• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.249-258
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate how image magnification in dental panoramic radiography is influenced by object position. Five metal balls (4 mm in diameter, 2 for the anterior and 3 for the posterior region on the right side) were placed above alveolar crest of dry skull considering extraction socket and dental arch. Dry skull was radiographed using OP-100D (Instrumentarium Imaging Co., Tuusula, Finland) at proper and displaced position along the sagittal and transverse plane at 3 mm, 6 mm, 9 mm, 12 mm and 15 mm using special mount which can control precise movement. Images were stored in DICOM files and were measured by ruler equipped within INFINITT PACS software (Infinitt Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea). The mean horizontal magnification was 1.224-1.439 and mean vertical magnification was 1.286 - 1.345 at proper position. Vertical magnification resulted in less variation (1.245-1.418) than horizontal magnification (0.798-6.297) according to the sagittal and transverse displacements. Head positioning is important for linear measurement on panoramic radiography and inclusion of standard object (for instance, metal ball) is helpful to anticipate exact magnification of panoramic radiographs at various location.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.1095-1102
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• 2010

Soy sprouts with Pungsannamulkong stored in covered polypropylene container with water(PCSS) or polypropylene film bag without water(PBSS) at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. Changes in weight, instrumental textural hardness, color values and sensory attributes of soy sprouts were evaluated after 2, 4 and 7 day storage. Storage caused slight weight losses in PBSS, but not in PCSS. In the courses of storage the hardness of the heads decreased, while the stems maintained their hardness. The effect of storage periods on surface color changes were also determined. The stems of soy sprouts in PCSS had higher L values when stored for over 2 days. The b values of the stems in both PCSS and PBSS increased after over 2 day storage. The higher b values in the stems were found when kept in PBSS for 2 or 4 days, indicating more yellowish color. On the other hand, the heads and stems of soy sprouts had light green color. The soy sprouts in PCSS became greener with storage, but there was only small increase in greenness. Sensory panels perceived that the overall acceptability of soy sprouts decreased with storage. The overall acceptability of soy sprouts when kept in PCSS for 7 days were not as good as that of soy sprouts in PCSS for 4 days, although soy sprouts in PCSS had a significantly higher overall acceptability than those in PBSS when stored over 4 days(p<0.05). Therefore, PCSS could be possible to keep soy sprouts with good overall acceptability when stored 4 days at $4^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.198-203
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• 1999

Gonadal development and reproductive cycle off Gomphina melanaegis collected in the coastal waters of Chumunjin, Korea were investigated monthly from April 1996 to April 1997. G. melanaegis was dioecious, The gonads were located between the digestive diverticula and muscle tissues of the foot, The ovary was composed of a number of ovarian sacs, and the testis was composed of several testicular tubules. The flesh weight rate was reached the maximum in August ($23.0\%$), and then decreased to $19.8\%$ in September. In March, the value was reached the minimum ($17.8\%$) and then increased, The size of mature oocyte was ranged $50\~60\mu$m in diameter and had a germinal vesicle with a nucleolus. Mature oocyte contained a large number of yolk granules and lipid granules in its cytoplasm. The spermatozoon was consisted of a conical nucleus with acrosome, a middle piece containing four mitochondria and proximal and distal centrioles, and a flagellum, Sex ratio (male/female) and minimum size for sexual maturation of G. melanaegis were 0.79 and about 25 mm in shell length, respectively. The reproductive cycle could be classified into five succesive stages: multiplicative (December to March), growing (April and May), mature(June), sprawning (July and August), and degenerative and resting (September to November) stages.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.437-446
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• 1996

The courtship and fighting behaviors and the sexual dimorphism of the salamander Hynohius leechil were studied. The parameters, snout vent length, body length (from snout to tail tip), and proportion of snout vent length to body size were larger in the female than the male. Five physical parameter in males were significantly correlated with one another, body length, snout vent length, head width, tail vent length, and tall depth, while all, except tail depth, were significantly correlated in females. Sexual behavior of H. leechIl involved external fertilization and consisted of three stages, identifying the female, aifrading the female, and insemination. The identification stage consisted of a positive advance by the male toward the female and display of snout contact. The male attracted the female with chin rubbing, tail undulation, smelling, and digging displays. The insemination process consisted of four phases, amplex, separating egg sacs from the female's cloacal, fertilizing eggs, and post fertilization. liighting behaviors were quite simple. The attacking male would generally bite the opposite male's upper chin or hind limbs and then shakes his head two or three times. The bitten male, which in most cases was of a dissimilar body size, quicidy escaped from the attacking male. After fighting, winning male usually displayed rapid tail undulation.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2019

