• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.195-214
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• 1998

The leaf persisting and seasonal leaf color characteristics of deciduous woody landscape plants were investigated through the field survey in Suwon region. The leaf period was about 270 days from March 20, 1992 when Prunus padus was leaf spreading to December 17, 1992 when Lonicera sempervirens was leaf falling. The plants of leaf period over 240 days were Elaegagnus umbellata var. coreana, Salix pseudo-lasiogyn, Ligustrum obtusi-folium, Rosa multiflora, Lonicera sempervirens and Clematis viticella. The woody landscape plants bearing the red leaf by KBS standard color number before fall foliage coloring were Prunus salicina, Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea', Acer platanoides 'Red King', Acer palmatum var. Pendula 'Crimson Queen', Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Nyssa sylvatica, Acer palmatum var. sanguineum, and the yellow leaf, Berberis thunbergii Variegata 'Aurea', Physocarpus opulifolius 'Luteus', and Forsythia koreana 'Seoul Cold', Ligustrum X vicaryi which is variegation. The fall foliage color period was about 100 days from September 6, 1992 when Euonymus alatus was fall foliage coloring, to December 17, 1992 when Lonicera sempervirens was leaf falling. (Table 24) And in terms of color based on KBS standard color number, 60.7% of fall foliage were yellow, 37.4%, red, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.555-561
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the several physicochemical extraction characteristics and the antioxidant activities of ethanol extract from Rhus javanica bark. The contents of soluble solid and sugar in extract was measured to 73.5 mg/100g dry basis and $17.8^{\circ}Brix$, respectively. The contents of total aromatics, total flavonoids and total phenolic compounds was measured to 0.508 in absorbance, 49.88 mg/100g and 296.6 mg/100g, respectively. The reducing power of extract was about 27.5 % of ascorbic acid with the same soluble solid contents of the extract. But the ferric reducing antioxidant power and the DPPH radical scavenging ability of extract were measured to equivalent to those of ascorbic acid. The metal ion chelating ability of the extract was 81.58 % whereas that of ascorbic acid was 74.73 %. The nitrite scavenging ability of the extract was measured to 51.76 % at pH 2. And the antioxidative effect of the extract on soybean oil was observed with Rancimat test.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.527-534
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• 2019

Japanese sumac (Rhus javanica) is one of the common herbaceous plants growing over the country. This study was conducted to investigate the extraction characteristics and physiological activities inluding nitrite scavenging ability of the water extracts from leaf, fruit and bark of Japanease sumac. Extraction yield was 6.62~13.84%, free amino acids were detected as 24 kinds with 37.9 mg/100g in leaf extract, 23 kinds with 27.0 mg/100g in fruit extract and 27 kinds with 39.0 mg/100g in bark extract, respectively, and seven kinds essential amino acids were detected. Total contents of flavonoids equivalent to naringin were 587.2 mg/100g in bark extract, 557.3 mg/100g in fruit extract and 379.9 mg/100g in leaf extract, respectively. Total contents of phenolics equivalent to gallic acid were 111.2 mg/100g in leaf extract, 108.4 mg/100g in fruit extract and 80.4 mg/100g in bark extract, respectively. The nitrite scavenging ability of extracts was order of 61.93% in bark extract>57.38% in fruit extract>55.49% in leaf extract, and was 78.1~100% of those of BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) equivalents at pH 1.2. The electron donating ability was order of 47.38% in fruit extract>43.06% in leaf extract>38.55% in bark extract, and was compared to 65.6%, 58.8% and 53.6% of those of BHT equivalents, respectively. The reduction power was evaluated to 37% higher in leaf extract, 43% higher in fruit extract and 46% higher in bark extract than those of BHT equivalents. The metal chelating ability of extracts was considerably low and was order of 27.3% in bark extract>20.6% in leaf extract>11.2% in fruit extract.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.6
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• pp.737-741
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• 2007

