• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.350-358
• /
• 1998

To determine the optimum application of fertilizers for the cultivation of tomato in plastic film house, eighteen soils which contained different salt contents were taken from four different areas under plastic film house cultivation, Youngdong, Boeun, Cheongweon county, and Cheongju city. The dry weight and the amount of N, P, and K uptakes of tomato in the plot with no fertilization were considered as the factors representing the fertility of the soil. The differences in the dry weight and in the amounts of N, P, and K uptakes of plants between the plots with fertilization and with no fertilization were considered as the factors representing the total effect of fertilizer and the effects of fertilizer N, P, and K, respectively. These factors of soil fertility and fertilizer effects were estimated by correlation and regression with the chemical properties of the soil in order to find the critical levels and recommended method for optimum fertilization of tomato. The standardized partial regression coefficients of inorganic nitrogen ($NO_3-N+NH_4-N$) contents in soil for the factors of fertility ranged from 247 to 1,159, showing the best, while those of the others ranged from 0.02 to 4.02. Those of inorganic nitrogen ($NO_3-N+NH_4-N$) contents in soil for the electrical conductivity were also the best and were ranged from 35.2 to 36.0 compared with the values of less than 1.0 of the others. These results demonstrate that the content of inorganic nitrogen in the soil is the best index for both soil fertility and electrical conductivity of the soil. The critical level of inorganic nitrogen ($NO_3-N+NH_4-N$) in the soil for maximum productivity with zero value of fertilizer effects for tomato, estimated through Cate-Nelson split method was $220mg\;kg^{-1}$. This was the same value as evaluation for the cultivation of chinese cabbage. In conclusion, for optimal application of fertilizer in plastic film house, 1) no fertilization is recommended when the contents of inorganic nitrogen in the soil is more than $220mg\;kg^{-1}$; however, 2) in the case of less than $220mg\;kg^{-1}$ of inorganic nitrogen content in the soil, the optimal level of fertilization could be estimated through the regression equation between fertilizer effects and content of inorganic nitrogen in the soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.16-24
• /
• 1998

To determine the optimum application of fertilizers for the cultivation of Chinese cabbage in plastic film house, twenty soils which contain different salts contents were taken from 4 different area of plastic film house cultivation, Youngdong. Boeun county, Cheongweon county, and Cheongju city. The dry weight and the amount of N. P, and K uptakes of Chinese cabbage in the plot of no fertilization were considered as the factors representing the fertility of the soil. And a difference of dry weight and the amounts of N, P, and K uptakes of plants between the plot of fertilization and no fertilization were considered as the factors representing the total effect of fertilizer and fertilizer N, P, and K effects. respectively. These factors of soil fertility and fertilizer effects were estimated by correlation and regression with soil tests in order to find the critical levels and recommended method for optimum fertilization of Chinese cabbage. Chinese cabbage transplanted in two soils, having the electrical conductivity of 9.3 and 15.2 dS/m, were not able to root due to the salts toxicity. The content of inorganic N, the electrical conductivity, and CEC were founded to have significant correlation with the factors of both the soil fertility and fertilizer effects for the cultivation of Chinese cabbage. To determine the weighting degree for the productivity and the fertilizer effects, the standardized partial regression coefficient was analyzed by regression among the factors of fertility, the fertilizer effects, and the soil tests. The coefficient for inorganic N($NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$) was obtained as the absolute value of 756-1871 and this value was extremely higher than those of other soil tests which was 0.07-4.11. These results suggested that the content of inorganic N is the best tests for the estimation of the productivity and the fertilizer effects for the cultivation of Chinese cabbage in plastic film house. The critical level of inorganic N($NH_4-N+NO_3-N$) estimated by Cate-Nelson split method for maximum productivity and zero point of fertilizer effect was 220 mg/kg for all the factors of estimation. These results suggested that no application of fertilizer N. P, and K is required at the critical level of inorganic N of soil. Consequently the optimum application of fertilizer N, P, and K for the cultivation of Chinese cabbage in plastic film house was possible to determine by the critical level of inorganic N of soil. The critical level of electrical conductivity was estimated as 2.8 dS/m by the same method.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.320-327
• /
• 2021