The deformity occurring at the early developmental stage of red spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara) causes detrimental effects on the process of juvenile production. In this study, we have compared the expressions of several key genes (insulin like growth factor 1: IGF-1, bone morphogenic protein 4: BMP4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ: PPARγ, matrix Gla protein: MGP) for morphogenesis between normal and 2 types (cephalic and jaw) of deformed juvenile fish. Expression of these genes were investigated in the brain, liver and muscle of each group of fish (n=20) by real-time PCR. Expression of IGF-1 and BMP4 mRNA in the brain and liver showed significant difference between normal and deformed fish (p<0.05). However, no difference was observed in the expression of PPARγ and MGP mRNA between normal and deformed fish in any tissues. It seems certain that IGF-1 and BMP4 are associated with the state of deformity in juvenile red spotted grouper.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.717-726
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• 2007

If conventional reinforcements are used for high-strength concrete (HSC) structures, a large amount of the reinforcement must be required to compensate for the brittleness of HSC and make the best use of HSC. This raises some structural problems such as steel congestion and an increase in self-weight. Therefore, alternative reinforcing materials and methods for HSC structures are needed. In this study, four full-scale beam specimens constructed with HSC (100 MPa) were tested to investigate the effect of the different shear reinforcements on the shear behavior. These four specimens were reinforced for shear stirrups with normal and high strength steels, headed bars, and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars, respectively. In addition, steel fibers were added to the HSC in the two of the specimens to observe their beneficial effects. The use of high strength steels resulted in the improvement of the shear capacity since the shear resistance provided by the shear reinforcements and the bond strength were increased. The specimen reinforced with headed bars also showed a superior performance to the conventional steel reinforced specimen due to the considerably high anchorage strength of headed bar. CFRP bars used in this research, however, seemed to be inadequate for shear reinforcement because of the inferior bond capacity. The presence of the steel fibers in concrete led to remarkable improvement in the ductility of the specimens as well as in the overall cracks control capability.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.39-43
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• 2008

Purpose: We evaluated whether it was necessary to perform whole body acquisition of $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT including whole skull and lower extremity (LE) distal to mid-thigh (MT) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Materials and Methods: Thirty patients underwent 45 whole body $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT scans including skull and LE distal to MT. PET scans were divided by 2 subgroups according to the presence of abnormal focal $^{18}F$-FDG uptake in skull or LE distal to MT. Clinical characteristics including age, sex, and stages were compared between the 2 subgroups. Results: Of total 45 whole body PET/CT scans, focally increased abnormal FDG uptake in the skull or LE distal to MT suggesting myeloma involvement was found in 22 scans (48.9%) of 14 patients (46.7%). Skull lesions were more frequently observed than LE lesions distal to MT on PET (86.4% vs. 40.9%, p<0.005). There were no significant differences in age, sex, initial Durie/Salmon stage, and tumor burden at the time of PET scan suggested by serum hemoglobin level, serum calcium level, serum and urine paraprotein level, and serum creatinine level between the two subgroups. The presence of the skull or LE distal MT lesions on PET did not affect on the Durie/Salmon plus stage except only 1 case (1/22, 4.5%, p>0.05). Conclusion: Abnormal lesions in the skull or LE distal to MT on $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT did not affect significantly on the tumor burden and Durie/Salmon plus stage of MM. Therefore, torso PET acquisition including head may be sufficient for evaluating patients with MM.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.530-534
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• 2002

Background: In aortic surgery, division and ligation of the left brachiocephalic vein(LBV) may improve exposure of the aortic arch but controversy continues about the safety of this division and whether a divided vein should be reanastomosed after arch replacement was completed. The safety of LBV division and the fate of the left subclavian venous drainage after LBV division were studied. Material and Method: From November 1998 to January 2001, planned division and ligation of the LBV on the mid-line after median sternotomy was peformed in 10 patients during the aortic surgery with the consideration of local anatomy and distal aortic anastomosis. Assessment for upper extremity edema and neurologic symptoms, measurement of venous pressure in the right atrium and left internal jugular vein, and digital subtraction venography(DSV) of the left arm were made postoperatively. Result: In 10 patients there was improvement in access to the aortic arch for procedures on the ascending aorta or aortic arch. The mean age of patients was 62 years(range 24 to 70). Follow-up ranged from 3 weeks to 13 months. One patient died because of mediastinitis from methicilline-resistant staphylococcus aureus strain. All patients had edema on the left upper extremity, but resolved by the postoperative day 4. No patient had any residual edema or difficulty in using the left upper extremity during the entire follow-up period. No patient had postoperative stroke. Pressure difference between the right atrium and left internal jugular vein was peaked on the immediate postoperative period(mean peak pressure difference = 25mmHg), but gradually decreased, then plated by the postoperative day 4. In all DSV studies left subclavian vein flowed across the midline through the inferior thyroid venous plexus. Conclusion: We conclude that division of LBV is safe and reanastomosis is not necessary if inferior thyroid vein, which is developed as a main bridge connecting the left subclavian vein with right venous system, is preserved.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.111-120
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• 2012