Typical phytoplasma witches' broom symptoms were observed in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in Korea. The symptoms of the disease were showing abnormally small leaves, shortened intemodes and proliferation of shoots. The phytoplasmas were detected consistently in all the symptomatic samples by the amplification with phytoplasma universal primer pairs P1/P7 and R16F2n/R2, and the expected size was 1.8 kb and 1.2 kb. However, the phytoplasma DNA was not detected in healthy seedling. Based on sequence analysis of amplified region, this phytoplasma has close homologies with aster yellow, mulberry dwarf, maize bushy stunt, ash witches' broom and sumac witches' broom phytoplasmas, more than 99.2% but showed homologies with black locust witches' broom (GeneBank Accession No. AF 244363), and jujube witches' broom, 88.6% and 87.7%, respectively. This phylogetic analysis indicates that the black locust witches' broom phytoplasma founded in korea should be classified in the Candidatus phytoplasma asteris (16Sr I) group and clearly distinct from the black locust witches' broom group 16Sr III (peach X-disease phytoplasma group).

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.9 no.1_2
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• pp.6-11
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• 2004

Gall development of Nurudea yanoniella on Rhus japonica and emergence of alatae from galls were studied in Jeonju. The galls were formed in late June to late October and slit open in late October 1999. The maximum length and width of galls marked were measured weekly during the period from gall formation to opening. The length and width of galls increased exponentially until mid August. After the 12 September the gall stopped developing Fundatrices (the first generation within the gall) began to larviposit on 24 June and the second generation developed in July to September. The alatiform of the second generation arrived at the final stadium in late September. Consequently, there were at least 4 generations within the galls. Alatae escaped from galls in early October. Correlation between gall and leaf growth indicated that fundatrix might act as a gall forming factor and 2nd-4th generations growing factor. A new species to Korean fauna, Nurudea shirai (Matsumura 1917) was found during this study.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2009

Antioxidative activity and ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity were investigated in the methanol extracts of 289 species of angiosperm plants native to Jeju Island in order to select the plant species containing bioactive materials for functional foods or medicines. The antioxidative activity, estimated by the DPPH radical scavenging capacity, was high in the galla of Rhus chinensis, the fruit of Platycarya strobilacea, and the stem of Cedrela sinensis. Particularly, the antioxidative activity of Rhus chinensis galla (94.2${\pm}$0.8%) was very high even though compared to those of BHA (61.7${\pm}$0.6%) and ascorbic acid (53.6${\pm}$0.7%). The ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity was 80% or above in 9 species including Cornus macrophylla (stem, leaf), Distylium racemosum (leaf) and Vaccinium oldhami (leaf). These results suggest that these plants could be potentially utilizable to develop bioactive materials for functional foods or medicines.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2003

In order to identify plant species and communities characteristic of lithospheric condition, forest vegetations of igneous(mainly granite) and sedimentary(mainly sandstone) areas in Kyungpook province were compared. We collected 108 phytosociological releves from the older forests over 20 years old. 444 vascular plant species and 25 plant communities were identified. Results of Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCA) indicated that lithospheric conditions and human impacts were the most important factors related to the plant community diversity and species richness. In the igneous rock areas net contribution degree (rNCD) of 139 species including Quercus serrata, Q. mongolica, Lindera obtusiloba and Fraxinus sieboldiana increased and those of Carpinus laxiflora and Styrax japonica decreased. In the sedimentary rock areas, to a lesser extent, 96 species including Q. aliena, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Potentilla fragarioides var. major, Rhus javanica, and Plectranthus japonicus increased, whereas character species of Lindero-Quercion mongolicae such as Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Acer mono and Styrax obassia decreased, and particularily the species Sasa borealis, the Alangium-Zelkova serrata community and the Philadelphus-Fraxinus mandshurica community were absent. The vegetation of sedimentary rock area is characterized as a regional type shaping dwarf pine forests and sparse and light broad-leaved forests.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.248-253
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• 2001