Freezing damage to fruit trees is frequently occurring due to cold in winter and low temperature in spring to abnormal weather caused by global warming. In particular, the freezing injury of deciduous fruit trees is highly dependent on the developmental stages of the flower buds. And the cold resistance is weakened as the growth progresses, so it is most vulnerable period from flowering to petal fall(post-bloom). Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the cause of the freezing injury caused by severe low temperature to 'Fuji', which has a late flowering period more than 'Hongro' in April 2020. We investigated freezing injury rate in 'Fuji' and 'Hongro' apple trees damaged by natural low temperature at Boeun-gun, Chungbuk province in Korea. In addition, flower buds in the same developmental stage (tight cluster) were treated artificially low temperature to investigate the injury rate for accurate comparative analysis between varieties, and to analyze the soluble sugar and hormone contents in the flower buds. As a result of survey in natural low temperature, 'Fuji' had a higher injury rate than 'Hongro' in both orchards, and in particular, B orchard 'Fuji' had the highest injury rate of 60.5%. Also there were significantly difference in the freezing injury rate between 'Fuji' and 'Hongro' in artificially low temperature treatments. As a result of analyzing the soluble sugar contents in 'Hongro' was higher than 'Fuji'. Also ABA, IAA and SA contents were more increased in the damaged tissue than in the normal flower buds by low temperature treatments. Consequently, it was assumed that the freezing injury was closely related to soluble sugar contents in the flower buds. In particular, the freezing injury rate was negatively correlated with the sorbitol contents.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.131-142
• /
• 2019

The Bupjusa and Seonamsa temples are located at places with geographically different condition, and therefore, differ with respect to building's structure and layout. In addition, evident difference can be appeared by the regional climate. For the 2 years, we studied the concentration and diversity of the seasonal airborne fungi inside and outside of the 2 temples. In Seonamsa temple, airborne fungi concentration in the indoor and outdoor air was higher and the species diversity in the indoor air was lower, whereas, concentration variation was larger than that of Bupjusa temple. A total of 173 fungal isolates (including 54 genera) and 162 isolated (including 49 genera) were obtained from the indoor air of Bupjusa and Seonamsa temple, respectively. Whereas, 80 fungal isolates (including 33 genera) and 74 isolates (including 39 genera) were collected form the outdoor air of Bupjusa and Seonamsa temple, respectively. However, more fungal varieties were observed to be distributed inside Bupjusa and outside Seonamsa temples. Amongst all the fungi identified, ascomycetes were more dominant (plus or minus 90% points), followed by basidiomycetes and zygomycetes; which more presented in outdoor air than in indoor air. The airborne fungi concentration in spring (month of April) and autumn was higher than in any other season, for Seonamsa and Bupjusa temples, repectively. Genus Cladosporium was isolated from each site and season, with its dramatic increase noted in autumn. In addition, the highest basidiospore(s) number was obtained after the rain. Consequently, the results suggest that Seonamsa temple was more susceptible to biological damage than Bupjusa temple was.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.347-356
• /
• 2018

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been increased continuously over the world and concerns about the potential risks of GM crops have also been increasing. Even though GM crops have not been cultivated commercially in Korea, it should be necessary to develop the safety assesment technology for GM crops. In this study, we investigated the influence of heading date difference on gene flow from GM to non-GM rice. In the experimental plot design, The PAC GM rice was placed in the center as a pollen donor and non-GM rice were placed in eight directions as pollen receivers. Five pollen receiver rice cultivars were Unkawng, Daebo, Saegyejinmi, Nakdong-byeo, and Ilmi which had different flowering times. A total of 266,436, 300,237, 305,223, 273,373, and 290,759 seeds were collected from Unkawng, Daebo, Saegyejinmi, Nakdong, and Ilmi, respectively, which were planted around PAC GM rice. The GM${\times}$non-GM hybrids were detected by repeated spraying of herbicide and PAT immunostrip assay. Finally, the hybrids were confirmed by PCR analysis using PAC gene specific primer. The hybrids were found in Nakdong-byeo which had the same heading date with PAC GM rice. The hybridization rate was 0.0007% at Nakdong-byeo plot. All of GM${\times}$non-GM hybrids were located within 2 m distance from the PAC GM rice zone. The physiological elements including rice heading date were found to be important factors to determine GM?rice out crossing rate with GM rice. Consideration should be taken into for many factors like the physiological elements of field heading date of rice cultivars to set up the safety management guideline for prevention of GM rice gene flow.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
• /
• v.38
• /
• pp.153-182
• /
• 2021

