one-way ANOV A and Tukey HSD test. In conclusion, the use of extrafine diamond point is recommended for improved bonding of Clearfil SE Bond to dentin. Also the use of P 220-grade SiC paper in vitro will be yield the results closer to dentinal surface prepared with fine diamond point or carbide burs in vivo.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.228-237
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• 2001

It is well known that glass-ionomer cement and compomer can release fluoride which can inhibit the progression of dental caries. The purposes of this study were to evaluate whether the fluoride from fluoride-containing filling materials can penetrate the dentin bonding adhesive and the dentin bonding adhesive can increase the bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer. The amount of fluoride release from resin-modified glass ionomer and compomer was measured during 28 days of period and statistically analyzed by t-test. The bond strength of each material with/without dentin bonding adhesive was measured and also statistically analyzed by t-test. The distribution of fluoride from each material into the tooth was explored by electron probe microanalysis system(EPMA). The experimental teeth used were second primary molars about to exfoliate. The amount of fluoride release from each material was diminished by dentin bonding adhesive during 28 days(p<0.05) and the bond strength was not increased by dentin adhesive in resin-modified glass ionomer. The bond strength of group VI was not detectable. The distribution of fluoride from each material into teeth was according to dentino-enamel junction and dispersed into pulp from pulpal floor. The widest distribution was shown in resin-modified glass ionomer cement filled without the application of dentin bonding adhesive.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.143-152
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• 2003

The aims of the present study was to observe resin tag of the resin/enamel, dentin interface produced by self-etching adhesive systems and evaluate effect of additional acid etching on resin tag formation. Three self-etching primer(SE bond, AQ bond and L Pop) and an one bottle adhesive(Single bond) were used. Flat occlusal enamel and dentin disks were obtained from extracted human molars. A total of 20 surfaces were collected and divided into four groups of 5 samples. One-half of each specimen in each group was etched with 35% phosphoric acid prior to the application of each adhesive system, with the second half being kept unetched. Subsequently, resin composite was placed and polymerized. The samples were sliced and immersed into HCl and NaOCl solutions, followed by drying and sputter coating for examination with a SEM. The results were as follows; 1. Additional etching side of dentin displayed longer and thicker resin tag than unetched side in all self-etching adhesive groups. 2. In enamel, additional etching side displayed deeper and more distinct etching pattern than unetched side except L Pop. There is no difference between etched and unetched enamel in L Pop. The results obtained suggest the self-etching adhesive did not etch enamel and penetrate into dentinal tubule as deeply as did additional etching. Further research should include the evaluation of the relationship of boding strength, microleakage and resin tag morphology.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.208-221
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• 2007

The fracture toughness test is believed as a clinically relevant method for assessing the fracture resistance of the dentinal restoratives. The objectives of this study were to measure the fracture toughness $(K_{1C})$ and microtensile bond strength of dentin-resin composite interface and compare their relationship for their use in evaluation of the integrity of the dentin-resin bond. A minimum of six short-rod specimens for fracture toughness test and fifteen specimens for microtensile bond strength test was fabricated for each group of materials used. After all specimens storing for 24 hours in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$, they were tensile-loaded with an EZ tester universal testing machin. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Tukey's test at the 95% confidence level, Pearson's coefficient was used to verify the correlation between the mean of fracture toughness and microtensile bond strength. FE-SEM was employed on fractured surface to describe the crack propagation. Fracture toughness value of Clearfil SE Bond (SE) was the highest, followed by Adper Single Bond 2 (SB), OptiBond Solo (OB), ONE-STEP PLUS (0S), ScotchBond Multi-purpose (SM) and there was significant difference between SE and other 4 groups (p < 0.05). There were, however, no significant difference among SB, OB, OS, SM (p > 0.05). Microtensile bond strength of SE was the highest, followed by SB, OB, SM, OS and OS only showed significant lower value (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between fracture toughness and microtensile bond strength values. FE-SEM examination revealed that dentin bonding agent showed different film thickness and different failure pattern according to the film thickness. From the limited results of this study, it was noted that there was statistically no correlation between K1C and ${\mu}TBS$. We can conclude that for obtaining the reliability of bond strength test of dentin bonding agent, we must pay more attention to the test procedure and its profound scrutiny.