• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 1999

Embryogenic calli of Codonopsis lanceolata were cultured on MS agar medium containing various concentrations of sucrose as a carbon source. Upon transfer to MS basal medium, somatic embryos of cotyledonary stage converted to plantlets. When sucrose was added with greater than 4%, the number of shoots and roots regenerated from somatic embryo increased. However, the growth of shoots and roots was retarded in agar medium with more than 2% sucrose, but promoted in medium with lower concentration of sucrose. Saponin contents of shoots regenerated from somatic embryos, embryogenic calli, non-embryogenic calli, and native roots were determined by HPLC. Saponin contents of native root was variable, depending on regenerant, embryogenic calli, and cotyledonary embryos. The saponin contents of regenerated roots in medium with high sucrose was similar to native roots. Saponins content based on cell differentiation to shoot and root was dramatically decreased. This results could be effectively controlled for the production of useful secondary metabolites.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.84-88
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• 2010

To establish the system of In vitro plant regeneration, the floral bud and leaf explants of Sedum rotundifolium were cultured on the MS media supplemented with different concentration of 2,4-D, NAA, and BA. The callus induction was more effective in the floral explants than the leaf explants, and was the best on MS medium containing 1.0 or 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/L BA. The highest numbers of shoots were regenerated when callus were cultured on MS medium containing 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/L BA for 8 weeks. The normal root formation from shoot was effective on the MS medium containing IAA alone. The regenerated plantlets were transferred to the pot and acclimatized successfully.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.623-627
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• 2014

Curcuma alismatifolia is becoming popular for cut flowers and potted plants due to its long inflorescence with many showy pink flowers. It is propagated by rhizomes and inflorescences that are similar to those of lotus. However, initiation of inflorescence development of each bract and flower has not been investigated. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to study the inflorescence development of Curcuma alismatifolia 'Chiangmai Pink' by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). When new shoots grew to 15-20 cm in a greenhouse at $25^{\circ}C$, the first bract initiated with a dome-shaped inflorescence apex, followed by initiation of additional bracts, forming the shape of the flower head. Florets were subtended by the first bract when five to seven bracts were formed. Four to six florets were subtended by each bract. The floret positioned in the center initiated and progressed upward first. When the center florets in the upper bracts were formed, florets next to the center floret subtended by the first bract were formed, and formation of the axillary florets progressed upward in sequential order.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.193-202
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• 1982

The changes of total carbohydrates and trehalose levels during differentiation of A. niger were studied. Aspergillus niger was cultivated in Czapeck-Dox medium by the method of surface culture and shake culture. Total carbohydrates and trehalose were fractionated and determined by the method of Trevelyan and Harrison (1956). Total carbohydrates and trehalose accumulated in A. niger during sporulation. The influences of nutritional starvation on the levels of cellular carbohydrates in A. niger, which was cultivated in each nitrogen, phosphate and glucose limited Czapeck-Dox medium, were studied. The levels of total carbohydrates and trehalose in A. niger cultivated in nitrogen limited medium increased much than those cultured in full medium. The total carborates and trehalose levels in A. niger cultivated in phosphate limited medium increased, but the increases were less than those cultured in nitrogen limitted medium. In glucose limited medium, any changes of total carbohydrates and trehalose levels were not found. It is considered that the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the changes of total carbohydrates and trehalose levels may be related with differentiation of Aspergillus niger.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.997-1004
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• 2005

In bone remodeling imbalances that are caused by increased bone resorption over bone formation lead to adult skeletal diseases. Thus, we have screened various natural products for their ability to regulate the differentiation of osteoclasts to propose candidates for the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Zizyphus Jujuba Miller var. extracts of 140 natural products inhibited the differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into osteoclast, as showed by the reduced number of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells and decreased TRAP activity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.212-216
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• 1995