The Buddhist monk, Kim Ji-jang (金地藏), a native of Silla, is still revered as Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva in China. In Chinese Buddhism, Kim Ji-jang's becoming Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva is unique in at least two ways. First, it is said that his becoming the bodhisattva originated not in Silla, but in China, a foreign country. Second, it is said that the historical person became regarded as a mythical being, Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva. The process of Kim Ji-jang's becoming Bodhisattva can be divided into three periods. The first period is the period of entering and practicing at Mount Jiuhua in China, and this also includes the period wherein he was first revered as Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva. The second period begins immediately after Kim Ji-jang's death and ends three years later. In this period he became regarded as Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva. The third period spans three years after his death to the present age. His status as Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva carries on at present. There are two main causes for Kim Ji-jang's transformation into the bodhisattva. The first is an internal bodhisattva process. According to Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva's main vow, Kim Ji-jang's practice and edification impressed the public. The second is an external bodhisattva process. The miracles that appeared at the time of his death or the manifestation of the incorruptible relics three years after his death played a decisive role in the process of Kim Ji-jang becoming a bodhisattva. In line with the public's devotion, the Chinese imperial family repaired and supported the temple that enshrined the relics of Kim Ji-jang. Various factors could be analyzed in the process of Kim Ji-jang's becoming Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, but more than anything else, it was Kim Ji-jang's severe ascetic practices and his virtuous edification of others.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.481-487
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study was to provide safety management information by analyzing the survival and growth-related properties of foodborne pathogens from Romaine lettuce. After cultivating E. coli O157:H7 for 72 h on Romain lettuce via spray inoculation, the bacteria population increased by 2.0 log CFU/g from the initial population, confirming the possibility of survival and multiplication of the pathogen thereon. The study also revealed that there is no significant difference in the cultivation of E.coli O157:H7 after 72 h from inoculation on damaged and undamaged lettuce leaves. As a result of investigating distribution of E.coli O157:H7 on damaged lettuce leaves, it was found that the bacteria is unlikely to adhere on the smooth surface of undamaged leaves and, thus, results in a low population density, whereas the bacteria cluster on the rough surface of damaged leaves and easily enter through the damaged tissues. Furthermore, after 24 h of cultivation of the pathogenic microbe in the extract with concentrations of 10-100%, utilization of the lettuce extract by the pathogen was found to be 8.9 log CFU/mL E. coli O157:H7, 8.6 log CFU/mL L. monocytogenes, and 8.8 log CFU/mL P. carotovorum. The increase in the population of both the pathogenic microbe and foodborne pathogen reached over 4 log CFU/mL, implying the microbe can utilize the lettuce extract as a source of nutrition. Compared to the initial inoculation concentration in 0.1% lettuce extract, the final concentration has increased up to 2.7 log CFU/mL E. coli O157:H7, 1.3 log CFU/mL L. monocytogenes, and 2.9 log CFU/mL P. carotovorum. Accordingly, the study confirms that the minimal growth concentration of the pathogenic microbe is lower than 0.1% and that the pathogen possibly survive and multiply inside the lettuce leaves given the lettuce extract with concentration of 0.1% is consistently supplied through the damaged tissues.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
• /
• v.35
• /
• pp.109-145
• /
• 2020

Jeungsan, Kang Il-Sun (hereafter, Jeungsan)'s perspective on divine beings can be characterized by the philosophical notion of divinity, which recognizes a variety of divine entities. Jeungsan insisted that all things embrace divine entities. Furthermore, he claimed that the backgrounds of all incidents were influenced by these gods. Jeungsan thought that the universe consists of the heavenly realm, the earthly realm and the underground realm. He insisted that there were many gods in each realm. And Jeungsan defined his times as the era of divine beings, which meant that the age was a time for divine beings to actively interact with one another and take the lead in world affairs. Divine beings were briskly involved in human affairs and could either reciprocate gratitude or attain revenge. They were also divine beings that could change the acts and perception of humans as well as judge human acts. However, Jeungsan predicted that by the time the paradisiacal land of immortals was established in the Later World, divine beings would instead run errands for humans. In addition, he forecast that divine beings would be entities likely to harbor grievances just like humans, yet they would ultimately become perfected beings in the Later World. Jeungsan further suggested a multitude of various concepts such as the mutual relationship wherein the realm of divine beings and the realm of humanity interrelate with each other, the mutual responses and functions between them, mutual itineration, co-existence, and the homogeneity of divine beings and humans, which described how both have the same innate characteristics. Jeungsan proposed the concept that 'Divinity is an existential state experienced after one's death." In this regard, he is the one who formulated a new perspective of divinity. Moreover, Jeunsan stressed the immortality of humans (continuity or eternality) and the co-existence of divine beings and humans. He emphasized that divinity is intrinsically immanent and the realm of divine beings has a hierarchical system that maintains order and is akin to that of the human realm. Jeungsan recognized a revolutionary change and perspective based on humanity by suggesting a unique view of humanity. In other words, he was a religious figure who introduced an ingenious view of divinity and dramatically transformed this pattern of reasoning. In conclusion, Jeungsan re-interpreted traditional views of divinity in Korea and systemized them into a new concept of divinity in an ingenious way.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.289-301
• /
• 2023