These studies were carried out to examine the developmental process of galls caused by aphids in Rhus gavanica and the effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and ${\alpha}$-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the tannin accumulation in the callus induced from that galls. The results are follows. The development of fist-shaped galls has begun at the beginning of June earlier than the case of finger-shaped galls, and also, the growth of fist-shaped galls has last to September longer than the period of finger-shaped galls. These results indicate that the life cycle and feeding activity of the aphids inhabited in fist-shaped galls were longer and mire active than the case of the aphids inhabited in finger-shaped galls. Tannin contents of fist-shaped galls revealed about 60${\sim}70%$ of total dry weights during the whole growth periods, however, the contents in finger-shaped galls were under 10% at the maximum value. These facts mean that finger-shaped galls seem to be as a habitat of aphids rather than as a major source of tannin such as fist-shaped galls. The growth of callus induced from fist-shaped galls was the most effective in the plot of $10^{-5}$ mole IAA, but the tannin accumulation in callus growth was not even caused in any plots of IAA treatments as wells as in any NAA plots. These results considered that the tannin accumulation in fist-shaped galls may be caused only in specific relation between host plant and life cycle of aphids.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.3
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• pp.288-300
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• 1997

Morphology and anatomy of the fruit and seed of eight species of Rhus (Anacardiaceae) were investigated. The inflorescence of R. typhina was an apical and erect thysus, that of R. javanica was panicle. while that of the others were an axillary and pendulous panicle. Anatomical investigation of the pericarp showed that exocarp and mesocarp in R. javanica and R. typhina were integrated, but its in the others were disintegrated and uniform. In all these species, endocarp consisted of distinctly three lignified cell layers (outer, middle and inner endocarp) and crystal layers. The surface sculpturing of mature seed was variable and also contributed to understanding of species delimitation and relationships within the genus. Categorization by cluster analysis with 27 characters obtained from morphological and anatomical features of the fruit and seed resulted in two groups : R. trichocarpa - R. javanica group vs. R. ambigua - R. verniciflua - R. sylvestris - R. succedanea group. Taxonomic significance for the genus by these characters was supported by results of principal component analysis. The keys for the genus Rhus were provided using morphological and anatomical characters of the inflorescence, and fruit and seed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.1249-1256
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• 2010

Forty natural plants collected in Jeju, Jeonnam-Goheung, and Gyeongbuk-Ulleung were extracted using a pressurized liquid. Extraction yields of total soluble solids and total phenolics (TP), and integral antioxidative capacity (IAC) were measured, and antimicrobial activity was tested against Streptococcus parauberis, Streptococcus iniae, Edwardsiella tarda, and Vibrio ordalii. Jipsinnamul showed the highest content of TP (174.4 mg GAE/g), followed by Mulchamnamu (116.9), Seoeonamu (113.3), and Buknamu (108.2). Percent TP/TSS was high in Jipsinnamul (72.6%), Seoeonamu (47.3%), Mulchamnamu (46.4%), Jageumu (40.2%), and Baneulkkot (40.1%), respectively. Magamok, Nadosongipul, Buknamu, Mulchamnamu, and Seoeonamu showed 5.81, 3.96, 3.63, 3.63, and 3.34 mmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g of IAC of water-soluble substances, and Seoeonamu, Magamok, Seipijilpul, Mulchamnamu, Baneulkkot, and Seomgirincho showed 8.51, 6.57, 5.68, 3.85, 3.83, and 3.69 mmol Trolox equivalents/g of IAC of lipid-soluble substances, respectively. Only nine species such as Baneulkkot, Dokhwal, Jipsinnamul, Mulchamnamu, Nadosongipul, Seipijilpul, Seoeonamu, Seomgirincho, and Sumbadi of 40 selected plants showed the antimicrobial activity against four bacteria tested. Jipsinnamul showed the strong antimicrobial activity against S. iniae, while Dokhwal, Nadosongipul, and Sumbadi against S. parauberis and S. iniae, and Mulchamnamu, Seoeonamu, and Seipijilpul against V. ordalii.