These experiments were carried out to examine the effect of explant sources and plant growth regulators on callus induction and plantlet differentiation. Cotyledon and petiole explants of Cyclamen persium were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. Cotyledon cultured on medium containing 2, 4-D and kinetin did not form callus or shoots. But when calli induced from petiole explants on medium with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4D and 1.0 mg/L kinetin were subcultured on the same medium the formation of shoots from calli occurred after 150 days of culture. The combination of NAA and BA were more effective than that of 2, 4 D and kinetin in the formation of shoots from calli, cotyledon culture was most effective on medium with 0.2 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L BA. Shoots excised from calli were rooted on medium with 1.0 mg/L NAA. The plantlets were subsequently transplanted to potting soil.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.163-167
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• 2000

This study was carried out to identify varietal difference and the inheritance of the ability of plant regeneration in anther culture of rice. The anthers of 33 Japonica, 11 Indica/Japonica, and 3 Indica rice cultivars were culture on $N_6-Y$_1$$ medium with 1 mg/L NAA and 2 mg/L kinetin. The remarkable variability in plant regeneration were observed among the genotypes, ranging from 0.0% to 19.4% Most of Japonica rices were resulted to have better culturability than that of Indica/Japonica and Indica type cultivars. Newly developed Japonica rices, 'Ilmibyeo' and 'Hangnambyeo' showed to have regenerability with the frequency of 19.4% and 18.1% respectively. The segregation mode for callus formation and plant regenerationin anther culture of F$_2$ population of 'Milyang 23/Chucheongbyeo' showed a continuous variation. The variation of plant regeneration frequency in anther culture of F$_2$ plants ranged from 0% to 33.3% with a mean of 6.3% The broad-sense heritability estimated from the ability of plant regeneration was considerably high (82.7%).

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.191-195
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• 2000

Adventitious shoots were induced from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of apple hybrid seedlings (P.16$\times$ Malus prunifolia) on MS medium supplement with 2,4-D and various cytokinine (Kn. BA, TDZ) The shoot regeneration from the cotyledon culture was the highest on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L NAA and 2.0 mg/L BA. Whereas in case of hypocotyl culture, it was the highest on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L BA. However, in the MS medium without BA there was no shoot regeneration. Hypocotyl culture seemed to be more effective than cotyledon culture in shoot regeneration. Specially, the top position of the hypocotyl found to be the best explant for shoot induction among the other segments of hypocotyls. Regenerated shoots were rooted on half-stength MS medium with 1.0 mg/L NAA. Above results suggest that Apple hybrid (P.16 $\times$ Malus prunifolia) can be multiplied via cotyledon or hypocotyl culture systems.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 2011

The present study was conducted to determine the optimum in vitro conditions for callus induction and plant regeneration from mature seed derived callus of four cultivars of Timothy. In order to investigate the effects of genetic variations of timothy in tissue culture, calli were induced from mature seeds of four varieties, 'Colt', 'Chair', 'Richmond' and 'Hokuo' and plant regeneration frequency was compared. Significant differences were observed among the cultivars in both callus induction and plant regeneration. Genotype 'Colt' consistently performed best in the callus subculture and plant regeneration. The complete plantlets were thereafter transplanted to grow under greenhouse condition. Regenerated timothy plants were morphologically uniform with normal leaf and growth pattern.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Computer Game
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.51-59
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze genre differentiation in digital games and examine the changing characteristics of core genre elements. Especially this study focuses on the aspect that how players recognize genre differentiation based on the conceptual blending theory. The evolution of the genre does not end with decline or extinction. The genre keeps being divided into sub-genres through partial use of genre elements. The differentiation of the genre results from the principle of frame confrontation or expansion with a parent genre. Rogue-like games are differentiated from Role-playing games by frame conflict, while Metroidvania games are differentiated from Platform adventure games by frame expansion. In the former case, the core genre elements are independent and easily combined with other genres. For example, the core mechanism of Rogue-like genre like 'perma-death' or 'procedural generation' has a decisive effect on the differentiation of the game experience become an independent genre element. In the latter case of Metroidvania, the core genre elements strongly reveals context dependency and are difficult to use outside the genre convention. The core mechanism of Metroidvania is 'backtracking' in the labyrinth style map, but it could be effective genre element within the specific context like side-scrolling action-platformer.