This study regards a series of achievement on Wonlim(Garden) Cultural Properties Excavation Project, led by field of landscape architecture. It will mainly describe excavation results of Gwiam(龜巖: Turtle rock) and historical value of it in terms of Nakseojae(樂書齋) restoration in Bogil-do Yun,Seondo Wonlim(Scenic Sites, No.34). Gwiam(Turtle rock) was found 14.6m apart from the north of Nakseojae, and it covered with 10~15m topsoil tilted toward Nakseojae, The size of Gwiam, which was Granite, was 360cm length, 270cm width, 95cm high. The Edge of Gwiam's North west part was of triangular shape forming Turtle head. The back of the Turtle head was form of Tortoise-shell because of wide backboard with both side groove. The southeast part of Gwiam projected was Turtle's tail. This Granite was obvious Turtle shape artificially made, and there are less likely to relocate from place to place. This Turtle-shaped Gwiam is important landmark for Nakseojae, which is one of the four spiritual creatures written in Bogildoji(甫吉島識) and Gosanyugo(孤山遺稿) by Yunwi. According to Bogildoji, it is estimated that Gwiam were on the axis with Soeunbyung(小隱屛), Nakseojae and was buried when Yiguan(Gosan's grandson) reconstructed a building. Also, it was place for enjoying the moon. But, Even after three times excavation in Nakseojae, there was no way to identify further information regarding Gwiam, so it was a matter of mystification. As a result of this study, Gwiam is laid bare to light in at least 260 years, so it is good example for boosting importance of landscape architecture field and restoring Nakseojae. Furthermore, firm base-soil was discovered in 135m high Rock Mass below, so natural ground of Nakseojae can be estimated by this basis. To be conclusion, Preservation Process for Gwiam and Estimation Space through interpretation of four spiritual creatures(四靈) in Gosan's Poetry should be continue.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.4-21
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• 2018

This paper reviewed the legitimacy of the name of those sixteen pieces of hat artifacts known in Korean as pyeongjeongmo and currently housed by the National Palace Museum. This was undertaken in order to rectify the error of calling them pyeongjeongmo. Also, the paper suggested pyeongjeongmo's production method to apply representation of the artifacts or production of Joseon officials' hats as representation of ritual costumes in the royal court. The name pyeongjeongmo originated from pyeongjeonggeon. Gyeongguk Daejeon recorded that noksas wore yugak-pyeongjeonggeon and seoris wore mugak-pyeongjeonggeon, but the pyeongjeongmo artifacts housed in the National Palace Museum have been found irrelevant to those pyeongjeonggeons put on by both noksas and seoris. Rather, they has been confirmed as corresponding to dugeon or jogeon worn by byeolgams or suboks who served at the palace of the crown prince or princess. Through the investigation of the artifacts, the researchers could find out the tailoring and sewing methods, the finished look, and the folding manner of pyeongjeonggeon. Although the structure of pyeongjeonggeon was generally consistent, the frontal look was slightly different depending on the folding manner, resulting in three distinguished types of pyeongjeonggeon. Regardless, the pyeongjeongmo was made with one piece of fabric by a flat tailoring and folding method to create a three-dimensional hat. The finished shape appeared low in the front and high in the back side structure. The head girth was 55~59 cm, and the height was 19.4~21.5 cm. To make it with one piece of fabric, the head girth part was tailored in the same direction as the strands. Based on the artifact Changdeok 23820, this paper has also suggested a finished reproduction through the processes of preparing the materials, mounting, making the center ornaments, sewing and folding. The tailoring was completed with black silk fabric which was cut in a unique shape designed in advance, and hemp fabric which was mounted to the former. The top part of the head was finished with black threads, and the center line at the back was fixed with decolored cotton threads by blanket stitches with 3.5~4 cm intervals. Bamboo strands were inserted in the inside of the front-folded part, which then was fixed by patterned stitches with white cotton thread. At the back, a small bamboo clasp was attached so that one can lock it to the headband and prevent it from falling off.