Forests within watersheds are essential in maintaining ecosystems and are the central infrastructure for constructing an ecological network system. However, due to indiscriminate development projects carried out over past decades, forest fragmentation and land use changes have accelerated, and their original functions have been lost. Since a forest's structural pattern directly impacts ecological processes and functions in understanding forest ecosystems, identifying and analyzing change patterns is essential. Therefore, this study analyzed structural changes in the forest landscape according to the time-series land cover changes using the FRAGSTATS model for the dam watershed of the Geum River upstream. Land cover changes in the dam watershed of the Geum River upstream through land cover change detection showed an increase of 33.12 square kilometers (0.62%) of forests and 67.26 square kilometers (1.26%) of urbanized dry areas and a decrease of 148.25 square kilometers (2.79%) in agricultural areas from the 1980s to the 2010s. The results of no-sampling forest landscape analysis within the watershed indicated landscape percentage (PLAND), area-weighted proximity index (CONTIG_AM), average central area (CORE_MN), and adjacency index (PLADJ) increased, and the number of patches (NP), landscape shape index (LSI), and cohesion index (COHESION) decreased. Identification of structural change patterns through a moving window analysis showed the forest landscape in Sangju City, Gyeongsangbuk Province, Boeun County in Chungcheongbuk Province, and Jinan Province in Jeollabuk Province was relatively well preserved, but fragmentation was ongoing at the border between Okcheon County in Chungcheongbuk Province, Yeongdong and Geumsan Counties in Chungcheongnam Province, and the forest landscape in areas adjacent to Muju and Jangsu Counties in Jeollabuk Province. The results indicate that it is necessary to establish afforestation projects for fragmented areas when preparing a future regional forest management strategy. This study derived areas where fragmentation of forest landscapes is expected and the results may be used as basic data for assessing the health of watershed forests and establishing management plans.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
• /
• v.29
• /
• pp.171-207
• /
• 2017

The research regarding religious concepts used in Daesoon Jinrihoe are still incomplete. This study is a suggestion to critically review the existing research on 'seeking out the original root (原始返本)', one of the religious terms of Daesoon Jinrihoe. In addition, this concept will be seen from a new perspective. 'Seeking out the original root' plays a major role in Daesoon theology due to the cosmology established by Daesoon Jinrihoe. However, the existing research on this topic are prone to the perspective of 'returning' and assuming a 'cyclical view on the order of history'. Therefore, the cosmology that has been built by the religious language misleads readers to assume a retrospective process or that the process itself is realized on its own in accordance with the cosmic order. These kinds of studies do not specifically manifest the world view of Daesoon Jinrihoe. They fail to do so because Sangje's reordering works and its fruit, the earthly paradise of the Later World, have never existed before. The concept of 'seeking out the original root' should break away from the frame of a cyclical view of history and exert the uniqueness of Daesoon Jinrihoe. In this regard, this study can be summarized as follows: 'Seeking out the original root', one of the principles needed to achieve the re-creation of the Later World, endeavors to find a way to account for the origin of all things such as civilizations, cultures, and dharmas. If such a way is found, the facts between the root and the beginning should be acknowledged, as the root itself is what has been sustained, succeeded, used, resolved, revised, and rectified. The origin is usually dealt with from the position of rewarding. This was all achieved in Sangje's decisions and his reordering works. Its outcome will be utilized as a basis to establish an earthly paradise in the Later World. This concept, as defined above, excludes a cyclical view of history and implies that the concept of 'seeking out the original root' is a flexible frame within the context of dynamic structuralism. Given the style of this approach, this study provides a view which can be easily differentiated from existing research.